ื ืืคืืฉืชืื ืขืืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืขืืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืื; ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื
ื ืืืฆื ืืืฉ ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืช ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืืช ืฉืื ืืืช: ืืืื ืฉืฉ ืืืืช ืืืจืชื
ื ืืืืืข ื ืืฉืช ืขื ืจืืฉื ืืฉืจืืื ืงืฉืงืฉืื ืืื ืืืืฉ; ืืืฉืงื ืืฉืจืืื ืืืฉืช ืืืคืื ืฉืงืืื ื ืืฉืชื
ื ืืืฆืืช ื ืืฉืช ืขื ืจืืืื; ืืืืืื ื ืืฉืช ืืื ืืชืคืืื
ื ืืขืฅ ืื ืืชื ืืื ืืจ ืืจืืื ืืืืืช ืื ืืชื ืฉืฉ ืืืืช ืฉืงืืื ืืจืื; ืื ืฉื ืืฆื ื ืืื ืืคื ืืื
ื ืืืขืื ืืืงืจื ืื ืืขืจืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืชืฆืื ืืขืจื ืืืืื: ืืืื ืื ืื ืืคืืฉืชื ืืืชื ืขืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืจื ืืื ืืืฉ ืืืจื ืืืื
ื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืชื ืืืื ื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืขืืืื; ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืชืื ืืืืืชื ืื ื ืืขืืืื ืืขืืืชื ืืชื ืื
ื ืืืืืจ ืืคืืฉืชื ืื ื ืืจืคืชื ืืช ืืขืจืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืื; ืชื ื ืื ืืืฉ ืื ืืืื ืืืื
ืื ืืืฉืืข ืฉืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืช ืืืจื ืืคืืฉืชื ืืืื; ืืืืชื ืืืจืื ืืืื
ืฉืืืื ื ืื
Heavy Metal
Six and a half amot is pretty tall; the gemara (ืขืจืืืื ืื,ื) says an average man is 3 amot tall. Rabbi Zalman Menachem Koren in Artscrollโs The Beit Hamikdash, based on the archeological evidence, estimates an amah as 22.6 inches. That makes an average man 5 feet 7.8 inches, and ืืืืชโ 12 feet 3 inches.
Rabbi Aryeh Carmell in Aiding Talmud Study estimates a shekel as 17 grams. A 5000 shekel mail coat of armor is 85 kilograms or 187 pounds. For comparison, a complete suit of medieval plate armor made from well-tempered steel would weigh around 20 kg (44 pounds) (from Wikipedia). A spearhead of 600 shekels is 10 kilograms or 22 pounds. A replica hunting spear, about 7 feet long, has a 20-ounce head.
ืื ืืึทื ืฆืข ืืฉืคึผืื
The navi does not tell us who ืืืืช was, but we have hints from elsewhere in Tanach:
ื ืืืื ืืืจื ืื ืืชืขืื ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืคืืฉืชืื; ืื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืฉืชื ืืช ืกืคื ืืืืืื ืืจืคืืื ืืืื ืขืื
ื ืืชืื ืขืื ืืืืื ืืช ืคืืฉืชืื; ืืื ืืืื ื ืื ืืขืืจ ืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืชื ืืขืฅ ืื ืืชื ืืื ืืจ ืืจืืืื
ื ืืชืื ืขืื ืืืืื ืืืช; ืืืื ืืืฉ ืืื ืืืฆืืขืชืื ืฉืฉ ืืฉืฉ ืขืฉืจืื ืืืจืืข ืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืจืคืื
ื ืืืืจืฃ ืืช ืืฉืจืื; ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืื ืฉืืขื ืืื ืืืืื
ื ืื ื ืืืื ืืืจืคื ืืืช; ืืืคืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืขืืืืื
ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืคืจืง ื
(The corresponding psukim in ืฉืืืื are very difficult to interpret, and I am not touching them with a ten-foot pole from a loom.)
The ืจืคืืื were not native to ืืจืฅ ืคืืืฉืชืื but to the east side of the Jordan:
ื ืืืืืจ ืืณ ืืื ืื ืชืฆืจ ืืช ืืืื ืืื ืชืชืืจ ืื ืืืืื: ืื ืื ืืชื ืื ืืืจืฆื ืืจืฉื ืื ืืื ื ืืื ื ืชืชื ืืช ืขืจ ืืจืฉืื
ื ืืืืื ืืคื ืื ืืฉืื ืื ืขื ืืืื ืืจื ืืจื ืืขื ืงืืื
ืื ืจืคืืื ืืืฉืื ืืฃ ืื ืืขื ืงืื; ืืืืืืื ืืงืจืื ืืื ืืืืื
โฆืื ืืืืืจ ืืณ ืืื ืืืืจื
ืื ืืชื ืขืืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืขืจื
ืื ืืงืจืืช ืืื ืื ื ืขืืื ืื ืชืฆืจื ืืื ืชืชืืจ ืื: ืื ืื ืืชื ืืืจืฅ ืื ื ืขืืื ืื ืืจืฉื ืื ืืื ื ืืื ื ืชืชืื ืืจืฉืื
ื ืืจืฅ ืจืคืืื ืชืืฉื ืืฃ ืืื: ืจืคืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืคื ืื ืืืขืื ืื ืืงืจืื ืืื ืืืืืืื
ืื ืขื ืืืื ืืจื ืืจื ืืขื ืงืื; ืืืฉืืืื ืืณ ืืคื ืืื ืืืืจืฉื ืืืฉืื ืชืืชืื
ืืืจืื ืคืจืง ื
ืื ืจืง ืขืื ืืื ืืืฉื ื ืฉืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืจืคืืื ืื ื ืขืจืฉื ืขืจืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืจืืช ืื ื ืขืืื: ืชืฉืข ืืืืช ืืจืื ืืืจืืข ืืืืช ืจืืื ืืืืช ืืืฉื
ืืืจืื ื:ืื
But the gemara interprets ืืืจื ืืืืื differently, reading ืืจืคื as ืขืจืคื:
ืืชืื (ืฉืืืื ื ืื) ืืจืคื ืืืชืื ืขืจืคื ืจื ืืฉืืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืจืคื ืฉืื ืืืื ื ืงืจื ืฉืื ืขืจืคื ืฉืืื ืขืืจืคืื ืืืชื ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืืจ ืขืจืคื ืฉืื ืืืื ื ืงืจื ืฉืื ืืจืคื ืฉืืื ืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืจืืคืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ (ืฉืืืื ื ืื) ืืชืงื ืืืฉื ืืชืคืจืืฉ ืืืกื ืขื ืคื ื ืืืืจ ืืชืฉืื ืขืืื ืืจืืคืืช ืืื ืืขืืช ืืืื ืืืื (ืืฉืื ืื) ืื ืชืืชืฉ ืืช ืืืืื ืืืืชืฉ ืืชืื ืืจืืคืืช ืืขืื (ืฉืืืื ื ืื) ืืืช ืืจืืขืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืคื ืืืช ืืืคืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืขืืืื ืืื ื ืื ืื ืืืจ ืจื ืืกืื ืกืฃ ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืื ืื ืื ืืืคืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืชืื (ืจืืช ื) ืืชืฉืง ืขืจืคื ืืืืืชื ืืจืืช ืืืงื ืื ืืืจ ืจืื ืืฆืืง ืืืจ ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืื ืื ื ืื ืฉืืงื ืืืคืื ืืื ืื ื ืืืืืงื ืืจืฉ ืจืื ืืฉืืจ ืืจืืข ืืืขืืช ืฉืืืจืืื ืขืจืคื ืขื ืืืืชื ืืืชื ืืืฆืื ืืื ื ืืจืืขื ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืจืืช ื) ืืชืฉืื ื ืงืืื ืืชืืืื ื ืขืื ืืชืื ืืฅ ืื ืืชื ืืงืจืื ื ืขืฅ ืื ืืชื ืืืจ ืจืื ืืืขืืจ ืขืืืื ืื ืืืืขื ื ืืืฆื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืืชื ืจืฉืข ืืืื ืฉืืกืืจ ืืกืคืจ ืืฉืืื ืฉื ืจืฉืขืื ืืื ืืคืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืืขื ืฉืืืื ืืืื
ืกืืื ืื,ื
The incredible implication is that ืืื and ืืืืช are cousins, separated in their destiny only by the decisions of their respective ancestors. Itโs not clear to me what made ืืืดื reach that conclusion. The implication is that ืืื's destiny as well is affected by his decisions. He is, after aall, an ืืืืื ื with a potential for violence. He will become, like ืืืืช, a foreign general in the ืคืืืฉืชื army. The implications of this we will have to keep in mind as we study further.
And Goliath is an Honourable Man
The Abrabanel cites commentators who say that ืืืืช's offer of a battle of champions was a standard way of resolving battles in the ancient world, that the parties would agree to rules and that the nation of the winner would be allowed to rule the loser (Rabbi Shulman looks at this battle that way). Pace Rabbi Shulman, the Abrabanel strongly rejects this interpretation. He points out that the battle is too lopsided; in a โrealโ duel each combatant is identically armed. They did not set up rules or any kind of agreement beforehand, and after the battle the ืคืืฉืชืื did not submit to the Jews; they retreated and continued the war.
The ืืืืืดื points out that ืืืืช actually makes two speeches. The first was a serious offer for a duel, to avoid further war, with conditions that he explicitly laid out; if he wins, ืื ื ืืฉืจืื are to serve the ืคืืืฉืชืื, and if the Jews' champion wins the ืคืืืฉืชืื will serve ืื ื ืืฉืจืื. It is only after no one even addresses his challenge that he makes his second speech, mocking the Jews for their cowardice. What follows is not a duel for the future of the two nations, but simply David attacking ืืืืช. And we know how that turns out.
Live Free or Die
The ืืืืืดื also notes that ืืืืช keeps mentioning the concept of ืขืืืืช,โ โืืชื ืขืืืื ืืฉืืื,โโ โืืืื ื ืืื ืืขืืืื,โโ โืืืืชื ืื ื ืืขืืืื,โโ โืืขืืืชื ืืชื ื.โโ As The ืืืืืดื reads it, ืืืืช is claiming the Jews have nothing to lose. They are now just slaves to ืฉืืื, and after their defeat they will be slaves to ืคืืฉืช. Thereโs no difference (he probably heard about ืฉืืืื's speech to ืื ื ืืฉืจืื about the evils of having a king, in ืฉืืืื ื ื). They would just return to the status quo ante, when they had been under Philistine rule for a century. The Philistines had much more to lose. They were free men, not under a centralized government. ืืืืช calls himself โืืคืืฉืชื,โ not โืขืื.โ (He is of course lying; the word ืกืจื ื is not cognate with โtyrantโ for nothing.)
Dismayed and Greatly Afraid
The phrase ืืืืชื ืืืจืื ืืื is highly significant. Mosheโs charge to Yehoshua tells him to not to do exactly that:
ื ืืืงืจื ืืฉื ืืืืืฉืข ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืขืื ื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืง ืืืืฅ ืื ืืชื ืชืืื ืืช ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืข ืืณ ืืืืชื ืืชืช ืืื; ืืืชื ืชื ืืืื ื ืืืชืื ืืืืณ ืืื ืืืื ืืคื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืขืื ืื ืืจืคื ืืื ืืขืืื; ืื ืชืืจื ืืื ืชืืชื
ืืืจืื ืคืจืง ืื
And it is repeated by Hashem directly with the same verb, ืชืืช:โ (ืืืืฉืข ื:ื)โ ืืืื ืฆืืืชืื ืืืง ืืืืฅ ืื ืชืขืจืฅ ืืื ืชืืชโฆ. So ืื ื ืืฉืจืื are explicitly unable to maintain the courage that they need in order to conquer and control the land. But the phrase is even more significant. The first time it is used is when ืืณ blesses ื ื after the flood:
ื ืืืืจื ืืืงืื ืืช ื ื ืืืช ืื ืื; ืืืืืจ ืืื ืคืจื ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืจืฅื
ื ืืืืจืืื ืืืชืื ืืืื ืขื ืื ืืืช ืืืจืฅ ืืขื ืื ืขืืฃ ืืฉืืื; ืืื ืืฉืจ ืชืจืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืื
ืืจืืฉืืช ืคืจืง ื
And ืจืฉืดื defines ืืชืช as the instinctual fear that animals have for human beings:
ืืืืืชืื, ืืื (ืืืื ื:ืื) ืชืจืื ืืชืชืฅืฅ ืืืืื, ืืฉืื ืืืืช, ืฉืื ืืื ืฉืชืื ืืง ืื ืืืื ืื, ืืื ืืชื ืฆืจืื ืืฉืืืจื ืื ืืขืืืจืื; ืขืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืืช, ืฆืจืื ืืฉืืืจื ืื ืืขืืืจืื, ืฉื ืืืจ, โ ืืืืจืืื ืืืชืื ืืืื.โ ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืจืืื ืขื ืืืืืช? ืื ืืื ืฉืืชื ืืืื.
ืจืฉืดื ืืจืืฉืืช ื:ื ืืดื ืืืชืื
So what ืื ื ืืฉืจืื felt was more than fear; it was the feeling of being less than human before their ืคืืืฉืชื masters. ืืืืช was doing more than threatening them; by mocking them and their G-d he made it clear that they werenโt even worth his attention. And they felt that way about themselves as well. It was this that David had to overcome. More than defeat ืืืืช, he had to humiliate him.