ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืฉ ืืคืจืชื ืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืฉื ืืื ืฉืื ื ืื ืื; ืืืืืฉ ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืงื ืื ืืื ืฉืืื
ืื ืืืืื ืฉืืฉืช ืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืื ืืืืืื; ืืฉื ืฉืืฉืช ืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืฉื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืฉื ืฉืืื
ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืงืื; ืืฉืืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืืื
ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ืืขื ืฉืืื ืืจืขืืช ืืช ืฆืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืื
ืื ืืืืฉ ืืคืืฉืชื ืืฉืื ืืืขืจื; ืืืชืืฆื ืืจืืขืื ืืืื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืืฉื ืืืื ืื ื ืงื ื ื ืืืืื ืืืคืช ืืงืืื ืืื ืืขืฉืจื ืืื ืืื; ืืืจืฅ ืืืื ื ืืืืืื
ืื ืืืช ืขืฉืจืช ืืจืฆื ืืืื ืืืื ืชืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฃ; ืืืช ืืืื ืชืคืงื ืืฉืืื ืืืช ืขืจืืชื ืชืงืื
ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืฉ ืืฉืจืื ืืขืืง ืืืื; ื ืืืืื ืขื ืคืืฉืชืืื
ืฉืืืื ื ืคืจืง ืื
Coming Along in Years
ืืืจืื is described as (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื:ื)โ ืืงื ืื ืืืืื, and the JPS translation takes our phrase ืืงื ืื ืืื ืฉืื as a variation of that, โstricken in years among men.โ But most of the ืืคืจืฉืื take ืื ืืื ืฉืื as a separate phrase indicating Yishaiโs honor: he would go among the ืื ืฉืื, the important people.
Walking with Saul
The wording in pasuk ืื is very strange, repeating the ืืืืื/ืืืื five times over 3 psukim. The key is remembering that the ื ืืืคืื indicates the preterite while the โsimpleโ form indicates the past perfect. I would read the psukim as:
Yishaiโs three oldest sons (who used with Saul to war) left. (The names of the three who would go to war were Eliav, Avinadav and Shema.) Now, David (the youngest) and the three oldest had gone with Saul, but David would go back and forth from Saul to Bethlehem to watch his fatherโs flock.
The ืืืืืดื points out that the Israelite army was mustered based on families, ืืชื ืืืืช. Yishai was too old at this time to go to war, so his oldest sons were โdraftedโ.
Night and Day
ื ืืืื ืืงืจืืื ืื ืืืืืื; ืื ืืฉ ืืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืขืื
ื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืฉืืข ืืฉืจืื ืืชื ืงืจืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืืืืื; ืื ืืจื ืืืืื ืื ืชืืจืื ืืื ืชืืคืื ืืื ืชืขืจืฆื ืืคื ืืืื
ื ืื ืืณ ืืืงืืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืืื ืืืืฉืืข ืืชืืื
ืืืจืื ืคืจืง ื
ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืฉืืข ืืฉืจืื: ืืื ืฉื ื ืฉืืข ืืฉืจืื ืืืจ ืจืื ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืจืื ืฉืืขืื ืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืคืืื ืื ืงืืืืชื ืืื ืงืจืืืช ืฉืืข ืฉืืจืืช ืืขืจืืืช ืื ืืชื ื ืืกืจืื ืืืื:
ืกืืื ืื,ื
ืึทืฉึฐืืจึตืื ืึผ ืฉึถืืึฒื ึทืึฐื ืึผ ืึทืฉึฐืืึดึผืืึดืื ืึผืึทืขึฒืจึดืืึดืื ืขึถืจึถื ืึธืืงึถืจ ืึฐืืืึฐืจึดืื ืคึทึผืขึฒืึทืึดื ืึฐึผืึธื ืืื:
ืฉึฐืืึทืข ืึดืฉืจึธืึตื ืืณ ืึฑืืงืื ืึผ ืืณ ืึถืึธื:
ืชืคืืืช ืฉืืจืืช
ืืืืฉ ืืคืืฉืชื ืืฉืื ืืืขืจื ืืืจ ืจืณ ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืดืฉ ืฉืืจืืช ืืขืจืืืช (ืฉืืืื ื ืื) ืืืชืืฆื ืืจืืขืื ืืื ืืดืจ ืืืื ื ืื ืื ืืจืืขืื ืืื ืฉื ืชื ื ืืื ืชืืจื (ืฉืืืื ื ืื)
ืกืืื ืื,ื
ืืืดื saw the phrase ืืฉืื ืืืขืจื not as a sort of merism meaning โconstantlyโ but literally, as an intentional attempt by ืืืืืช to disrupt ืื ื ืืฉืจืื's spiritual source of strength. They saw the battle of David and Goliath not as a battle of heroes but of religious world views. ืืืดื similarly see 40 days as symbolic of a new beginning (it is felt to be the number of days after conception that a fetus is fully formed). It can be the beginning of something good (the 40 days of the giving of the Torah) or bad (the 40 days of the spies). This 40 days was meant to be the beginning of the end of Israel, the undoing of the 40 days of the giving of the Torah.
It will become clear that David also looks at this battle as a spiritual one, a vindication of the Torahโs weltanschauung.
Bread and Cheese
The items that Yishai sends to his sons is interesting (evidently the Israelite MREโs werenโt anything to write home about). Bread and ืงืื, roasted grain, were meant for his sons, presumably bread to eat now and the dried grain to last longer. But the phrase ืืจืฆื ืืืื does not appear in ืชื ืดื elsewhere. It was a gift for their ืฉืจ ืืืืฃ (equivalent to a US Army colonel in terms of personnel under command; that makes them captains), so it must be something special. ืืจืืฅ literally means โsharpโ and the ืชืจืืื and most ืืคืจืฉืื take it as polysemous phrase meaning โcuts of milkโ, cheese. But thereโs a perfectly good Hebrew word for cheese, ืืืื ื, which appears in ืืืื.
I like the translation given in the ืืืจืฉ ืฉืืืจ ืืื:โ ืืืืื ืื ืืขืื ืื ืืืืืื, โkids cut off from milkโ; the equivalent of milk-fed veal. Seems like a finer item to be giving as a gift.
Guaranteed Satisfaction
The phrase ืืืช ืขืจืืชื ืชืงื is hard to translate. The JPS says, โtake their pledgeโ, but what does that mean? ืจืฉืดื assumes ืขืจืืชื is from ืขืจื, โsweetโ; โbring me back some good news of my sonsโ. The ืจืืดืง assumes that soldiers wouldnโt have money to buy staples at the front, so Yishai was offering to pay their debts in addition to sending food. ืืืดื see in this odd request a foreshadowing of a future war:
(ืฉืืืื ื ืื) ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืจื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืืกื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืช ืืืช ืืฉืชื ืืงืืช ืื ืืืฉื ืืืงืืืื ืืฉ ืื ืื ืืืดืจ ืฉืืืื ืืจ ื ืืื ื ืืดืจ ืืื ืชื ืื ืืืืฆื ืืืืืืช ืืืช ืืื ืืืชื ืื ืืจืืชืืช ืืืฉืชื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืฉืืืื ื ืื) ืืืช ืขืฉืจืช ืืจืืฆื ืืืื ืืืื ืชืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฃ ืืืช ืืืื ืชืคืงืื ืืฉืืื ืืืช ืขืจืืืชื ืชืงื ืืื ืขืจืืืชื ืชื ื ืจื ืืืกืฃ ืืืจืื ืืืขืืจืืื ืืื ื ืืืื ื
ืฉืืช ื ื, ื