We have completed פרק כא and the story of the Givonim, and the famine that ה׳ imposed in response to בני ישראל's injustice to the Givonim. We took the approach of the Malbim:
The remainder of פרק כא, and the two perakim that follow, are poetic appendices to ספר שמואל. I will skip those for now, and turn to the last perek of the sefer, another narrative of another tragedy in David’s reign.
It starts with ויסף אף ה׳ , but we don’t know what Israel did wrong that got G-d “even more angry”.
We will take the approach of the Ralbag, that this followed the famine of the Givonim:
In this reading, ה׳ is upset with the people, possibly because the תשובה of the previous story was inadequate. David himself may have addressed the injustice there, but the people as a whole did not change. And ה׳ makes David the tool with which to punish them. As the ruler, David loses some of his free will:
So ה׳ is angry with בני ישראל after the story of the Givonim (ויסף), and punishes them by inciting David to count them. Now, conducting a census doesn’t sound so bad. But it has terrible consequences:
But in the end, this plague results in David learning the true location of the בית המקדש that he had always wanted to build:
David had brought the ארון to Jerusalem, to the place he had prepared in עיר דוד. It seems that that was the location he had intended to build the בית המקדש, before ה׳ told him he could not. Here he learns that the place of the central altar (which will determine the place of the בית המקדש) is to be outside the walls of the original city.
So this story has much the same structure as the Givonim story: ויהי רעב בימי דוד שלש שנים…ויאמר ה׳ אל שאול ואל בית הדמים…ויעשו כל אשר צוה המלך; ויעתר אלקים לארץ אחרי כן. But here the ending of the story is much more mysterious: G-d is angry at Israel, punishes them with a census that leads to a plague, and when the plague is over, G-d tells David where to build the altar that will be the location of the בית המקדש, the one thing that has driven David all his life. And there ספר שמואל ends.
We still do not understand what ה׳ is angry about. We will take the approach of the Ramban, which is based on a midrash that connects the end of the perek back to the beginning:
That is an important lesson for us, about mourning over the חורבן, but it’s hard to understand what it is saying about the Jews in that time.
They were punished because they didn’t demand that the בית המקדש be built. But ה׳ Himself told David that the בית המקדש would not be built until the reign of David’s son!
David wanted to build the בית המקדש then, because he felt that he had fulfilled the criterion in the pasuk:
We interpreted the reason that David could not build the בית המקדש was that ה׳ had to build him a בית first: a dynasty, with a peaceful transfer of power. David had misinterpreted the pasuk in דברים. There were two criteria: הניח לכם מכל איביכם מסביב and ישבתם בטח. David had won the wars, but had not established a stable country whose citizens felt secure.
David himself gives another reason why he could not build the בית המקדש:
And we previously quoted another reason from the midrash:
But really all those reasons go together.
A ממלכה of משפט and צדקה is the prerequisite to building the בית המקדש, which is manifestation of ה׳'s presence in the entire world.
So the Ramban says:
This perek, the last in ספר שמואל, the final appendix to the ספר, isn’t really about David and his mistakes. It is how בני ישראל failed to learn from those mistakes, and how the בית המקדש that will be built in ספר מלכים will be so much less than it could have been. David may have been the king of whom it was said, (שמואל ב ח:טו) וימלך דוד על כל ישראל; ויהי דוד עשה משפט וצדקה לכל עמו, but, even after the famine of פרק כא, the people as a whole did not have that sense of רחמים with each other, and so לא תבעו בנין בית המקדש, and therefore they were punished. After that punishment, the building of the בית המקדש could start.
Rav Dessler makes this point, starting with another almost incomprehensible midrash:
We see something similar with Moshe. He could not enter ארץ ישראל, fundamentally not because of his flaws, but because of Israel’s:
A leader cannot be someone perfect, but someone who leads, gets the people to achieve their potential.
It is as though ה׳ is saying,
“You know, David, at this point in the ספר, you could build the בית המקדש. It would be a wonderful בית המקדש. But it wouldn’t be the בית המקדש of כנסת ישראל. You may be ruling the people but you aren’t influencing them.”
But, Rav Dessler says, David and בני ישראל could have overcome that by creating a relationship of אהבה, of unity:
And the punishment for this lack of אהבה was a census that lead to a plague. Everyone knew that the census was a mistake:
Why is a census so bad? The Torah says it is, when it describes how to do a census right, with the מחצית השקל:
Rabbi Eli Baruch Shulman (our Rabbi Shulman’s brother), gave a mussar vaad to the St. Louis Kollel on March 12, 2020. I don’t have a transcript, so I will summarize.
Human beings are social animals. ה׳ doesn’t judge us as isolated individuals because we never are isolated individuals. Rabbi Shulman spoke about the מחצית השקל; why should the מחצית השקל protect from דבר, from a plague? Rabbi Shulman says plagues are a natural consequence of crowds; disease can’t spread unless people are interacting with each other. He is speaking at the very beginning of the covid pandemic, so his words have a particular poignancy. So it’s not the counting that brings the plague; it’s the conditions of having a population large enough to warrant counting. But there are two types of crowds. Usually, people form a mob—an unthinking mass of humanity, no different from a herd of animals, and just as susceptible to communicable disease. But people can also form a ציבור—a community—where each person maintains their individuality and their בכירה חופשית, while accepting responsibility for other members of the community. מחצית השקל, which is used to provide for the קרבנות ציבור, symbolizes that. If our crowd becomes a ציבור, then ה׳ promises to protect us from דבר: ולא יהיה בהם נגף בפקד אתם.
The essential point of a “good” census is to count names, not numbers:
To summarize the way we are looking at this perek: David is a king of משפט and צדקה, but the people are not. They are still in the mindset that led to the famine of פרק כא, הגרים האלה העשקים בידי עושקיהם כח, אין מנחם לדמעתם, וע״כ חרה אף ה׳ בעמו בימי דוד. In the terms of the מדרש שוחר טוב, בני ישראל לא תבעו בנין בית המקדש. They didn’t seek to create the sort of society, one tied together with אהבה, a ציבור, that would be one in which the בית המקדש would be possible. ה׳ punishes them by making them subject to a census that dehumanizes them, turns them into numbers; He shows them exactly what sort of society they have become. That is what ויסף אף ה׳ לחרות בישראל; ויסת את דוד בהם לאמר לך מנה את ישראל ואת יהודה means. And that will lead to an actual plague, in which thousands will die.
So David forces Yoav to conduct this census:
And it’s interesting that the numbers are different in the parallel text in דברי הימים, and there is a twist: Yoav doesn’t really obey David:
There is a hint here of some politics going on behind the scenes.
And David realizes his mistake:
דברי הימים again adds another detail, explaining why David regrets his decision:
And David learns his lesson when he musters the people to start building the בית המקדש, at the end of his life. There is a long list of names and roles, but no numbers:
And when that happens, בני ישראל can fulfill their destiny.
But they are not there yet, and things will get worse before they get better.