ื ืืืืกืคื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืกืคื ืฉืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืื; ืืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืขืืงื ืืืคืก ืืืืื
ื ืืฉืืื ืืืืฉ ืืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคื ืืืื ื ืืขืืง ืืืื; ืืืขืจืื ืืืืื ืืงืจืืช ืคืืฉืชืืื
ืฉืืืื ื ืื
Philistines through History
(this is not an exhaustive list, just the quotes I felt were relevant)
ื ืืืื ืชืืืืช ืื ื ื ื ืฉื ืื ืืืคืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืืืื
ื ืื ื ืืคืช ืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืฉื ืืชืืจืกืโฆ
ื ืืื ื ืื ืืืฉ ืืืฆืจืื ืืคืื ืืื ืขืืโฆ
ืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืื ืืืช ื ืคืชืืืื
ืื ืืืช ืคืชืจืกืื ืืืช ืืกืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืฆืื ืืฉื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืช ืืคืชืจืืื
ืืจืืฉืืช ื
ืื ืืืื ืืขืช ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืคืืื ืฉืจ ืฆืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืืืืจ: ืืืืื ืขืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืขืฉืื
ืื ืืขืชื ืืฉืืขื ืื ืืืืืื ืื ื ืื ืชืฉืงืจ ืื ืืื ืื ื ืืื ืืื; ืืืกื ืืฉืจ ืขืฉืืชื ืขืื ืชืขืฉื ืขืืื ืืขื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืืจืชื ืืื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืฉืืขื
โฆืื ืืืืจืชื ืืจืืช ืืืืจ ืฉืืข; ืืืงื ืืืืืื ืืคืืื ืฉืจ ืฆืืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืืจืฅ ืคืืฉืชืืื
ืื ืืืืข ืืฉื ืืืืจ ืฉืืข; ืืืงืจื ืฉื ืืฉื ืืณ ืงื ืขืืืื
ืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืืจืฅ ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืื ืจืืื.
ืืจืืฉืืช ืื
ื ืืืฉื ืืฆืืง ืืืจืจื
โฆ
ืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืขืื ืืคืืื ืฉืจ ืฆืืืื
โฆ
ื ืืืขืฉ ืืื ืืฉืชื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืชืื
ืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืืงืจ ืืืฉืืขื ืืืฉ ืืืืื; ืืืฉืืื ืืฆืืง ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืฉืืืื
ืืจืืฉืืช ืื
ืืืื ืืฉืื ืคืจืขื ืืช ืืขื ืืื ื ืื ืืืืื ืืจื ืืจืฅ ืคืืฉืชืื ืื ืงืจืื ืืื; ืื ืืืจ ืืืงืื ืคื ืื ืื ืืขื ืืจืืชื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืฆืจืืืื
ืฉืืืช ืื:ืื
ืืืขืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืฆืจืื ืขื ืขืื ืืคืชืจืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืคืชืจ ืืฉืืืื ืืืฉืื ืชืืชืื
ืืืจืื ื:ืื
ื ืืืืืฉืข ืืงื ืื ืืืืื; ืืืืืจ ืืณ ืืืื ืืชื ืืงื ืชื ืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจืฅ ื ืฉืืจื ืืจืื ืืื ืืจืฉืชืื
ื ืืืช ืืืจืฅ ืื ืฉืืจืช: ืื ืืืืืืช ืืคืืฉืชืื ืืื ืืืฉืืจืื
ื ืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืืฉืจ ืขื ืคื ื ืืฆืจืื ืืขื ืืืื ืขืงืจืื ืฆืคืื ื ืืื ืขื ื ืชืืฉื; ืืืฉืช ืกืจื ื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืขืืชื ืืืืฉืืืื ืืืฉืงืืื ื ืืืชื ืืืขืงืจืื ื ืืืขืืืื
ืืืืฉืข ืื
ืืืืจืื ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืื ืขื ืช ืืื ืืช ืคืืฉืชืื ืฉืฉ ืืืืช ืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืงืจ; ืืืืฉืข ืื ืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืืื
ืฉืืคืืื ื:ืื
ืืืกืืคื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืจืข ืืขืื ื ืืณ; ืืืชื ื ืืณ ืืื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืจืืขืื ืฉื ืื
ืฉืืคืืื ืื:ื
Then ืฉืืฉืื leads his one-man guerrilla war against the ืคืืฉืชืื for twenty years (in ืฉืืคืืื ืื-ืื) and ืื ื ืืฉืจืื rebel against them under ืขืื at the end of his 40-year judgeship (in ืฉืืืื ื ื). That ends very badly; the aron is taken and the mishkan in Shilo is destroyed.
They finally achieve independence in the first years of Samuelโs leadership:
ื ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืขืื ืืขืืื ืืคืืฉืชืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื; ืืืจืขื ืืณ ืืงืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืคื ืืคื ื ืืฉืจืืื
ืื ืืืฆืื ืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืืฆืคื ืืืจืืคื ืืช ืคืืฉืชืื; ืืืืื ืขื ืืชืืช ืืืืช ืืจื
ืื ืืืงื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืฉื ืืื ืืืฆืคื ืืืื ืืฉื ืืืงืจื ืืช ืฉืื ืืื ืืขืืจ; ืืืืืจ ืขื ืื ื ืขืืจื ื ืืณื
ืื ืืืื ืขื ืืคืืฉืชืื ืืื ืืกืคื ืขืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืื; ืืชืื ืื ืืณ ืืคืืฉืชืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืืืื
ืื ืืชืฉืื ื ืืขืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืงืื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืขืงืจืื ืืขื ืืช ืืืช ืืืืื ืืฆืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืคืืฉืชืื; ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืืืจืื
ืฉืืืื ื ื
But the wars continue under Saul:
ืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืืงื ืขื ืคืืฉืชืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืื; ืืจืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืฉ ืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืกืคืื ืืืืื
ืฉืืืื ื ืื:ื ื
It is only under David that the ืคืืฉืชืื are defeated definitively and cease to be an existential threat to Israel. The nation continues to exist, and throughout ืืืืื there are occasional battles with them, and the later ื ืืืืื mention them:
ืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืืจืืช ืืฆืจ ืืืฆืืืื ืื ืฉืจืื ืขืืจ: ืื ืฉืื ืืณ ืืช ืคืืฉืชืื ืฉืืจืืช ืื ืืคืชืืจื
ืืจืืืื ืื:ื
ืืื ืื ืืชื ืื ืฆืจ ืืฆืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืคืืฉืช; ืืืืื ืืชื ืืฉืืืื ืขืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืชื ืขืื ืงื ืืืจื ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืื ื:ื
ื ืื ืืืจ ืืณ ืขื ืฉืืฉื ืคืฉืขื ืขืื ืืขื ืืจืืขื ืื ืืฉืืื ื; ืขื ืืืืืชื ืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืกืืืจ ืืืืืื
ื ืืฉืืืชื ืืฉ ืืืืืช ืขืื; ืืืืื ืืจืื ืชืืื
ื ืืืืจืชื ืืืฉื ืืืฉืืื ืืชืืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืงืืื; ืืืฉืืืืชื ืืื ืขื ืขืงืจืื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืืช ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืจ ืึพืื ื ืืณื
ื ืื ืืืจ ืืณ ืขื ืฉืืฉื ืคืฉืขื ืฆืจ ืืขื ืืจืืขื ืื ืืฉืืื ื; ืขื ืืกืืืจื ืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืจืืช ืืืืื
ื ืืฉืืืชื ืืฉ ืืืืืช ืฆืจ; ืืืืื ืืจืื ืืชืืื
ืขืืืก ื
ืืืื ืืื ื ืืฉืืื ืืชื ืื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ื ืื ืืณ; ืืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืขืืืชื ืืืจืฅ ืืฆืจืื ืืคืืฉืชืืื ืืืคืชืืจ ืืืจื ืืงืืจื
ืขืืืก ื:ื
The Mysterious ืขืืื
So we know that the ืคืืฉืชืื came out of ืื ืืคืชืจ some time before ืืฉื spoke to ืื ื ืืฉืจืื and displaced the ืขืืื, who lived ืขื ืขืื. But who were they, and when did this displacement happen? To make the mystery deeper, we do not know anything about these ืขืืื in ืขืื. The only other time โืขื ืขืืโ is mentioned in the Torah is as part of ืืจืฅ ืื ืขื:
ืื ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืช ืฆืืื ืืืจื ืืืช ืืชื
ืื ืืืช ืืืืืกื ืืืช ืืืืจื ืืืช ืืืจืืฉืื
ืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืืขืจืงื ืืืช ืืกืื ืื
ืื ืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืช ืืฆืืจื ืืืช ืืืืชื; ืืืืจ ื ืคืฆื ืืฉืคืืืช ืืื ืขื ืื
ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ื ืืฆืืื ืืืื ืืจืจื ืขื ืขืื ืืืื ืกืืื ืืขืืจื ืืืืื ืืฆืืื ืขื ืืฉืขื
ืืจืืฉืืช ื
ืจืืืดื puts the pieces together:
โฆืืขื ืืขืชื ืืขืืื ืื ืืืืื, ืื ืืื ืื ืืืชืื ืฉืืืืืคื ืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืจ ืืืจื ื ืืืืืชื ืขื ืขื ืื ืืื, ืืื ืืฉ ืืขืืช ืขืฆืื ืืืจื. ืืืืจืืฉืืช ืจืื (ืื:ื) ืืืจ ืจืณ ืืืขืืจ ืืจืื ืฉืืขืืโฆืืืืืื ืฆืืืื ืืดืืืื", โืขืืื.โ
He then goes on to list many examples of words in which, in different dialects, the letters โืโ and โืขโ are interchanged.
โฆืืื ืจืื ืืขืื ื, ืื ืืคืืฉืชืื ืืืืคืชืจืื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืืื, ืืื ืืืจ ืืืชืื (ืืจืืื ืื:ื) โืื ืฉืืื ืืณ ืืช ืคืืฉืชืื ืฉืืจืืช ืื ืืคืชืจ,โ ืืื ืืื โืืคืชืจืื ืืืืฆืื ืืืคืชืจ,โ ืื ืืฆืื ืืืคืชืจ ืขื ืืขื ืืืืจ ืืืฉืจ ืืืฆืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืขื ืขืื ืฉืื ืืืจืข ืื ืขื, ืืืฉืื ืชืืชื ืืขืื ืืืฉืงืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืช ืืขืงืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืื ืขื, ืืืืงื ืืืชื ืืืืฉื ืกืจื ืืื, ืืฉื ืืืืืืืช ืืื โืคืืฉืชโ ืื ืงืจืื ืื ืื โืคืืฉืชืื,โ ืื ืฉืืจ ืืขืืื ืืชืจ ืืจืฆื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืืฉืข.ืืืื ืฉืืืจ โืคืืฉืชืื ืฉืืจืืช ืื ืืคืชืจโ ืื ืคืืฉืชืื ืื, ืืื ืืื โืืฉืจ ืืฆืื ืืฉื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืช ืืคืชืจืื,โ ืืื ืฉืคืจืฉืชื ืฉื.
ืจืืืดื ืืืจืื ื:ืื, ืืดื ืืืขืืื
The midrash also refers to this in Davidโs own life, when he went to war with the ืคืืฉืชืื. They argued that the Jews had to observe the peace treaty that had been sworn to between Abraham and Avimelech:
ืืื ืืืื ืก ืืืจืฅ ืคืืฉืชืื. ืืืจื ืืื: ืืื ืืชื ืืจืขื ืฉื ืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืชื ืืงืืืืื ืืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืฉืืจืช ืืืจืื ืืช ืืืืืื? ืืืจื ืืื ืื, ืืงืืืืื ืื ื. ืืื ืืื ืืชื ืคืืฉืชืื, ืืืคืืฉืชืื ืืืื ืืื. ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ: ืืืขืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืฆืจืื ืขื ืขืื ืืคืชืจืืโฆืืคืชืจืื ืืืืชื ืฉืืืขื? ืืื ื ืื ืกื ืืืจืฅ ืืืจืฉืื.
ืืืจืฉ ืฉืืืจ ืืื, ืชืืืืืโ ืก
The Sea Peoples
About the year 1200 BCE, the world ended. Based on the archaeological evidence, at the end of the thirteenth century BCE the Hittite empire collapsed, almost all the cities along the eastern Mediterranean coast were burnt, the Egyptian New Kingdom (the largest extent of ancient Egyptian power) collapsed, and most Mycenean (on Crete) and Greek cities were destroyed. Archaeologists call this the โLate Bronze Age Collapse.โ There are lots of hypotheses as to the causes (my personal guess: a 7-year famine in the time of Yosef!), but one well-described result was the invasion of the southern Canaanite coast (which had been controlled by Egypt) by a group known in Egyptian texts as โthe Sea Peopleโ, one group of which were the Parusata. The pottery in Gaza changed abruptly about then from styles similar to other Canaanite sites to styles similar to the Mycenean cities, in Crete. Thus, many identify the ืื ืืคืชืจ of Tanach with Crete, and the ืคืืฉืชืื with the Sea People who settled in southern Canaan.
The Philistines never formed a real centralized โnation;โ they were organized into city-states that when necessary allied together, just as in Greece. Each city was governed by a ืกืจื ื, which may be related to the Greek word that comes to English as โtyrant.โ
But what about the association in the later ื ืืืืื with ืฆืืจ and ืฆืืืื? Those cities were always culturally Canaanite, but strikingly were the only cities on the coast that were not destroyed by the Sea Peoples. The citizens of those cities (called โPhoenicianโ after the Greek word for โpurple,โ since they were the source of royal purple) took advantage of the destruction of the Bronze Age Collapse and formed a trading empire that spanned the Mediterranean. It makes sense that while they were not literally Philistines, they were allied to them and were identified with them in the eyes of Tanach.
This helps explain something that bothered me: how could five individual cities hold all of ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื? The answer is what Rabbi Shulman calls an โoptical illusion.โ The five cities are only the tip of the iceberg; from the point of view of a maritime nation, their empire was the Mediterranean and all its islands and coasts. The Mediterranean was a Phoenician lake at this time and they could draw on all its resources.
And they were not uncultured barbarians. They developed very sophisticated ocean-going ships, iron-based technology (they pretty much invented the Iron Age), spread the alphabet across the world, and helped set the stage for the Mediterranean to become the center of the world rather than central Asia.
ืืืืช ืคืืฉืช
This all leaves me with a bit of a mystery. In looking at Jewish history, we rarely mention the century-plus of ืคืืฉืชื rule. They dominated ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื for longer than the Persians and almost as long as the Greeks. They destroyed the โZero-th Beit Hamikdash,โ the Mishkan at Shilo, which was a real building that had stood for 369 years. They represented a mindset that was antithetical to everything the Torah stood for and instilled in the Jews an attitude of servitude that took decades to overcome. Yet we hardly hear about it the way we do the other ืืืืืช of our people.
I really donโt have an answer. But the questions preys on my mind.