Last time we looked at the general nature and moral basis of David’s wars. Now I want to look at them in detail.
As we said, the text says, ויהי אחרי כן; the wars were a response to ה׳'s message. Malbim puts it bluntly:
פלשת
The first attack is against the Philistines.
This is a war of offence. Before this, all David’s wars were defensive. He had previously evicted the Philistines from the heartland of Israel:
But what is מתג האמה? The parallel text in דברי הימים has “Gath and its suburbs”:
This was the capital district of פלשת:
The irony is that the king of Gath was the one Philistine who trusted David and sheltered him:
And now David takes his territory. But it is clear that he does not keep it, since Gath is independent in the time of Shlomo:
The Malbim adds that this war, at least, is arguably a war of deterrence:
As we said, there is a מחלוקת about a “מלחמת הרשות”, whether is it halachically recognized or not. But deterrence is justifiable according to all opinions:
מואב
So we understand the war with פלשת. The next war is harder:
We are given no reason for David’s attack, and especially not for his massacre of 2/3 of the Moabites. In fact, דברי הימים leaves out the massacre entirely:
The last time we saw Moab, they were helping David:
Textually, there is no indication that the Moabites did anything wrong. However, this is last time David’s parents and brothers are mentioned. There is an aggadah that tries to explain what happened:
I don’t see a hint for this in the text (beyond the absence of David’s family). However, without this backstory the massacre is incomprehensible, so all the commentators, even those who focus on פשט, bring it up.
The gemara mentions that David is himself of Moabite extraction:
So the Maharsha understands this as being a Divine punishment, since the נביא mentions it apparently without criticism:
But he leaves it as a “קשה לי”. It’s still very problematic.
The historic relationship between Moab and Israel goes back to the time בני ישראל were in the desert, and Moab conspired with Midian against them:
Now this (the idea of בא להרגך השכם להרגו) may justify the war, if Moav was already an enemy of Israel (based on their conduct toward the family of David), a jus ad bellum; though it does not justify David’s conduct during the war (jus in bello), killing 2/3 of the men.
So looking deeper into the history, the Divine vengeance was only against Midian. Moab was spared back then:
There’s a tension in how we deal with Moab. On the one hand, we cannot associate with them:
On the other hand, we were not supposed to fight them:
Moav and Ammon were the descendants of Lot, who was an adopted son of both Abraham and of Sedom. He (and subsequently, they) had to choose between being paragons of חסד or paragons of רעים וחטאים. They chose poorly, על דבר אשר לא קדמו אתכם בלחם ובמים. ה׳, however, gave them more time, and in fact רות (another paragon of חסד) would come from Moav. But with the slaughter of refugees (David’s family) that the midrash alludes to, Moav has lost all hope of Divine forbearance.
We look at David (and all of תנ״ך, in fact) in two senses: the historical, as a human king of a small Mediterranean kingdom; and the “literary”, as an archetype of the representative of the Divine dominion on Earth.
This model lets us look at Moav as a literary symbol, and understand the story here in the context of a ספר נבואה. It admittedly still leaves David’s behavior in history morally problematic.
Unlike the Philistines, David kept control of Moab and made it part of his growing empire. Israel would continue to rule over Moav until the end of the reign of Achav:
ארם
The next war goes north:
The first question is, why does David attack Allepo (צובה)? Many commentators understand בלכתו להשיב ידו as referring to הדדעזר, that הדדעזר was threatening Israel by invading בנהר פרת:
But
So it would seem that this was a purely offensive war by David, to extend Israelite territory north. We could read בלכתו להשיב ידו בנהר פרת as referring to הדדעזר, that he was marching north so David had the opportunity to strike him from the south, or read בלכתו להשיב ידו בנהר פרת as referring to David’s attack:
And that is how the halacha views it:
The Torah speaks of foreign conquest:
And the Sifrei understands this as referring to two different types of conquest: והוריש ה׳ את כל הגוים האלה and כל המקום אשר תדרך כף:
What does that mean, היבוסי סמוך לירושלם לא הוריש? We looked at David’s conquest of Jerusalem:
We looked at a number of ways to understand “העורים והפסחים”. The meaning that I felt was closest to the פשט was that this referred to the Jebusite idols:
And we noted that there was no “battle of Jerusalem”; the Jebusites surrendered and David allowed them to live there in peace. That is allowed if they keep the ז׳ מצוות בני נח:
The Sifrei here understands עור ופסח לא יבוא אל הבית as meaning “the עור ופסח were forbidden to come into the מקדש”, but David allowed them to continue to exist in the neighborhood. And that was a missed opportunity for David.
ויעקר דוד את כל הרכב
The other moral question here is what David did to the horses.
Now, ויעקר doesn’t literally mean “hamstring”:
It is forbidden to seriously injure an animal:
They were still lamed, unable to run (and thus unable to be used in war). This is a מצוה דאורייתא:
And had been a commandment to Joshua:
Still, isn’t that צער בעלי חיים?
The gemara acknowledges this, but says that צער בעלי חיים isn’t absolute:
The halacha does not give animals rights; the prohibition is not for the sake of the animal, but to keep us from becoming cruel people:
In a post on Hirhurim called “Is Vegetarianism Dangerous?”, Rabbi Gil Student discusses Rav Kook’s approach to being a vegetarian. While he (Rav Kook) felt that not eating meat is the messianic ideal, focusing on the rights of animals in this, imperfect, world is a dangerous thing:
It is important to realize that there are מצוות more important than preventing צער בעלי חיים.
Israel’s rule over Aram lasts only until the time of Shlomo: