ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: Retirement Age

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

We are going back to the end of ืคืจืง ื›ื, after the story of the three years' drought. We have another appendix to ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ:

ื˜ื• ื•ืชื”ื™ ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ื™ืจื“ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ืขืžื• ื•ื™ืœื—ืžื• ืืช ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื•ื™ืขืฃ ื“ื•ื“ืƒ ื˜ื– ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• (ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึดื™) ื‘ึผึฐื ึนื‘ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืคื” ื•ืžืฉืงืœ ืงื™ื ื• ืฉืœืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืžืฉืงืœ ื ื—ืฉืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื’ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื”; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื“ื•ื“ืƒ ื™ื– ื•ื™ืขื–ืจ ืœื• ืื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ื•ื™ืš ืืช ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ื•ื™ืžืชื”ื•; ืื– ื ืฉื‘ืขื• ืื ืฉื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื• ืœืืžืจ ืœื ืชืฆื ืขื•ื“ ืืชื ื• ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืœื ืชื›ื‘ื” ืืช ื ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื›ื

This sounds like a straightforward narrative, that describes Davidโ€™s old age, as his people force him to retire. Weโ€™ve seen a similar story before, during the rebellion of Avshalom:

ื‘ ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื ื”ืฉืœืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ื“ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ื”ืฉืœืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ื“ ืื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ืื—ื™ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ื”ืฉืœืฉืช ื‘ื™ื“ ืืชื™ ื”ื’ืชื™;
ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืืœ ื”ืขื ื™ืฆื ืืฆื ื’ื ืื ื™ ืขืžื›ืืƒ ื’ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืขื ืœื ืชืฆื ื›ื™ ืื ื ืก ื ื ื•ืก ืœื ื™ืฉื™ืžื• ืืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ ื•ืื ื™ืžืชื• ื—ืฆื™ื ื• ืœื ื™ืฉื™ืžื• ืืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ ื›ื™ ืขืชื” ื›ืžื ื• ืขืฉืจื” ืืœืคื™ื; ื•ืขืชื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžืขื™ืจ ืœืขื–ื™ืจ (ืœืขื–ื•ืจ)ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื™ื—

And like the other appendices to ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ, it is part of the segue to ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื:

ื•ื”ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ื–ืงืŸ ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื; ื•ื™ื›ืกื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ื—ื ืœื•ืƒ

ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ื:ื

But the gemara takes a much more aggadic approach.

ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืคื” ื•ืžืฉืงืœ ืงื™ื ื• ืฉืœืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืžืฉืงืœ ื ื—ืฉืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื’ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื“ื•ื“: ืžืื™ ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื‘? ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืžืจ ืจื‘: ืื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื ืขืœ ืขืกืงื™ ื ื•ื‘.

ืืดืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืœื“ื•ื“: ืขื“ ืžืชื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ืš? ืขืœ ื™ื“ืš ื ื”ืจื’ื” ื ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืจ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ืš ื ื˜ืจื“ ื“ื•ืื’ ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ืš ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืฉืœืฉืช ื‘ื ื™ื•.

ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฆื”,ื

To review the story of ื ื‘:

ื›ื:ื‘ ื•ื™ื‘ื ื“ื•ื“ ื ื‘ื” ืืœ ืื—ื™ืžืœืš ื”ื›ื”ืŸ; ื•ื™ื—ืจื“ ืื—ื™ืžืœืš ืœืงืจืืช ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ืžื“ื•ืข ืืชื” ืœื‘ื“ืš ื•ืื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืืชืšืƒ ื›ื:ื’ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืื—ื™ืžืœืš ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืœืš ืฆื•ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ ืื™ืฉ ืืœ ื™ื“ืข ืžืื•ืžื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ืื ื›ื™ ืฉืœื—ืš ื•ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื™ืชืš; ื•ืืช ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ื™ื•ึนื“ึทืขึฐืชึผึดื™ ืืœ ืžืงื•ื ืคืœื ื™ ืืœืžื•ื ื™ืƒ

โ€ฆื›ื‘:ื• ื•ื™ืฉืžืข ืฉืื•ืœ ื›ื™ ื ื•ื“ืข ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ืืชื•; ื•ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืืฉืœ ื‘ืจืžื” ื•ื—ื ื™ืชื• ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื•ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ื ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ืƒ ื›ื‘:ื– ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ื”ื ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืžืขื• ื ื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ื™; ื’ื ืœื›ืœื›ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื•ื›ืจืžื™ื ืœื›ืœื›ื ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื™ ืืœืคื™ื ื•ืฉืจื™ ืžืื•ืชืƒ ื›ื‘:ื— ื›ื™ ืงืฉืจืชื ื›ืœื›ื ืขืœื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื” ืืช ืื–ื ื™ ื‘ื›ืจืช ื‘ื ื™ ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ืœื” ืžื›ื ืขืœื™ ื•ื’ืœื” ืืช ืื–ื ื™; ื›ื™ ื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ ืขืœื™ ืœืืจื‘ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”ืƒ

ื›ื‘:ื˜ ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืื’ ื”ืื“ืžื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื™ืืžืจ; ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื ื ื‘ื” ืืœ ืื—ื™ืžืœืš ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื˜ื•ื‘ืƒ

โ€ฆื›ื‘:ื™ื— ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืœื“ื•ื™ื’ (ืœื“ื•ืื’) ืกื‘ ืืชื” ื•ืคื’ืข ื‘ื›ื”ื ื™ื; ื•ื™ืกื‘ ื“ื•ื™ื’ (ื“ื•ืื’) ื”ืื“ืžื™ ื•ื™ืคื’ืข ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื ื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉื” ืื™ืฉ ื ืฉื ืืคื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืƒโ€ฆื›ื‘:ื› ื•ื™ืžืœื˜ ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืœืื—ื™ืžืœืš ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืฉืžื• ืื‘ื™ืชืจ; ื•ื™ื‘ืจื— ืื—ืจื™ ื“ื•ื“ืƒ ื›ื‘:ื›ื ื•ื™ื’ื“ ืื‘ื™ืชืจ ืœื“ื•ื“; ื›ื™ ื”ืจื’ ืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื›ื”ื ื™ ื”ืณืƒ ื›ื‘:ื›ื‘ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืื‘ื™ืชืจ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ืฉื ื“ื•ื™ื’ (ื“ื•ืื’) ื”ืื“ืžื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื“ ื™ื’ื™ื“ ืœืฉืื•ืœ; ืื ื›ื™ ืกื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ืšืƒ

ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื

The gemara then says David was faced with a choice:

ืจืฆื•ื ืš ื™ื›ืœื• ื–ืจืขืš ืื• ืชืžืกืจ ื‘ื™ื“ ืื•ื™ื‘? ืืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ื•: ืจื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืืžืกืจ ื‘ื™ื“ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ื–ืจืขื™.

ื™ื•ืžื ื—ื“โ€ฆื—ื–ื™ื™ื” ื™ืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื‘. ืืžืจ: ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืื™ ื“ืงื˜ืœื™ื” ืœื’ืœื™ืช ืื—ื™! ื›ืคืชื™ื” ืงืžื˜ื™ื” ืื•ืชื‘ื™ื” ื•ืฉื“ื™ื™ื” ืชื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื™ื [ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื–ืœืฅ: ืงืฉืจื•, ืงืคืœื•, ืฉืžื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืชื—ืช ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื“].

โ€ฆื”ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื ืืคื ื™ื ื“ืžืขืœื™ ืฉื‘ืชื. ื”ื•ื” ืื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื”โ€ฆืืชื ืœื‘ื™ืชื™ื” [ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“] ื•ืœื ืืฉื›ื—ื™ื”. ืืžืจ: ืชื ืŸ (ืžืฉื ื” ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื‘:ื”): ืึตื™ืŸ ืจื•ึนื›ึฐื‘ึดื™ืŸ ืขึทืœ ืกื•ึผืกื•ึน, ื•ึฐืึตื™ืŸ ื™ื•ึนืฉึฐืื‘ึดื™ืŸ ืขึทืœ ื›ึดึผืกึฐืื•ึน, ื•ึฐืึตื™ืŸ ืžึดืฉึฐืืชึทึผืžึฐึผืฉึดืื™ืŸ ื‘ึฐึผืฉึทืืจึฐื‘ึดื™ื˜ื•ึน; ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืกื›ื ื” ืžืื™? ืืชื ืฉืื™ืœ ื‘ื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื. ืืžืจื• ืœื™ื”: ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืกื›ื ื” ืฉืคื™ืจ ื“ืžื™. ืจื›ื‘ื™ื” ืœืคืจื“ื™ื” ื•ืงื ื•ืื–ืœโ€ฆืืดืœ [ืื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืœื“ื•ื“] ืžืื™ ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื›ื? ืืดืœ: ื”ื›ื™ ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉื ื‘ืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื, ื•ื”ื›ื™ ืื”ื“ืจื™ ืœื™ื”. ืืดืœ: ืืคื™ืš ืฆืœื•ืชื™ืš! ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืš ืงื™ืจื ืœื™ื–ื‘ื•ืŸ [ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื–ืœืฅ: ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ ื•ื™ืžื›ื•ืจ ืฉืขื•ื”] ื•ืืช ืœื ืชืฆื˜ืขืจ.

ืืดืœ: ืื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ื“ืŸ! ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ โ€ื•ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื• ืื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื”โ€œ. ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืžืจ ืจื‘: ืฉืขื–ืจื• ื‘ืชืคืœื”. ืืžืจ ืื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืฉื ื•ืื—ืชื™ื”.

ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฆื”,ื

Iโ€™ve left out a fair bit of the description of the battle, but itโ€™s clear that the gemara takes this not as a description of Davidโ€™s retirement, but as a midrashic consequence of his behavior in ื ื‘. Why should that have been so bad, that it threatens his life and that of his descendants? Yes, he lies, but he was in danger of his life. I think the issue is not just ื ื‘, but a side of David that we hadnโ€™t seen before. Here, David is willing to lie even if it puts others at risk, putting his own self-preservation above all other considerations. ื ื‘ wasnโ€™t so bad, but we will see that same David in the story of Bat Sheva, and especially when he has Uriah killed. And that story, certainly, risks David losing his kingship and his dynasty.

But what forces the gemara to read the text this way? We will have to see.


Then the perek has three short stories about battles with Philistines, but David is not fighting them:

ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ื•ืชื”ื™ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ ืขื ืคืœืฉืชื™ื; ืื– ื”ื›ื” ืกื‘ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืฉืชื™ ืืช ืกืฃ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืจืคื”ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื:ื™ื—

ื•ืชื”ื™ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ ืขื ืคืœืฉืชื™ื; ื•ื™ืš ืืœื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืจื™ ืืจื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื—ืžื™ ืืช ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื’ืชื™ ื•ืขืฅ ื—ื ื™ืชื• ื›ืžื ื•ืจ ืืจื’ื™ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื:ื™ื˜

ื› ื•ืชื”ื™ ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื’ืช; ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืื™ืฉ ืžื“ื™ืŸ (ืžึธื“ื•ึนืŸ) ื•ืืฆื‘ืขืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ืืฆื‘ืขืช ืจื’ืœื™ื• ืฉืฉ ื•ืฉืฉ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืžืกืคืจ ื•ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืœื“ ืœื”ืจืคื”ืƒ ื›ื ื•ื™ื—ืจืฃ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ื™ื›ื”ื• ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืขื™ (ืฉืึดืžึฐืขึธื”) ืื—ื™ ื“ื•ื“ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื›ื

And it ends with a summary:

ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ืืœื” ื™ืœื“ื• ืœื”ืจืคื” ื‘ื’ืช; ื•ื™ืคืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ื™ื“ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื:ื›ื‘

The hard one to figure out is the third of the four stories: ื•ื™ืš ืืœื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืจื™ ืืจื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื—ืžื™ ืืช ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื’ืชื™. Hadnโ€™t David killed ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื’ืชื™ decades earlier? We can look at the parallel text in ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื:

There, the first story about Davidโ€™s exhaustion is missing. The theme of ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื is the glorious history of the Jewish people, written to encourage them after ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ. It leaves out all the unpleasant stories, like Bat Sheva and Avshalom.

ืžื” ืฉืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื–ื• ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืžื•ืืœ โ€ื•ืชื”ื™ ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ืจื“ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ืขืžื• ื•ื™ืœื—ืžื• ืืช ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ืโ€œ, ื•ืืฃ ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื›ืืŸ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืฉื โ€ื•ื™ืขืฃ ื“ื•ื“โ€œโ€ฆื•ืœื•ืœื™ ืฉืขื–ืจื• ืื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื‘ื™ ื•ืœืคื™ ืื•ืชื• ื’ื ืื™ ืœื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื›ืืŸ.

ื”ืคืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœืจืฉืดื™, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื›:ื“

So it starts with the second story:

ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ื•ืชืขืžื“ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื’ื–ืจ ืขื ืคืœืฉืชื™ื; ืื– ื”ื›ื” ืกื‘ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืฉืชื™ ืืช ืกืคื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืคืื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื ืขื•ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื›:ื“

Some names are slightly different, ื’ื–ืจ instead of ื’ื•ื‘,โ€Ž ืกืคื™ instead of ืกืฃ. But the notable change is that the Philistine is ืžื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืคืื™ื, instead of ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืจืคื”. And that means something:

ื•ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื” ื‘ื ื›ื“ืจืœืขืžืจ ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืืชื• ื•ื™ื›ื• ืืช ืจืคืื™ื ื‘ืขืฉืชืจืช ืงืจื ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื”ื; ื•ืืช ื”ืื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื” ืงืจื™ืชื™ืืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื“:ื”

ืจืคืื™ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืืฃ ื”ื ื›ืขื ืงื™ื; ื•ื”ืžืื‘ื™ื ื™ืงืจืื• ืœื”ื ืืžื™ืืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘:ื™ื

ื›ื™ ืจืง ืขื•ื’ ืžืœืš ื”ื‘ืฉืŸ ื ืฉืืจ ืžื™ืชืจ ื”ืจืคืื™ื ื”ื ื” ืขืจืฉื• ืขืจืฉ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื”ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื‘ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ; ืชืฉืข ืืžื•ืช ืืจื›ื” ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืืžื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืฉืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื’:ื™ื

ื•ื™ืฆื ืื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืžื—ื ื•ืช ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืžื• ืžื’ืช; ื’ื‘ื”ื• ืฉืฉ ืืžื•ืช ื•ื–ืจืชืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื–:ื“

ื›ื ื•ื™ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื•ื™ื›ืจืช ืืช ื”ืขื ืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืจ ืžืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืŸ ืขื ื‘ ื•ืžื›ืœ ื”ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžื›ืœ ื”ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ืขื ืขืจื™ื”ื ื”ื—ืจื™ืžื ื™ื”ื•ืฉืขืƒ ื›ื‘ ืœื ื ื•ืชืจ ืขื ืงื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ืจืง ื‘ืขื–ื” ื‘ื’ืช ื•ื‘ืืฉื“ื•ื“ ื ืฉืืจื•ืƒ

ื™ื”ื•ืฉื•ืข ืคืจืง ื™ื

So these other Philistine heros were giants, related to Goliath, and were similarly intended to intimidate their enemies; the fourth one explicitly says ื•ื™ื—ืจืฃ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, like Goliath:

ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ืื ื™ ื—ืจืคืชื™ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”; ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืื™ืฉ ื•ื ืœื—ืžื” ื™ื—ื“ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื–:ื™

The next story in the ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื version solves the ื•ื™ืš ืืœื—ื ืŸโ€ฆืืช ื’ืœื™ืช problem by turning the killer of ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื’ืชื™ into the killer of ืื—ื™ ื’ืœื™ืช:

ื•ืชื”ื™ ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืืช ืคืœืฉืชื™ื; ื•ื™ืš ืืœื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขื•ืจ (ื™ืขื™ืจ) ืืช ืœื—ืžื™ ืื—ื™ ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื’ืชื™ ื•ืขืฅ ื—ื ื™ืชื• ื›ืžื ื•ืจ ืืจื’ื™ืืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื›:ื”

And ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ assumes that is what our text in ืฉืžื•ืืœ really means; ืืœื—ื ืŸ attacked โ€œthe house of ืœื—ืžื™ who had been with (ืืช)โ€Ž ื’ืœื™ืชโ€.

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื—ืžื™: ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื›ื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื—ืžื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืžื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื.

ืืช ื’ืœื™ืช: ืขื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื•, ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ื™ ื’ืœื™ืช.

ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื:ื™ื˜

The next one (and the summary) is almost identical:

ื• ื•ืชื”ื™ ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื’ืช; ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืื™ืฉ ืžื“ื” ื•ืืฆื‘ืขืชื™ื• ืฉืฉ ื•ืฉืฉ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ื•ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ืœื”ืจืคืืƒ ื– ื•ื™ื—ืจืฃ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ื™ื›ื”ื• ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืขื ืื—ื™ ื“ื•ื™ื“ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื›

ืึตืœ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื”ืจืคื ื‘ื’ืช; ื•ื™ืคืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื•ื‘ื™ื“ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื•ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื›:ื—

There are other approaches to understanding ื•ื™ืš ืืœื—ื ืŸโ€ฆืืช ื’ืœื™ืช. It could be just a scribal error, a typo. The โ€œrealโ€ killing was of ืื—ื™ ื’ืœื™ืช, and our text is corrupted. Thatโ€™s the easy academic answer, and one I wonโ€™t even mention.

This could be a different Philistine hero with the same name (this is the approach of the ื“ืขืช ืžืงืจื ืชื ืดืš). Goliath was a hero; there were probably lots of kids named after him.

Yochi Brandes, in The Secret Book of Kings , portrays David as the villian of the story. In her novel, the entire David and Goliath battle was a lie for PR purposes, and the real death of Goliath was snuck in here, at the end of the book, by pro-Benjaminite scribes.


The last approach is a midrashic one.

ื”ืขืงืจ ืฉื”ืขื ืง ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื• ืœื—ืžื™ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื™ ื’ืœื™ืช, ื•ื”ืžื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืืœื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืจื™โ€ฆื•ืื—ื™ ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืื—ื™ื• ื›ืžืดืฉ ื•ืขืฅ ื—ื ื™ืชื• ื›ืžื ื•ืจ ืื•ืจื’ื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉื“ืžืชื” ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื–ื• ื•ืขื ื™ื ื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื’ืœื™ืชโ€ฆืžืฉืœื• ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉืœื—ืžื™ ื”ืจื’ ืืช ื’ืœื™ืช, ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื•, ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ืžืฉืœ ื›ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืืžืช.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื:ื™ื˜

When we read the history in ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, we read it as history. It was written by ืขื–ืจื to give a past and a future to the nascent ืฉื•ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, and was presumably drawn from older chronicles which we do not have but clearly existed:

ื™ื•ืื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื›ืœื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื–ืืช ืงืฆืฃ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ืœื ืขืœื” ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœืžืœืš ื“ื•ื™ื“ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื›ื–:ื›ื“

ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ is different. It is a ืกืคืจ ื ื‘ื•ืื”, not a history book. I would say these little stories are meant to be read metaphorically; they are a proto-midrash on history. There is a lesson to be learned. That is why they are in the appendix; they are poetry, not prose.

We see a similar poetic re-reading of history earlier in the ืกืคืจ:

ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืžืœื›ื•; ื•ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืœืš ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื’:ื

ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืžืœื›ื•: ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ื: ื›ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื”, ืฉืœื ื˜ืขื ื˜ืขื ื—ื˜ื.

ื™ื•ืžื ื›ื‘,ื‘

The ืคืฉื˜ in this part of the text is that it has to be understood as ื“ืจืฉ.

ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื ื”ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืืœื ื“ืจืฉื ื™.

ืจืฉืดื™, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื:ื, ื“ืดื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื

Thatโ€™s why the gemara reads the story of the death of ื™ืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื‘, as the ืื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื ืขืœ ืขืกืงื™ ื ื•ื‘. Itโ€™s about the lessons of Davidโ€™s behavior in ื ื‘, and how that sort of behavior almost destroyed him in the end.

The second story is about ืกืฃ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืจืคื”, who in the โ€œrealโ€ history of ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื is ืžื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืคืื™ื, an aboriginal giant. The gemara says the change of spelling tells us that he was actually a descendant of ืขืจืคื”, Ruthโ€™s sister in law:

ื›ืชื™ื‘ โ€ื”ืจืคื”โ€œ ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ โ€ืขืจืคื”โ€œโ€ฆโ€ื•ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ืืœื” ื™ืœื“ื• ืœื”ืจืคื” ื‘ื’ืช ื•ื™ืคืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ื™ื“ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื•โ€œ; ืžืื™ ื ื™ื ื”ื•? ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื—ืกื“ื: ืกืฃ ื•ืžื“ื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื‘โ€ฆื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืจื•ืช ื:ื™ื“) ื•ึทืชึดึผืฉึทึผืืง ืขึธืจึฐืคึธึผื” ืœึทื—ึฒืžื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ ื•ึฐืจื•ึผืช ื“ึธึผื‘ึฐืงึธื” ื‘ึธึผื”ึผ. ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง: ืืžืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื: ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ืฉื•ืงื” ื•ื™ืคืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืงื”. ื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื: ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ืืจื‘ืข ื“ืžืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืขืจืคื” ืขืœ ื—ืžื•ืชื” ื–ื›ืชื” ื•ื™ืฆืื• ืžืžื ื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ื’ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืจื•ืช ื:ื™ื“) ื•ึทืชึดึผืฉึถึผื‚ื ึธื” ืงื•ึนืœึธืŸ ื•ึทืชึดึผื‘ึฐื›ึถึผื™ื ึธื” ืขื•ึนื“.

ืกื•ื˜ื” ืžื‘,ื‘

We discussed this when we looked at the battle of David and Goliath, They Might Be Giants and when David ran to the Philistines. That Way Madness Lies. The implications of this aggadah is that David and Goliath are cousins of a sort. And during the time that David was a leader of his (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื›ื‘:ื‘)โ€Ž ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžืจ ื ืคืฉ and then king in ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ he was basically a mercenary for the Philistines, just as Goliath was. And he wields Goliathโ€™s sword:

ื˜ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืื—ื™ืžืœืš ื•ืื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืคื” ืชื—ืช ื™ื“ืš ื—ื ื™ืช ืื• ื—ืจื‘; ื›ื™ ื’ื ื—ืจื‘ื™ ื•ื’ื ื›ืœื™ ืœื ืœืงื—ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืœืš ื ื—ื•ืฅืƒ
ื™ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื—ืจื‘ ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื™ืช ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืฉืžืœื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืืคื•ื“ ืื ืืชื” ืชืงื— ืœืš ืงื— ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื—ืจืช ื–ื•ืœืชื” ื‘ื–ื”;
ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื” ืชื ื ื” ืœื™ืƒ ื™ื ื•ื™ืงื ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ื‘ืจื— ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ; ื•ื™ื‘ื ืืœ ืื›ื™ืฉ ืžืœืš ื’ืชืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื›ื

To push the midrashic interpretation a little too far, he himself is ืกืฃ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืจืคื”, โ€on the brink of being one of the children of Orpahโ€œ.

The next story is about the killing of Goliathโ€™s brother, which our text in ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ changes to Goliath himself. The midrash says that, as we know, David killed Goliath, and this pasuk is about that story from so many decades ago. But here he is called ืืœื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืจื™.

ืืœื—ื ืŸ: ื–ื” ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื—ื ื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื.

ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘:ื‘

ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืจื™ ืื•ืจื’ื™ื: ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืื•ืจื’ื™ื ืคืจื•ื›ืช ืœืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ื™ืขืจ.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื:ื™ื˜

The ืืจื•ืŸ was in ืงืจื™ืช ื™ืขืจื™ื.

ื” ืขื“ ืืžืฆื ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืณ; ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืช ืœืื‘ื™ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ืƒ ื• ื”ื ื” ืฉืžืขื ื•ื” ื‘ืืคืจืชื”; ืžืฆืื ื•ื” ื‘ืฉื“ื™ ื™ืขืจืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืงืœื‘

ื•ื™ืš ืืœื—ื ืŸ: โ€ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืจื™โ€œ: ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืขืจ. โ€ืืจื’ื™ืโ€œ: ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ืคืจื›ืช. ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ, โ€ืืจื’ื™ืโ€œ: ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขืœื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืจื’ื”. ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ, ืืœื• ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื•ืจื’ื™ืŸ ืขืžื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”.

ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘:ื‘

This is midrashically the David who slew Goliath, the golden boy ืฉื—ื ื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื, about whom the girls swooned and sang (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื—:ื–) ื”ึดื›ึผึธื” ืฉืึธืื•ึผืœ ื‘ึผึทืึฒืœึธืคึธื• ื•ึฐื“ึธื•ึดื“ ื‘ึผึฐืจึดื‘ึฐื‘ึนืชึธื™ื•.

And the last story is the one about the six-fingered man. That brings one thing to mind:

Without a word, the six-fingered man slashed him through the heart. I loved my fatherโ€ฆWhen I was strong enough, I dedicated my life to the study of fencing. So, the next time we meet, I will not fail. I will go up to the six-fingered man and say, โ€œHello, my name is Inigo Montoya. You killed my father. Prepare to die.โ€

The Princess Bride

But Davidโ€™s father was killed by the Moabites (see An Empire the Size of Maine). So I canโ€™t make that connection. It seems to me that there must be some symbolism of 6 fingers, totalling 24. But nobody mentions it. No midrash, no aggadah in the gemara. I must be missing something.

He is called ืื™ืฉ ืžึธื“ื•ึนืŸ (in ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื he is called ืื™ืฉ ืžื“ื”), presumably meaning โ€œa big manโ€:

ืœื‘ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืื• ื“ื‘ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืชืจื• ืืชื” ืืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืžืจ; ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ืจื ื• ื‘ื” ืœืชื•ืจ ืืชื” ืืจืฅ ืื›ืœืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืืฉืจ ืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืื ืฉื™ ืžื“ื•ืชืƒ ืœื’ ื•ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื ืคื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืขื ืง ืžืŸ ื”ื ืคืœื™ื; ื•ื ื”ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื›ื—ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ืืƒ

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืง ื™ื’

But if Iโ€™m looking for some deeper connection, some Forman-esque โ€œwhere have we seen this beforeโ€, I only find something that comes after:

ื‘ ื‘ืžืจืื•ืช ืืœืงื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื ื™ ืืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ื™ื ื™ื—ื ื™ ืืœ ื”ืจ ื’ื‘ื” ืžืื“ ื•ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืžื‘ื ื” ืขื™ืจ ืžื ื’ื‘ืƒ ื’ ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืžื” ื•ื”ื ื” ืื™ืฉ ืžืจืื”ื• ื›ืžืจืื” ื ื—ืฉืช ื•ืคืชื™ืœ ืคืฉืชื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื•ืงื ื” ื”ืžื“ื”; ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืžื“ ื‘ืฉืขืจืƒ ื“ ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืš ื•ื‘ืื–ื ื™ืš ืฉืžืข ื•ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืš ืœื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืื•ืชืš ื›ื™ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืจืื•ืชื›ื” ื”ื‘ืืชื” ื”ื ื”; ื”ื’ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืจืื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ ื” ื•ื”ื ื” ื—ื•ืžื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘; ื•ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืื™ืฉ ืงื ื” ื”ืžื“ื” ืฉืฉ ืืžื•ืช ื‘ืืžื” ื•ื˜ืคื— ื•ื™ืžื“ ืืช ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ื•ืงื•ืžื” ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ืƒ

ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืคืจืง ืž

I have an ืื™ืฉ, with ืžื“ื” and ืฉืฉ in a ื™ื“โ€”Iโ€™m pushing it, but this is vision is of the angel who is the architect of the next ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. Can we see a hint in our story of the ืื™ืฉ ืžื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืืฆื‘ืขืช ื™ื“ื™ื•โ€ฆืฉืฉ to the architect of the first ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ? And this ืื™ืฉ ืžื“ื•ืŸ is described as ื•ื™ื—ืจืฃ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. We discussed in Everybody Counts the idea that if David had built the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, it would have been his, not the peopleโ€™s, and it would stand as an eternal rebuke to them.

ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื‘ืดื”: ืฉืื ืืชื” ื‘ื•ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื• ื—ืจื‘. ืืžืจื• ืœื•: ื•ื”ืจื™ ื™ืคื”! ืืดืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื”: ื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื˜ื•ื, ื•ืื ื™ ืžืคื™ื’ ื—ืžืชื™ ื‘ื• ื•ืžื—ืจื™ื‘ื•, ื•ื”ื ื ืฆื•ืœื™ืŸ.

ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ื ืดืš ืงืžืดื”

ืžื›ืืŸ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืื™ืœื• ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื—ืจื‘, ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื›ื ื” ื•ืงื˜ืจื•ื’ ื—ืดื• ืœื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘, ืขืžืณ 275-281, ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ

Where am I going with this?

Do I contradict myself? Very well then I contradict myself, (I am large, I contain multitudes.)

Walt Whitman, Song of Myself, 51

We are almost finished with ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ, the story of ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœืš. There are a lot of ways to look at David.

There is the David who is the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื—ืžื™ who slew ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื’ืชื™, the warrior and military leader who expanded Israel into a regional empire. But that is not the real David.

There is the David who lies to save his own skin, no matter how many others are hurt: the conniving, conspiring David of ื ื‘ and most clearly of Bat Sheva and Uriah. But that is not the real David.

There is the David the bandit king, preying on others and expressing loyalty to the enemies of Israel. We see this David as well in the decimation of Moav (see An Empire the Size of Maine) and Edom (see Taken with a Grain of Salt). But that is not the real David.

There is the David who is obsessed with building the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, to the point of ignoring the needs of his own people (see Once Upon a Midnight Dreary). But that is not the real David.

Of all of these metaphoric Davids, the ื ื‘ื™ื says, ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ืืœื” ื™ืœื“ื•โ€ฆื•ื™ืคืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ ื“ื•ื“. They had to fall to the wayside. The real David is the David of the next perek:

ื ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื”ืณ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืœ ื”ืณ ืืชื• ืžื›ืฃ ื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ื™ื• ื•ืžื›ืฃ ืฉืื•ืœืƒ ื‘ ื•ื™ืืžืจ; ื”ืณ ืกืœืขื™ ื•ืžืฆื“ืชื™ ื•ืžืคืœื˜ื™ ืœื™ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื›ื‘

And the next:

ื•ืืœื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืื—ืจื ื™ื; ื ืื ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ ื•ื ืื ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื ืขึธืœ ืžืฉื™ื— ืืœืงื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื ืขื™ื ื–ืžืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื’:ื

And so ืกืคืจ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื tells us the story of the โ€œrealโ€ David, the one we are to remember.

But we still have more narrative to study before we return to ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื.