ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: Tourist Attraction

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

ื› ื•ื™ืฉื›ื ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืงืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆืืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืžืจ ื•ื™ืฉื ื•ื™ืœืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื”ื• ื™ืฉื™; ื•ื™ื‘ื ื”ืžืขื’ืœื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื ืืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื•ื”ืจืขื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”ืƒ ื›ื ื•ืชืขืจืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืžืขืจื›ื” ืœืงืจืืช ืžืขืจื›ื”ืƒ ื›ื‘ ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื™ืจืฅ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื”; ื•ื™ื‘ื ื•ื™ืฉืืœ ืœืื—ื™ื• ืœืฉืœื•ืืƒ ื›ื’ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื ื•ื”ื ื” ืื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ืฉืžื• ืžื’ืช ืžืžืขืจื•ืช (ืžืžืขืจื›ื•ืช) ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”; ื•ื™ืฉืžืข ื“ื•ื“ืƒ ื›ื“ ื•ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจืื•ืชื ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉ; ื•ื™ื ืกื• ืžืคื ื™ื• ื•ื™ื™ืจืื• ืžืื“ืƒ ื›ื” ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืจืื™ืชื ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืขืœื” ื”ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืœื—ืจืฃ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœื”; ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื ื• ื™ืขืฉืจื ื• ื”ืžืœืš ืขืฉืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืืช ื‘ืชื• ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื•ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื™ืขืฉื” ื—ืคืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ

ื›ื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืžื“ื™ื ืขืžื• ืœืืžืจ ืžื” ื™ืขืฉื” ืœืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืœื– ื•ื”ืกื™ืจ ื—ืจืคื” ืžืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื›ื™ ืžื™ ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืขืจืœ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื—ืจืฃ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืœืงื™ื ื—ื™ื™ืืƒ ื›ื– ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืขื ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœืืžืจ; ื›ื” ื™ืขืฉื” ืœืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื ื•ืƒ ื›ื— ื•ื™ืฉืžืข ืืœื™ืื‘ ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื• ืืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื; ื•ื™ื—ืจ ืืฃ ืืœื™ืื‘ ื‘ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื™ืจื“ืช ื•ืขืœ ืžื™ ื ื˜ืฉืช ืžืขื˜ ื”ืฆืืŸ ื”ื”ื ื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื ื™ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืืช ื–ื“ื ืš ื•ืืช ืจืข ืœื‘ื‘ืš ื›ื™ ืœืžืขืŸ ืจืื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื™ืจื“ืชืƒ ื›ื˜ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืžื” ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืขืชื”; ื”ืœื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืืƒ ืœ ื•ื™ืกื‘ ืžืืฆืœื• ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืื—ืจ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”; ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื”ื• ื”ืขื ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸืƒ ืœื ื•ื™ืฉืžืขื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ื“; ื•ื™ื’ื“ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื™ืงื—ื”ื•ืƒ ืœื‘ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ืืœ ื™ืคืœ ืœื‘ ืื“ื ืขืœื™ื•; ืขื‘ื“ืš ื™ืœืš ื•ื ืœื—ื ืขื ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ื”ื–ื”ืƒ ืœื’ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืื•ืœ ืืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืืœ ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ืœื—ื ืขืžื•: ื›ื™ ื ืขืจ ืืชื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื ืขืจื™ื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื™ื–

Tactical Headquarters

The ื ื‘ื™ื gives us a better look at the structure of the Israelite camp. Thereโ€™s a ืžืขื’ืœื” where ื“ื•ื“ goes initially but he canโ€™t see his brothers, because the army has left to go to the ืžืขืจื›ื”.โ€Ž ืžืขืจื›ื”, from ืขืจืš (as in ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขื•ืจืš) means set up, arrayed. Itโ€™s the front lines of battle; itโ€™s the only term weโ€™ve seen so far. The ืžืขื’ืœื” is clearly behind that, from ืขื’ืœ, circle. The targum translates it as ื›ืจื›ื•ืžื, which is how the targum translates ื‘ื ื™ืช ืžืฆื•ืจ, you shall build a siege (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›:ื›)โ€Ž. The ืจื“ืดืง explains:

ื•ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื‘ืคืกื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉืœืฉืœืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื ืื“ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื—ื ื” ืืœื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ืœ. ื•ืืžืจื• ืื™ื–ื”ื• ื›ืจืงื•ื? ื›ืœ ืฉื–ื’ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืœืฉืœืื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ืŸ.

Incentive Program

Saul promised three things to whoever defeats Goliath, money, the hand of the princess, and to make his family โ€œfree in Israelโ€. Presumably, he had to keep adding incentives as the days went by and no one was brave enough to challenge Goliath. Offering a monetary reward makes sense, but marrying the princess seems very โ€œfairy taleโ€-ish and ื—ื–ืดืœ fault him for it:

ืืดืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืžื ื™ ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืฉืœืฉื” ืฉืืœื• ืฉืœื ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืœืฉื ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื”ื• ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื”ื• ืฉืœื ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืขื‘ื“ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ืฉ ื•ื™ืคืชื— ื”ื’ืœืขื“ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืขื‘ื“ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื“) ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ืขืจื” ืืฉืจ ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื” ื”ื˜ื™ ื ื ื›ื“ืš ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืณ ื—ื™ื’ืจืช ืืคื™ืณ ืกื•ืžื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื•ื ื–ื“ืžื ื” ืœื• ืจื‘ืงื” ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ืฉ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื–) ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื ื• ื™ืขืฉืจื ื• ื”ืžืœืš ืขืฉืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืืช ื‘ืชื• ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืณ ืขื‘ื“ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืžื–ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื•ื ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœื• ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืคืชื— ื”ื’ืœืขื“ื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื™ื) ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื ืžื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ืžื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœื ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื ื–ื“ืžื ื” ืœื• ื‘ืชื•

ืชืขื ื™ืช ื“,ื

But neither of those work and Saul has to offer a reward to ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื•. The other rewards donโ€™t do anyone any good if heโ€™s been killed in battle, but this goes to his surviving family. And this reward is an implicit acknowledgement that Goliath was right when he called the Israelites ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ.โ€Ž ืฉืžื•ืืœ had warned them that having a king came with a price:

ื™ื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืœืš ืืฉืจ ื™ืžืœืš ืขืœื™ื›ื: ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื›ื ื™ืงื— ื•ืฉื ืœื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื‘ืชื• ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื• ื•ืจืฆื• ืœืคื ื™ ืžืจื›ื‘ืชื•ืƒ ื™ื‘ ื•ืœืฉื•ื ืœื• ืฉืจื™ ืืœืคื™ื ื•ืฉืจื™ ื—ืžืฉื™ื; ื•ืœื—ืจืฉ ื—ืจื™ืฉื• ื•ืœืงืฆืจ ืงืฆื™ืจื• ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืžืœื—ืžืชื• ื•ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ื•ืƒ ื™ื’ ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื›ื ื™ืงื— ืœืจืงื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื˜ื‘ื—ื•ืช ื•ืœืืคื•ืชืƒ ื™ื“ ื•ืืช ืฉื“ื•ืชื™ื›ื ื•ืืช ื›ืจืžื™ื›ื ื•ื–ื™ืชื™ื›ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืงื—; ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื•ืƒ ื˜ื• ื•ื–ืจืขื™ื›ื ื•ื›ืจืžื™ื›ื ื™ืขืฉืจ; ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœืกืจื™ืกื™ื• ื•ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื•ืƒ ื˜ื– ื•ืืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื›ื ื•ืืช ืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื›ื ื•ืืช ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื›ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืช ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื›ื ื™ืงื—; ื•ืขืฉื” ืœืžืœืื›ืชื•ืƒ ื™ื– ืฆืื ื›ื ื™ืขืฉืจ; ื•ืืชื ืชื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื—

But even that wasnโ€™t enough to convince anyone to fight.

But when David comes, he is dumbfounded, as the ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื sees it:

ื”ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื›ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื–ื” ื™ืกื™ืจ ื—ืจืคื” ืžืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ ืœื• ืฉื›ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืชืจ ืื ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, โ€ื›ื™ ืžื™ ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™โ€œ ื•ื›ื•ืณ, ื•ื”ืœื ืœื‘ ื›ืœ ืžืงื ื ืœื”ืณ ื•ืœืขืžื• ื™ืชืื–ืจ ืœื ืงื•ื ื ืงื ืžืฆื“ ืชืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืงื ืื” ื•ื”ื ืงืžื” ืœืขืžื• ื•ืœืืœื•ืงื™ื•, ื•ืœื ืžืฆื“ ื”ืฉื›ืจ.

Holding a Grudge

Now we see why the ื ื‘ื™ื felt it necessary to give us all that information at the beginning; David is in fact innocent of everything that ืืœื™ืื‘ accuses him of. ืืœื™ืื‘ unjustifiably loses his temper and ื—ื–ืดืœ see in this a character flaw:

ืจืดืœ ืืžืจ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉื›ื•ืขืก ืื ื—ื›ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื›ืžืชื• ืžืกืชืœืงืช ืžืžื ื• ืื ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ืžืกืชืœืงืช ืžืžื ื• ืื ื—ื›ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื›ืžืชื• ืžืกืชืœืงืช ืžืžื ื• ืžืžืฉื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื) ื•ื™ืงืฆืฃ ืžืฉื” ืขืœ ืคืงื•ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืœ ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื) ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ืืช ื—ื•ืงืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื” ื”ืณ ืืช ืžืฉื” ื•ื’ื•ืณ ืžื›ืœืœ ื“ืžืฉื” ืื™ืขืœื ืžื™ื ื™ื” ืื ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ืžืกืชืœืงืช ืžืžื ื• ืžืืœื™ืฉืข ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘ ื’) ืœื•ืœื™ ืคื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืคื˜ ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื ื™ ื ืฉื ืื ืื‘ื™ื˜ ืืœื™ืš ื•ืื ืืจืืš ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘ ื’) ื•ืขืชื” ืงื—ื• ืœื™ ืžื ื’ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ื’ืŸ ื”ืžื ื’ืŸ ื•ืชื”ื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื™ื“ ื”ืณ ื•ื’ื•ืณ ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืžื ื™ ื‘ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืฉื›ื•ืขืก ืืคื™ืœื• ืคื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืžื ืœืŸ ืžืืœื™ืื‘ ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื–) ื•ื™ื—ืจ ืืฃ ืืœื™ืื‘ ื‘ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœืžื” [ื–ื”] ื™ืจื“ืช ื•ืขืœ ืžื™ ื ื˜ืฉืช ืžืขื˜ ื”ืฆืืŸ ื”ื”ื ื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื ื™ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืืช ื–ื“ื ืš ื•ืืช ืจื•ืข ืœื‘ื‘ืš ื›ื™ ืœืžืขืŸ ืจืื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื™ืจื“ืช ื•ื›ื™ ืื–ืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœืžืžืฉื—ื™ื ื”ื• ื‘ื›ืœื”ื• ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื˜ื–) ืœื ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืณ ื•ื‘ืืœื™ืื‘ ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื˜ื–) ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœ ืชื‘ื™ื˜ ืืœ ืžืจืื”ื• ื•ืืœ ื’ื‘ื” ืงื•ืžืชื• ื›ื™ ืžืืกืชื™ื”ื• ืžื›ืœืœ ื“ื”ื•ื” ืจื—ื™ื ืœื™ื” ืขื“ ื”ืื™ื“ื ื

ืคืกื—ื™ื ืกื•,ื‘

And with his outburst, ืืœื™ืื‘ disappears from history.

On the other hand, we never see David get angry or assume the worst about anyone. In fact, he is criticized for not disciplining his children, and that comes back to haunt him, as we will see.

ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜

When David sees Saul, he (David) is the first to speak. His job is to cheer Saul up and thatโ€™s what he tries to do: ืืœ ื™ืคืœ ืœื‘ ืื“ื ืขืœื™ื•; donโ€™t be depressed about that man. But Saul has internalized Goliathโ€™s message, using the term ืื™ืฉ ืžืœื—ืžื” which is first used as a description of ื”ืณ (in ืื– ื™ืฉื™ืจ). He even calls David a ื ืขืจ (at the age of 29), presumably meaning it the way ืจืฉืดื™ translates it (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื:ื™ื‘) (and the way it is used in Yiddish), a fool.

So the ื ื‘ื™ื sets up three contrasts to tell us who David is:

  1. ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ is impressed with Saulโ€™s offer of money and honor; David is only interested in defending ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืณ.
  2. ืืœื™ืื‘ assumes the worst of others and loses his temper; David trusts in everyone.
  3. Saul is impressed with strength and military might; David trusts in ื”ืณ.

Rather than tell us about Davidโ€™s characteristics, the ื ื‘ื™ื shows us, and in a very subtle way, by showing how he differs in his reactions from those around him.

If this were a fairy tale, the rest of the story would be predictable: David kills the giant, marries the princess and lives happily ever after. The shocking irony is how, after weโ€™ve been shown how wonderful David is, his situation gets worse and worse. And this is where we need ืกืคืจ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ืโ€Ž to tell us how David reacts.