Last time we looked at the general nature and moral basis of Davidโs wars. Now I want to look at them in detail.
I was as proud as a peacock, for I had taken a kingdom the size of Vermont, and created an empire as large as the state of Maine!
As we said, the text says, ืืืื ืืืจื ืื; the wars were a response to ืืณ's message. Malbim puts it bluntly:
ืืืื ืืืจื ืื: ืืืืืขื ืืณ ืขืดื ืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืืช ืืืฉืจ ืขืื ืื ื ืืจืชื ืืืืืื ืืคื ืื, ืจืื ืื ืจืฆืื ืืณ ืฉืื ืื ืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืื ืืฆื ืืืงืฉ ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืื ืืืจืฆื.
ืคืืฉืช
The first attack is against the Philistines.
ืืืื ืืืจื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืช ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืื ืืขื; ืืืงื ืืื ืืช ืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืคืืฉืชืืื
This is a war of offence. Before this, all Davidโs wars were defensive. He had previously evicted the Philistines from the heartland of Israel:
ื ืืืฉืืขื ืคืืฉืชืื ืื ื ืืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืขืื ืื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืงืฉ ืืช ืืืื; ืืืฉืืข ืืืื ืืืฆื ืืคื ืืืื
โฆืื ืืืขืฉ ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืฆืืื ืืืืงืื; ืืืื ืืช ืืื ื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืืขืื ืืขื ืืืจืื
ืื ืืืฆื ืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืืจืฆืืช; ืืืณ ื ืชื ืืช ืคืืื ืขื ืื ืืืืืื
But what is ืืชื ืืืื? The parallel text in ืืืจื ืืืืื has โGath and its suburbsโ:
ืืืื ืืืจื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืื ืืขื; ืืืงื ืืช ืืช ืืื ืชืื ืืื ืคืืฉืชืืื
This was the capital district of ืคืืฉืช:
ืืชื ืืืื: ืืืืืจื ืืืืื ื (ืื:ื) ืืชืื โืืืงื ืืื ืืช ืืช ืืื ืคืืฉืชืืโ. ืืืื ื ืงืจืืช ืืชื ืืืื ืขื ืฉื ืฉืืื ืืงื ืจืืื ืืื ืืคืืฉืชืื; ืืืจืคืืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืฆืื ื ืืื ืกืจื ื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืขืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืขืงืจืื ืืืืฉืงืืื ืฉื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืช ืืฆืื ื ืืืืฉ ืืื ืืช.
ืืชื: ืืืืืืืื ืืืขืดื. [ืึทืืึตื ืืขืืจืืช]
The irony is that the king of Gath was the one Philistine who trusted David and sheltered him:
ื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืื ืขืชื ืืกืคื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืื; ืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืจืฅ ืคืืฉืชืื ืื ืืืฉ ืืื ื ืฉืืื ืืืงืฉื ื ืขืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืืื
ื ืืืงื ืืื ืืืขืืจ ืืื ืืฉืฉ ืืืืช ืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืขืื; ืื ืืืืฉ ืื ืืขืื ืืื ืืชื
ื ืืืฉื ืืื ืขื ืืืืฉ ืืืช ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืฉ ืืืืชื; ืืื ืืฉืชื ื ืฉืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืืจืขืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืฉืช ื ืื ืืืจืืืืชื
ื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืงืืฆื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื; ืืืืืจ ืืืืฉ ืื ืืื ืืืข ืชืืข ืื ืืชื ืชืฆื ืืืื ื ืืชื ืืื ืฉืืื
ื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืืืฉ ืืื ืืชื ืชืืข ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืขืฉื ืขืืื; ืืืืืจ ืืืืฉ ืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืจ ืืจืืฉื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืืืื
And now David takes his territory. But it is clear that he does not keep it, since Gath is independent in the time of Shlomo:
ืืืื ืืงืฅ ืฉืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืฉื ื ืขืืืื ืืฉืืขื ืื ืืืืฉ ืื ืืขืื ืืื ืืช; ืืืืืื ืืฉืืขื ืืืืจ ืื ื ืขืืืื ืืืชื
The Malbim adds that this war, at least, is arguably a war of deterrence:
ืืชืืช ืฉืขื ืขืชื ืืื ืืคืืฉืชืื ืื ืืจืฆื ืืื ืืื ืืขื, ืขืชื ืืื ืื ืืจืฆื ืืืื ืืขื, ืืื ืืงื ืืื ืืืจืฆื ืืชื ืืืื.
As we said, there is a ืืืืืงืช about a โืืืืืช ืืจืฉืืชโ, whether is it halachically recognized or not. But deterrence is justifiable according to all opinions:
ืืื ืืืืืงืช ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืืช ืฉืืขื ืขืืืื ืืืืืืช ืขืืืง ืืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืงืช ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืืช ืฉืืจ ืืืจืฆืืช ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืืืืืืช ืจืฉืืช. ืื ื ืืืงื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืืฉื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืชื ืคืื ืขื ืืจืฆื, ืชื ื ืงืื ืงืืจื ืืช ืื ืจืฉืืช. ืืจืณ ืืืืื ืงืืจื ืืืืืื ืื ืืฆืื.
ืืืื
So we understand the war with ืคืืฉืช. The next war is harder:
ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืจืฆื ืืืืื ืฉื ื ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืช; ืืชืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืขืืืื ื ืฉืื ืื ืืื
We are given no reason for Davidโs attack, and especially not for his massacre of 2/3 of the Moabites. In fact, ืืืจื ืืืืื leaves out the massacre entirely:
ืืื ืืช ืืืื; ืืืืื ืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืื ื ืฉืื ืื ืืื
The last time we saw Moab, they were helping David:
ื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืืื ืื ืืขืจืช ืขืืื; ืืืฉืืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืฉืืื
โฆื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ืืฆืคื ืืืื; ืืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฆื ื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืชืื ืขื ืืฉืจ ืืืข ืื ืืขืฉื ืื ืืืงืืื
ื ืืื ืื ืืช ืคื ื ืืื ืืืื; ืืืฉืื ืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืืฆืืืื
ื ืืืืืจ ืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืชืฉื ืืืฆืืื ืื ืืืืช ืื ืืจืฅ ืืืืื; ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืขืจ ืืจืชื
Textually, there is no indication that the Moabites did anything wrong. However, this is last time Davidโs parents and brothers are mentioned. There is an aggadah that tries to explain what happened:
ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืฆื ืื ื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืงืืื ืืืช ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ โืืื ืื ืืช ืคื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืฉื ื ื ืืื ืืืืโ, ืงืืื ืืืชื, ืืืืื ืฉืืฆื ืืื ืขืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืื ื ืฉืชืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืื:ืื) โืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืโ ืฉืื ื ืฉืชืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืฆื ื ืืฉ ืืื ืื ื ืขืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืฉ ืฉืื ืื ืืฆืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืฉืืจื ืขื ืฉืื ืืื.
I donโt see a hint for this in the text (beyond the absence of Davidโs family). However, without this backstory the massacre is incomprehensible, so all the commentators, even those who focus on ืคืฉื, bring it up.
The gemara mentions that David is himself of Moabite extraction:
โืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืจืฆืโ ืืืจ ืจืื ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืจืื ืฉืืขืื ืื ืืืื: ืืืื ื ืืืืจื ืืื ืฉื, ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ื ืจืื.
So the Maharsha understands this as being a Divine punishment, since the ื ืืื mentions it apparently without criticism:
ืืื โืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืณโ ืฉืื ืืฆืื ื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืขืืื ืืืืช. ืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืขืฉื ืืื ืื, ืฉืืชืืืช ืืื ืืืชืจ ืฉืืื ืจืืืื ืืื. ืืงืดื.
But he leaves it as a โืงืฉื ืืโ. Itโs still very problematic.
The historic relationship between Moab and Israel goes back to the time ืื ื ืืฉืจืื were in the desert, and Moab conspired with Midian against them:
ืื ืืืืืจ ืืณ ืื ืืฉื ืืืืจื
ืื ืฆืจืืจ ืืช ืืืืื ืื; ืืืืืชื ืืืชืื
ืื ืื ืฆืจืจืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ื ืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืจ ืคืขืืจ; ืืขื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืช ื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืคื ืขื ืืืจ ืคืขืืจื
(ืืืืืจ ืื:ืื) โืฆืจืืจ ืืช ืืืืื ืืโ ืืื โืื ืฆืืจืจืื ืื ืืืโ; ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืืฉืื ืืืจืื.
Now this (the idea of ืื ืืืจืื ืืฉืื ืืืจืื) may justify the war, if Moav was already an enemy of Israel (based on their conduct toward the family of David), a jus ad bellum; though it does not justify Davidโs conduct during the war (jus in bello), killing 2/3 of the men.
International humanitarian law, or jus in bello, is the law that governs the way in which warfare is conducted. IHL is purely humanitarian, seeking to limit the suffering caused. It is independent from questions about the justification or reasons for war, or its prevention, covered by jus ad bellum.
So looking deeper into the history, the Divine vengeance was only against Midian. Moab was spared back then:
โื ืงื ื ืงืืชโ ืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืชืืื ืืขืฆื ืจืขื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืืืจ โืืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืืงื ื ืืืืโ ืืื ื ืฉืชื ื ืืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจ โื ืงื ื ืงืืช ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืช ืืืืื ืืโ ืืืืืื ืืชืื โืื ืชืฆืจ ืืช ืืืืโ, ืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืขืชืื ืืฆืืช ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืชืื ื ืืื; ืืฆืืื ืืฉ ืื ืืื ืืื. ืืงืื ื ืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืขืฉื ื ืงืื ืืื. ืืื ืืฆืื ื ืฉืืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืกืจื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืจืฆื.
Thereโs a tension in how we deal with Moab. On the one hand, we cannot associate with them:
ื ืื ืืื ืขืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืงืื ืืณ; ืื ืืืจ ืขืฉืืจื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืงืื ืืณ ืขื ืขืืืื
ื ืขื ืืืจ ืืฉืจ ืื ืงืืื ืืชืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจื ืืฆืืชืื ืืืฆืจืื; ืืืฉืจ ืฉืืจ ืขืืื ืืช ืืืขื ืื ืืขืืจ ืืคืชืืจ ืืจื ื ืืจืื ืืงืืืื
ื ืืื ืืื ืืณ ืืืงืื ืืฉืืข ืื ืืืขื ืืืืคื ืืณ ืืืงืื ืื ืืช ืืงืืื ืืืจืื; ืื ืืืื ืืณ ืืืงืืื
ื ืื ืชืืจืฉ ืฉืืื ืืืืชื ืื ืืืื ืืขืืืื
On the other hand, we were not supposed to fight them:
ืืืืืจ ืืณ ืืื ืื ืชืฆืจ ืืช ืืืื ืืื ืชืชืืจ ืื ืืืืื; ืื ืื ืืชื ืื ืืืจืฆื ืืจืฉื ืื ืืื ื ืืื ื ืชืชื ืืช ืขืจ ืืจืฉืื
ืืืช ืืืืื ืื: ืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืโฆืืืจ ืืืจ ืืคื ื ืฉืชื ืคืจืืืืช ืืืืืช ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืืฆืื ืืื, ืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืื ืขืื ืืขืืื ืืช:
Moav and Ammon were the descendants of Lot, who was an adopted son of both Abraham and of Sedom. He (and subsequently, they) had to choose between being paragons of ืืกื or paragons of ืจืขืื ืืืืืื. They chose poorly, ืขื ืืืจ ืืฉืจ ืื ืงืืื ืืชืื ืืืื ืืืืื.โ ืืณ, however, gave them more time, and in fact ืจืืช (another paragon of ืืกื) would come from Moav. But with the slaughter of refugees (Davidโs family) that the midrash alludes to, Moav has lost all hope of Divine forbearance.
We look at David (and all of ืชื ืดื, in fact) in two senses: the historical, as a human king of a small Mediterranean kingdom; and the โliteraryโ, as an archetype of the representative of the Divine dominion on Earth.
This model lets us look at Moav as a literary symbol, and understand the story here in the context of a ืกืคืจ ื ืืืื. It admittedly still leaves Davidโs behavior in history morally problematic.
Unlike the Philistines, David kept control of Moab and made it part of his growing empire. Israel would continue to rule over Moav until the end of the reign of Achav:
ืืืคืฉืข ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืจื ืืืช ืืืืื
ืืจื
The next war goes north:
ื ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืขืืจ ืื ืจืื ืืื ืฆืืื ืืืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืจ (ืคืจืช)ื
ื ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืฃ ืืฉืืข ืืืืช ืคืจืฉืื ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืฃ ืืืฉ ืจืืื; ืืืขืงืจ ืืื ืืช ืื ืืจืื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ื ืืื ืจืืื
ื ืืชืื ืืจื ืืืฉืง ืืขืืจ ืืืืืขืืจ ืืื ืฆืืื; ืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืขืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืื ืืืฃ ืืืฉื
ื ืืืฉื ืืื ื ืฆืืื ืืืจื ืืืฉืง ืืชืื ืืจื ืืืื ืืขืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืื ืื; ืืืฉืข ืืณ ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื
ื ืืืงื ืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืื ืขืืื ืืืืขืืจ; ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืื
ื ืืืืื ืืืืจืชื ืขืจื ืืืืขืืจ; ืืงื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืฉืช ืืจืื ืืืื
ื ืืืฉืืข ืชืขื ืืื ืืืช; ืื ืืื ืืื ืืช ืื ืืื ืืืืขืืจื
ื ืืืฉืื ืชืขื ืืช ืืืจื ืื ื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืืฉืจ ื ืืื ืืืืืขืืจ ืืืืื ืื ืืืฉ ืืืืืืช ืชืขื ืืื ืืืืขืืจ; ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืกืฃ ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืฉืชื
The first question is, why does David attack Allepo (ืฆืืื)? Many commentators understand ืืืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืื as referring to ืืืืขืืจ, that ืืืืขืืจ was threatening Israel by invading ืื ืืจ ืคืจืช:
ืืืืชื: ืืฉืืื ืืืืขืืจ.
ืืืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืจ ืคืจืช: ืืฉืืื ืืืืขืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืจ ืคืจืช ืฉืืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืฆืโฆืืขืชื ืื [ืืื] ืืืขืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืงืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืดื ืกืืื ืื ืืจ ืคืจืช ืืืชืืืง ืืื ืขืืื ืืจืฆืื ืืึพื ืืืืื.
But
It is difficult to reconcile this [interpreting ืืืืชื as referring to ืืืืขืืจ] with the geographical position of Aram Tzovah (Aleppo), which lies well to the north of any Israelite territory of which we are aware.
So it would seem that this was a purely offensive war by David, to extend Israelite territory north. We could read ืืืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืจ ืคืจืช as referring to ืืืืขืืจ, that he was marching north so David had the opportunity to strike him from the south, or read ืืืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืจ ืคืจืช as referring to Davidโs attack:
ืืืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืจ: ืจืดื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืฆืื ืื ืกืืื ืืืืื. ืืืื ืืืฆืื ืื ืื.
And that is how the halacha views it:
ื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืจื ืืื ืืงืืโืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืชื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืฉืืคื ืื ื ืืื ืืืขืช ืจืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืื ืืื ืื ืงืจื ืืืืืฉ ืจืืื. ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืื ืืฉืคืื ืื ืฉืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืขืฆืื ืืงืืโืืคืืื ืื ืืืจืฅ ืฉื ืืชื ื ืืืืจืืโืืื ื ื ืงืจื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื, ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืฆืืืช; ืืืคื ื ืื ืืืืง ืืืืฉืืข ืืืืช ืืื ื ืื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืื, ืืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืื ื ืืืฉืโืืื ืฉืื ืชืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืื, ืืฉืืขืื ืื ืฉืื ืืฉืื ืืืืืืฉ ืืืงื.
ื ืืืจืฆืืช ืฉืืืฉ ืืืื ืืืฅ ืืืจืฅ ืื ืขื, ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืจืืื ืืืจื ืฆืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืฆื ืืืโืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื, ืืขื ืคื ืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืขืืฉืโืืื ื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืจ, ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืืจืฅ ืืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืืืฆืจืืื, ืืื ืืฆืื ืืืื ืืืฆื ืืืจืฅ, ืืืืืืชื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืืืขื.
ื ืืืคื ื ืื ืืจืื ืืืขืืช ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืืโืืคื ื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืชื ืงืืื ืฉืืืืืฉ ืื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื, ืืื ื ืฉืืจ ืื ืืฉืืขื ืขืืืื; ืืืืื ืชืคืก ืื ืืจืฅ ืื ืขื ืืืืืืืชืื ืชืืืื, ืืืืจ ืื ืืืฉ ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืชโืืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืจ. ืืืืจืฆืืช ืฉืืืฉ ืืืื, ืื ืื ืงืจืืื ืกืืจืื.
ื ืกืืจืืโืืฉ ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื, ืืืฉ ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืืจืฅ. ืืืงืื ื ืื ืงืจืงืข, ืืงืื ื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืขื ืืื ืชืจืืืืช ืืืขืฉืจืืช ืืฉืืืขืืช; ืืืืื ืืกืืจืื, ืืืืจื ืกืืคืจืื.
The Torah speaks of foreign conquest:
ืื ืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืชืฉืืจืื ืืช ืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืช ืืฉืจ ืื ืื ืืฆืื ืืชืื ืืขืฉืชื; ืืืืื ืืช ืืณ ืืืงืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืจืืื ืืืืืงื ืืื
ืื ืืืืจืืฉ ืืณ ืืช ืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืคื ืืื; ืืืจืฉืชื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืขืฆืืื ืืืื
ืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืชืืจื ืืฃ ืจืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื; ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืจ ื ืืจ ืคืจืช ืืขื ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืื
ืื ืื ืืชืืฆื ืืืฉ ืืคื ืืื; ืคืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืชื ืืณ ืืืงืืื ืขื ืคื ื ืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืชืืจืื ืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืืื
And the Sifrei understands this as referring to two different types of conquest: ืืืืจืืฉ ืืณ ืืช ืื ืืืืื ืืืื and ืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืชืืจื ืืฃ:
โฆืชืืืื ืืืืจ โืืืจืฉืชื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืฆืืืื ืืืโ ืืืืจ ืื โืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืชืืจืื ืืฃ ืจืืืื ืืโ, ืฉืื ืชืื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืืฆื ืืืจืฅ; ืืื ืืฉืชืืืฉื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืชืื ืจืฉืืื ืืืืฉ ืืืฆื ืืืจืฅ. ืืจื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืืฆื ืืืจืฅ ืื ืื ืฉืืืฆืืช ื ืืืืืช ืฉื? ืืจื ืืชื ืื: ื ืืืจ ืืื โืืืืโ ืื ืืืจ ืืืื โืืืืโ ืื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืฆืืช ื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืฃ ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืฆืืช ื ืืืืืช ืฉื. ืืื ืชืืืจ ืืคื ื ืื ืืืฉ ืืื ืืจื ื ืืจืื ืืืจื ืฆืืื ืืืื ืืฆืืช ื ืืืืืช ืฉื? ืืืจืช, ืืื ืขืฉื ืฉืื ืืชืืจื: ืืชืืจื ืืืจื ืืฉืชืืืฉื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืชืื ืจืฉืืื ืืืืฉ ืืืฆื ืืืจืฅ, ืืืื ืื ืขืฉื ืื, ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืฉ ืืจื ื ืืจืื ืืืจื ืฆืืื, ืืืช ืืืืืกื ืกืืื ืืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืืจืืฉ. ืืืจ ืื ืืืงืื: ืืช ืืืืืกื ืกืืื ืืคืืืืจืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืจืฉืช ืืืื ืืชื ืืืืจ ืืืืืฉ ืืจื ื ืืจืื ืืืจื ืฆืืื?
What does that mean, ืืืืืกื ืกืืื ืืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืืจืืฉ? We looked at Davidโs conquest of Jerusalem:
ื ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืืืกื ืืืฉื ืืืจืฅ; ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืชืืื ืื ื ืื ืื ืืกืืจื ืืขืืจืื ืืืคืกืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืื
ื ืืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืฆืืช ืฆืืื ืืื ืขืืจ ืืืื
ื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืกื ืืืืข ืืฆื ืืจ ืืืช ืืคืกืืื ืืืช ืืขืืจืื ืฉื ืื (ืฉื ืืื) ื ืคืฉ ืืื; ืขื ืื ืืืืจื ืขืืจ ืืคืกื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืชื
We looked at a number of ways to understand โืืขืืจืื ืืืคืกืืืโ. The meaning that I felt was closest to the ืคืฉื was that this referred to the Jebusite idols:
ืืขืืจืื ืืืคืกืืื: ืื ืขืืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉืืื.
And we noted that there was no โbattle of Jerusalemโ; the Jebusites surrendered and David allowed them to live there in peace. That is allowed if they keep the ืืณ ืืฆืืืช ืื ื ื ื:
ืื ืื ืขืฉื ืชืฉืืื ืืืชืืืืจื, ืืชื ืจืฉืื ืืงืืื.
ืคืืจืืฉ ืฉืงืืื ืขืืืื ืฉืืขืช ืืฆืืืช ืื ืจืฉืืื ืืงืืื, ืืื ืื ืื ืคืฉืืื ืืื ืื ื ืงืื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืืขืื ืขื ืืืขืช ืฉืื ืืชืืืืจื ืืืืจื ืฉืืืื ื ืืจืืื.
The Sifrei here understands ืขืืจ ืืคืกื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืช as meaning โthe ืขืืจ ืืคืกื were forbidden to come into the ืืงืืฉโ, but David allowed them to continue to exist in the neighborhood. And that was a missed opportunity for David.
ืืืขืงืจ ืืื ืืช ืื ืืจืื
The other moral question here is what David did to the horses.
Hamstringing is used primarily to incapacitate a human or animal and render them incapable of effective movement. The severing of the hamstring muscles results not only in the crippling of the leg, but also in tremendous pain common to heavy laceration.
Now, ืืืขืงืจ doesnโt literally mean โhamstringโ:
ืืืจ ืืจ: ืืืืืืื ืขืืงืืจ? ืื ืฉืจ ืคืจืกืืชืื ืื ืืืจืืืื ืืืืื.
It is forbidden to seriously injure an animal:
ืื ืืืจืืืื ืืืืื: ืืื ืขืืงืืจ ืฉืชืืจืฃ ืื ืืกืืจ ืืขืฉืืช ืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืื ืืกืืจื ืืื ืื.
They were still lamed, unable to run (and thus unable to be used in war). This is a ืืฆืื ืืืืจืืืชื:
ืโืื ืืจืื ืื ืกืืกืืโ (ืืืจืื ืื:ืื) ืืื ืืื ืืจืืืชื; ืืคืืื ืกืืก ืืื ืคื ืื ืืืืืช ืจืฅ ืืคื ืื ืืืจื ืฉืขืืฉืื ืฉืืจ ืืืืืื, ืืกืืจ. ืืื ืืืกืืฃ, ืืืงื.
And had been a commandment to Joshua:
ื ืืืืืจ ืืณ ืื ืืืืฉืข ืื ืชืืจื ืืคื ืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืขืช ืืืืช ืื ืื ื ืชื ืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืคื ื ืืฉืจืื; ืืช ืกืืกืืื ืชืขืงืจ ืืืช ืืจืืืชืืื ืชืฉืจืฃ ืืืฉื
ื ืืืื ืืืืฉืข ืืื ืขื ืืืืืื ืขืื ืขืืืื ืขื ืื ืืจืื ืคืชืื; ืืืคืื ืืืื
ื ืืืชื ื ืืณ ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืคืื ืขื ืฆืืืื ืจืื ืืขื ืืฉืจืคืืช ืืื ืืขื ืืงืขืช ืืฆืคื ืืืจืื; ืืืื ืขื ืืืชื ืืฉืืืจ ืืื ืฉืจืืื
ื ืืืขืฉ ืืื ืืืืฉืข ืืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืื ืืณ; ืืช ืกืืกืืื ืขืงืจ ืืืช ืืจืืืชืืื ืฉืจืฃ ืืืฉื
Still, isnโt that ืฆืขืจ ืืขืื ืืืื?
ืืืจ ืจื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืจื ืืืื ืฉื ืคืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืืกืชืืช ืืื ืื ืชืืชืื ืืื ืขืืชื ืขืืชืโฆืืื ืงื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ื! ืกืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืจืื ื; ืฆืขืจ ืืขืื ืืืื ืืืืจืืืชื, ืืืชื ืืืืจืืืชื ืืืื ืืจืื ื.
The gemara acknowledges this, but says that ืฆืขืจ ืืขืื ืืืื isnโt absolute:
ืืืจ ืืจ: ืืืื ืชืืขืงืจ. ืืื ืืืื ืฆืขืจ ืืขืื ืืืื! ืืืจ ืืืื, ืืืจ ืจืืื ื: ืืช ืกืืกืืื ืชืขืงืจ.
ืืืช ืกืืกืืื ืชืขืงืจ: ืืืืืฉืข ืืชืื ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืจืืืชื ืืื.
ืืื ืฆืขืจ ืืขืื ืืืื ืืกืืจ ืืชืงื ืชื ืฉื ืื ื ืืืโฆืืืขืื ืืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืื ืฉืืืืชื ืืฆืขืจื ืืืชืจ
The halacha does not give animals rights; the prohibition is not for the sake of the animal, but to keep us from becoming cruel people:
There is a rule laid down by our Sages that it is directly prohibited in the Law to cause pain to an animal, and is based on the words: โWherefore hast thou smitten thine ass?โ etc. (Num. xxii. 32). But the object of this rule is to make us perfect; that we should not assume cruel habits: and that we should not uselessly cause pain to others: that, on the contrary, we should be prepared to show pity and mercy to all living creatures, except when necessity demands the contrary: โWhen thy soul longeth to eat flesh,โ etc. (Deut. Xii. 20). We should not kill animals for the purpose of practising cruelty, or for the purpose of play.
In a post on Hirhurim called โIs Vegetarianism Dangerous?โ, Rabbi Gil Student discusses Rav Kookโs approach to being a vegetarian. While he (Rav Kook) felt that not eating meat is the messianic ideal, focusing on the rights of animals in this, imperfect, world is a dangerous thing:
But R. Kook cautions against a looming moral hazard. When human morality progresses to a natural revulsion from eating animals, Vegetarianism will be universally appropriate. But in this unredeemed world, adopting this stringency is wrong and dangerous. It demonstrates a moral confusion, a failure to distinguish between people and animalsโฆ
Vegetarianism risks erasing the distinction between man and beast. Animal rights are important but human rights moreso. Additionally, if animal rights are raised as a priority, some people will satisfy their instinct for generosity with animals while treating fellow people cruelly. We would find horrible humans who think they are righteous because of their kindness to animals.
It is important to realize that there are ืืฆืืืช more important than preventing ืฆืขืจ ืืขืื ืืืื.
Israelโs rule over Aram lasts only until the time of Shlomo:
ืื ืืืงื ืืืงืื ืื ืฉืื ืืช ืจืืื ืื ืืืืืข; ืืฉืจ ืืจื ืืืช ืืืืขืืจ ืืื ืฆืืื ืืื ืืื
ืื ืืืงืืฅ ืขืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืชื; ืืืืื ืืืฉืง ืืืฉืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืฉืงื