ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: Eulogy

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

After everything weโ€™ve seen, the Givonim have been given everything they want. Justice, however cruel, has been served. We would expect that ื”ืณ would bring the rain and end the drought. But thatโ€™s not what happens. Instead, we hear of the mother of two of the men who were killed, ืจืฆืคื” ื‘ืช ืื™ื”, Saulโ€™s concubine:

ื•ืชืงื— ืจืฆืคื” ื‘ืช ืื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉืง ื•ืชื˜ื”ื• ืœื” ืืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจ ืžืชื—ืœืช ืงืฆื™ืจ ืขื“ ื ืชืš ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื; ื•ืœื ื ืชื ื” ืขื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืœื ื•ื— ืขืœื™ื”ื ื™ื•ืžื ื•ืืช ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ืœื™ืœื”ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื:ื™

And even this ื ืชืš ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื didnโ€™t really end the drought; we are told ื•ื™ืขืชืจ ืืœืงื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ after another four psukim.

ื•ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ โ€ืขื“ ื ืชืš ื”ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืโ€œ ื™ืจื“ื• ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืฉื™ืงื‘ืจื• ืื•ืชื, ื•ืื—ืจ ืฉืงื‘ืจื• ืื•ืชื ื ืขืชืจ ื”ืืœืงื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ื•ื™ืจื“ื• ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืžืดืฉ โ€ื•ื™ืขืชืจ ืืœืงื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸโ€œ.

ืจื“ืดืง, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื:ื™

Levinas says we are told of ืจืฆืคื”'s dedication because itโ€™s too easy to lose sight of the fundamental fact that after all the discussion of justice and forgiveness, of revenge and reparations, we are talking about human beings. Kings need to deal with the trolley problem, and sacrifice the few for the good of the many, but itโ€™s not some algebraic calculation. Utilitarian ethics lead to repugnant conclusions where everyone suffers to make some abstract โ€œtotal happinessโ€ higher (ื•ืื›ืžืดืœ). If I deal with a trolley problem, however I determine necessary, and then think I have solved it, then I am fundamentally immoral.

Utilitarianism is evil

First three panels from https://www.smbc-comics.com/comic/utilitarian (click through for the punchline, such as it is)

And what remains as well, after this somber vision of the human condition and of Justice itself, what rises above the cruelty inherent in rational order (and perhaps simply in Order), is the image of this woman, this mother, this Rizpah Bat Aiah, who, for six months watches over the corpses of her sons, together with the corpses that are not her sons, to keep from the birds of the air and the beasts of the fields, the victims of the implacable justice of men and of G-d. What remains after so much blood and tears shed in the name of immortal principles is individual sacrifice, which amidst the dialectical rebounds of justice and all its contradictory aboutfaces, without any hesitation, finds a straight and sure way.

Emmanuel Levinas, Nine Talmudic Readings, Toward the Other, p. 29

And David learns the lesson:

ื™ื ื•ื™ื’ื“ ืœื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉืชื” ืจืฆืคื” ื‘ืช ืื™ื” ืคืœื’ืฉ ืฉืื•ืœืƒ ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ืงื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื ื• ืžืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื‘ื™ืฉ ื’ืœืขื“ ืืฉืจ ื’ื ื‘ื• ืืชื ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืŸ ืืฉืจ ืชืœื•ื (ืชืœืื•ื) ืฉื ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ื (ืฉืžื” ืคืœืฉืชื™ื) ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื•ืช ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ื’ืœื‘ืขืƒ ื™ื’ ื•ื™ืขืœ ืžืฉื ืืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื ื•; ื•ื™ืืกืคื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงืขื™ืืƒ ื™ื“ ื•ื™ืงื‘ืจื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืฆืœืข ื‘ืงื‘ืจ ืงื™ืฉ ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื™ืขืฉื• ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื” ื”ืžืœืš; ื•ื™ืขืชืจ ืืœืงื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื›ื

We need to remember the relationship between Saul and the people of ื™ื‘ื™ืฉ ื’ืœืขื“. His first act as king had been to save them from the Ammonites:

ื ื•ื™ืขืœ ื ื—ืฉ ื”ืขืžื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ื—ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื‘ื™ืฉ ื’ืœืขื“; ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ื›ืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื™ื‘ื™ืฉ ืืœ ื ื—ืฉ ื›ืจืช ืœื ื• ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ืšืƒโ€ฆื– ื•ื™ืงื— ืฆืžื“ ื‘ืงืจ ื•ื™ื ืชื—ื”ื• ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืœืืžืจ ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ืฆื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืื—ืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื›ื” ื™ืขืฉื” ืœื‘ืงืจื•; ื•ื™ืคืœ ืคื—ื“ ื”ืณ ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื•ื™ืฆืื• ื›ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ืƒ ื— ื•ื™ืคืงื“ื ื‘ื‘ื–ืง; ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืฃ ื•ืื™ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืฉื™ื ืืœืฃืƒ

โ€ฆื™ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืžืžื—ืจืช ื•ื™ืฉื ืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื ืฉืœืฉื” ืจืืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื‘ืืฉืžืจืช ื”ื‘ืงืจ ื•ื™ื›ื• ืืช ืขืžื•ืŸ ืขื“ ื—ื ื”ื™ื•ื; ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื”ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื•ื™ืคืฆื• ื•ืœื ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื ืฉื ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื™ื

And they returned the favor by burying him after he was killed by the Philistines:

ื— ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืžืžื—ืจืช ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืœืคืฉื˜ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื; ื•ื™ืžืฆืื• ืืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืืช ืฉืœืฉืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืœื‘ืขืƒ ื˜ ื•ื™ื›ืจืชื• ืืช ืจืืฉื• ื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื• ืืช ื›ืœื™ื•; ื•ื™ืฉืœื—ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื”ื ื•ืืช ื”ืขืืƒ ื™ ื•ื™ืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื›ืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ืช ืขืฉืชืจื•ืช; ื•ืืช ื’ื•ื™ืชื• ืชืงืขื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืŸืƒ ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืžืขื• ืืœื™ื• ื™ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ื‘ื™ืฉ ื’ืœืขื“ ืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื• ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœืƒ ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืงื•ืžื• ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื—ื™ืœ ื•ื™ืœื›ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื™ืงื—ื• ืืช ื’ื•ื™ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืืช ื’ื•ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืŸ; ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืคื• ืืชื ืฉืืƒ ื™ื’ ื•ื™ืงื—ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžืชื™ื”ื ื•ื™ืงื‘ืจื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”; ื•ื™ืฆืžื• ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ืœื

And now we are told that David takes the bones of Saul and gives them a royal funeral, something that conspicuously had not happened before. I have to confess: I lied about ื”ืณ message to David at the beginning of the perek. It wasnโ€™t just about the Givonim:

ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืจืขื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืณ;
ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื ื™ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื:ื

The gemara says that ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื refer to two different things:

โ€ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœโ€œโ€”ืฉืœื ื ืกืคื“ ื›ื”ืœื›ื”, โ€ื•ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ืโ€œโ€”โ€-ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื-โ€œโ€ฆืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“: ืฉืื•ืœ, ื ืคืงื• ืœื”ื• ืชืจื™ืกืจ ื™ืจื—ื™ ืฉืชื, ื•ืœื ื“ืจื›ื™ื” ืœืžืกืคื“ื™ื”. ื‘ื ืชื™ื ื™ื ื ื™ืงืจื™ื ื”ื• ื•ื ืคื™ื™ืกื™ื ื”ื•.

ื™ื‘ืžื™ื•ืช ืขื—,ื‘-ืขื˜,ื

ืชืจื™ืกืจ ื™ืจื—ื™ ืฉืชื: ืœืื• ื“ื•ืงื ื“ื”ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืชืœืชื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืจื™ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื”, ืืœื ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืกืคื•ื“ ืื—ืจ ื™ืดื‘ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืชื ื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืช, ื›ื“ืืžืจ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืงื˜ืŸ (ื“ืฃ ื›ื,ื‘).

ืจืฉืดื™, ื™ื‘ืžื™ื•ืช ืขื˜,ื

ื”ืณ gave the message to David that he needs to correct the injustice to the Givonim, which we have seen, and also to give Saul the honor that he deserved. David figured that its too late to do anything about Saul, so he ignored that (as we did).

ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื ืกืคื“ ื›ื”ืœื›ื”: ื•ืจืื™ื” ืœื–ื” ื“ืื—ืจ ืฉืขืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ โ€ื•ื™ืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ืงื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื›ื•ืณโ€œ โ€ื•ื™ืงื‘ืจื• ื›ื•ืณโ€œ โ€ื•ื™ืขืชืจ ืืœื”ื™ื ืœืืจืฅโ€œ ืื—ืดื›.

ืจืฉืดืฉ, ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืขื—,ื‘

The gemara points out the inherent contradiction between honoring Saul and simultaneously exacting punishment for his mistreatment of the Givonim, but itโ€™s not a contradiction. Itโ€™s part of being human. Saul was both very good and very bad, and both need to be acknowledged.

ืงื ืชื‘ืข ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื ืกืคื“ ื›ื”ืœื›ื”, ื•ืงื ืชื‘ืข ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื?! ืื™ืŸ, ื“ืืžืจ ืจื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ืฉ: ืžืื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฆืคื ื™ื” ื‘:ื’): ื‘ึผึทืงึผึฐืฉืื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”ืณ ื›ึผื‡ืœ ืขึทื ึฐื•ึตื™ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื˜ื•ึน ืคึผึธืขึธืœื•ึผ, ื‘ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื•โ€”ืฉื ืคืขืœื•.

ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืขื—,ื‘

ื“ืจืฉื• ื“ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื“โ€ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ืคืขืœื•โ€œ ืงืื™ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื ื ื–ื›ืจ ื’ื ืคืขืœื• ื–ื›ื•ืชื•.

ืžื”ืจืฉืดื, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืื’ื“ื•ืช, ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืขื—,ื‘

The gemara in Sanhedrin discusses the question of whether a ื”ืกืคื“, a eulogy, is done for the sake of the dead or for the sake of the mourners.

ืื™ื‘ืขื™ื ืœื”ื•: ื”ืกืคื™ื“ื ื™ืงืจื ื“ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื™ ืื• ื™ืงืจื ื“ืฉื›ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื™? ืœืžืื™ ื ืคืงื ืžื™ื ื”? ื“ืืžืจ ืœื ืชืกืคื“ื•ื” ืœื”ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ืจืโ€ฆืชืดืฉ: ืจืณ ื ืชืŸ ืื•ืžืจ: ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™ืคื” ืœืžืช ืฉื ืคืจืขื™ืŸ ืžืžื ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื™ืชื”; ืžืช ืฉืœื ื ืกืคื“ ื•ืœื ื ืงื‘ืจ ืื• ืฉื—ื™ื” ื’ื•ืจืจืชื• ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืžื–ืœืคื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื˜ืชื•, ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™ืคื” ืœืžืช. ืฉืดืž ื™ืงืจื ื“ืฉื›ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื; ืฉืžืข ืžื™ื ื”.

ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืžื•,ื‘-ืžื’,ื

The eulogy is for the dead; the fact that there was no eulogy is a sort of ืชืงื ื” for Saulโ€™s sins, and now that justice was done to the extent possible, David can try to achieve closure after the civil war with Saul. It was not an insult to rebury and eulogize him so late, but a sign that he has paid the price for his sins and now should be remembered for his greatness.

ืขืœ ืฉืื•ืœ: ืฉืœื ืขืฉื™ืชื ืขืžื• ื—ืกื“ ื•ืœื ื ืกืคื“ ื›ื”ืœื›ื”, ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื“ ืื™ื ื• ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉื ืžืฉื— ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื—ื”, ืื™ื ื• ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ื• ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื™ื ื• ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉื—ืœืงื• ืขื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืืชื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืืจืฅ

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื—:ื“

The Torah Temimah says that the fact that ื”ืกืคื™ื“ื ื™ืงืจื ื“ืฉื›ื‘ื™ isnโ€™t really about the dead at all; it is about demonstrating ื—ืกื“ ืฉืœ ืืžืช, true kindness that cannot be paid back.

ื•ืชืžืช ืฉื ืžืจื™ื. ืชื ื™ื: ืืดืจ ืืžื™: ืœืžื” ื ืกืžื›ื” ืžื™ืชืช ืžืจื™ื ืœืคืจืฉืช ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื”? ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืš, ืžื” ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ืžื›ืคืจืช ืืฃ ืžื™ืชืช ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืžื›ืคืจืช.

ืžื•ืขื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ื—,ื

ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื ืชื‘ืืจ ืขืจืš ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืชืช ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืžื›ืคืจืช ื•ืžื” ื˜ืขื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื™ืดืœ ื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืขืดืค ืžืดืฉ ื‘ืคื“ืจืดื ืคืจืง ื™ืดื– ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืชืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื” ื•ึทื™ึผึดืงึฐื‘ึผึฐืจื•ึผ ืึถืช ืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึนืช ืฉืึธืื•ึผืœโ€ฆ ื•ึทื™ึผึตืขึธืชึตืจ ืึฑืœึนืงึดื™ื ืœึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™ ื›ึตืŸ, ื•ื–ืดืœ, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื” ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืฉื’ืžืœื• ืœื• ื—ืกื“ [ืฉืฆืžื• ื•ื‘ื›ื• ื•ืกืคื“ื• ืœื•, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื] ืžื™ื“ ื ืชืžืœื ืจื—ืžื™ื; ืฉื ืืžืจ โ€ื•ื™ืขืชืจ ืืœืงื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸโ€œ ืขืดื›. ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืžื–ื” ืฉืœื ื”ืžื™ืชื” ืขืฆืžื” ืžื›ืคืจืช ืืœื ื”ืื‘ืœ ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืชืช ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื, ื›ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืณ.

ืชื•ืจื” ืชืžื™ืžื”, ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›:ื

And so David and the nation of Israel ends this perek with an understanding of what ื—ืกื“ and ืžืฉืคื˜ really mean, and connects this perek back to the end of ืคืจืง ื—:

ื•ื™ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืขืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื›ืœ ืขืžื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—:ื˜ื•