Last time, we looked at the Temple bureaucracy that David established. The next perek deals with the civil bureaucracy. It describes three sets of authorities: the centralized, national administration; the tribal administration (analogous to state governments); and David’s גיבורים. They were the men who had been with him since his days as a bandit king in מדבר יהודה, and seemed to form a parallel branch of government. חז״ל called them David’s Sanhedrin, filling the judicial and legislative roles (though there was no formal separation of powers as in the US constitution; they were primarily military leaders who grew into their roles as they aged, much as did David himself).
We have a brief summary of David’s administration in the end of ספר שמואל:
And a similar summary earlier in דברי הימים:
And we spent four hours analyzing those titles, in Happily Ever After. דברי הימים א פרק כז has a much longer list of ministers, with all the names that are typical for דברי הימים, but it’s the titles that are interesting:
Many of David’s men have toponyms rather than patronyms, and there is some discussion about what that means. Are they actually foreigners, as suggested by Malbim?
Or Israelites who lived (or came from) other areas?
Either way, it emphasizes the fact that David’s kingdom was not isolated or isolationist, but was engaged with its neighbors in a network of international migrations.
The tribal leaders are mentioned by name:
But we have no other information about them.
The interesting list is the גיבורים. David has them organized in a schedule, with each serving for a month out of the year, similar to the משמרות of the כהנים and לויים.
The שְׁלֹשִׁים mentioned here (literally “the thirty”) is the name for David’s inner circle of allies who had been with him from the beginning. This organization clearly goes way back, since the fourth division was led by עשהאל אחי יואב, who was killed when David was still king in Chevron, in a civil war with Shaul’s son (and so the list here says עשהאל אחי יואב וזבדיה בנו אחריו).
And each of these men were at the head of an organization of 24,000, organized as שרי האלפים והמאות ושטריהם. That may refer to a military organization, but they are משרתים את המלך, so it is more likely to be like the שרי האלפים והמאות who served Moshe:
Again, this is the “sanhedrin”, the system of judges and legislators. But unlike Moshe’s sanhedrin, and like the organization of לויים that David set up, there is no permanent bureaucracy.
We have no evidence that David set this system of one month on, eleven months off, to prevent corruption. But I’d like to think it’s true.
This list has twelve leaders of the מַחְלְקוֹת; the full list of the גיבורים is in פרק יא:
There are (as Malbim counts them) 53 names on this list. They are called השלושים, the thirty, but at least in the first mention there is a קרי-כתיב that it is to be read as הַשָּׁלִישִׁים, which means “the third in command”.
The targum of both שָׁלִישִׁים and שְׁלֹשִׁים is גִבָּרִין.
Specifically, David is the מלך, Yoav is שר צבא, second in command over the army, ישבעם בן חכמוני is ראש השלישים, second in command over the judiciary, and this group of שלי\ושים is not “thirty”, but the next tier in the chain of command.
The first four have stories (which we will look at); the rest are simply listed as גבורי החילים. The parallel in ספר שמואל is almost identical except that it ends early:
And it is ספר שמואל that I want to look at. We skipped פרק כג when we learned שמואל, because I wanted to focus on the narrative of David’s life and reign. It’s time to go back and look at some of the poetic parts.
ספר שמואל doesn’t go into the long lists of names like דברי הימים; it has a different purpose. It is a ספר נבואה, and the stories have moral messages. I would assume the text of ספר שמואל is meant to be read more symbolically, and we need to look at the midrashim to read it correctly. We did something similar in comparing the stories of David’s final wars in שמואל ב כא and דברי הימים א כ, in Retirement Age. I assumed that דברי הימים was a copy of the historical record, and the stories in שמואל are poetic retellings that aren’t really about historical characters; they are telling us about David himself.
The list of names and exploits in ספר שמואל tell us of David’s exploits, using the language of the chronicles that would be recorded in ספר דברי הימים. Each of those names has a midrashic meaning; you can always find a midrashic meaning for a name.
Our list in ספר שמואל ends abruptly when it gets to אוריה החתי; the author of ספר שמואל is abruptly giving up. The story of אוריה החתי was not שמות גבורותיו של דוד but the story of his failure.
I’m not going to try to look at the midrashic meanings of all the names in that list, but I do want to look at the first four, which have stories associated with them.
In דברי הימים the name is ישבעם בן חכמוני and he kills שלש מאות חלל בפעם אחת. So the gemara explains the changes: יֹשֵׁב בַּשֶּׁבֶת refers to David, not ישבעם. Among his “sanhedrin”, he was Primus inter pares.
David’s humility opened the possibility of being like the שלשת אבות, in a very specific sense.
We looked at this gemara in This Will Be on the Final. When we daven to אלקי אברהם, we are saying that our relationship with הקב״ה is like אברהם's relationship; he represents us. David had the opportunity to be a similar spiritual leader, but as we know, he failed that test. And that is the meaning of שמנה מאות חלל בפעם אחת.
The midrashic reading of our perek tells us David’s grade on the final: he got 800 out of 1000, a solid B. הַלְוַאי we should get that good a grade on the test of life
The next story is about אלעזר בן דודו:
The parallel in דברי הימים gives us some context:
פס דמים was the battle with גולית. Again, these men had been with David from way back.
But I could not find any midrashim on this, so I will cite a more contemporary source. The גן נעול, by Naphtali Herz Wessely in 18th century Germany (a student of Rabbi Yochanan Eybeschutz and a colleague of Moses Mendelsohn on the Biur, so pretty controversial) focuses on the דבקות implied in ותדבק ידו אל החרב even when יגעה ידו.
This paragraph tells us the value of דבקות even when we don’t have the real דבקות to ה׳; we don’t feel spiritual at all. But we can support those who do, and we have the example of David here who drew strength from that דבקות.
The next story is very odd, and it begs for a midrashic reading:
This is a
complicated sugya in the gemara; I will select one branch of that discussion. The assumption is that ויתאוה דוד ויאמר; מי ישקני מים מבאר בית לחם אשר בשער cannot be talking about water; מים is a metaphor for Torah and the שער is a metonym for בית דין. David is asking for a halachic decision.
It’s another example of David’s humility. He will not take advantage of his status as king, and will not destroy the field of another even if he is technically allowed to (Tosfot understands the question as, “does he have to repay the owner”; in a case of פיקוח נפש, he is certainly allowed to destroy the field).
The next story is of אבישי בן צרויה whom we know well.
No midrashim but the Zohar takes השלשה in a kabbalistic sense:
And it has a similar message: David is the שר, the leader and organizer of those with חכמה בינה ודעת, divine wisdom.
The next story is of בניהו בן יהוידע, who was David’s advisor and would become Shlomo’s chief of staff.
“Fighting the lion in the snow” is read as a metaphor for his learning Torah even if was impossibly hard.
All these midrashim come to the
conclusion is that ואלה שמות גבורותיו של דוד refers not to his physical strength or even to his wisdom, but to his humility and willingness to submit to the rule of law as determined by חכמים.
And that is what the text means when it says וימלך דויד על כל ישראל; ויהי עשה משפט וצדקה לכל עמו׃.