ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: Taken with a Grain of Salt

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

After Davidโ€™s wars in Aram, with all the miracles implied in ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืกื—, the text sums up:

ื™ื ื’ื ืืชื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ืœื”ืณ ืขื ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืืฉืจ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืฉืƒ ื™ื‘ ืžืืจื ื•ืžืžื•ืื‘ ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ ื•ืžืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื•ืžืขืžืœืง ื•ืžืฉืœืœ ื”ื“ื“ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืžืœืš ืฆื•ื‘ื”ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื—

There are five wars mentioned here; ืืจื (of which ื”ื“ื“ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืš ืฆื•ื‘ื” is part), ืคืœืฉืชื™ื and ืžื•ืื‘ we just saw in our perek. ืขืžืœืง was actually a war from back in ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื:

ื™ื– ื•ื™ื›ื ื“ื•ื“ ืžื”ื ืฉืฃ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืขืจื‘ ืœืžื—ืจืชื; ื•ืœื ื ืžืœื˜ ืžื”ื ืื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ืื ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืื™ืฉ ื ืขืจ ืืฉืจ ืจื›ื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ืžืœื™ื ื•ื™ื ืกื•ืƒ โ€ฆื› ื•ื™ืงื— ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืงืจ; ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืงื ื” ื”ื”ื•ื ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ื–ื” ืฉืœืœ ื“ื•ื“ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ืœ

ืขืžื•ืŸ we havenโ€™t seen yet. The war with ืขืžื•ืŸ is intimately tied to the story of Batsheva and will occupy a good part of the next section of ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘.

Thereโ€™s a war missing here, that is mentioned in the parallel verse in ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื:

ื’ื ืืชื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืœื”ืณ ืขื ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืืฉืจ ื ืฉื ืžื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื ืžืื“ื•ื ื•ืžืžื•ืื‘ ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ ื•ืžืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื•ืžืขืžืœืงืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื™ื—:ื™ื

Whatโ€™s the story with ืื“ื•ื? Thatโ€™s where the text goes next.


ื™ื’ ื•ื™ืขืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื ื‘ืฉื‘ื• ืžื”ื›ื•ืชื• ืืช ืืจื ื‘ื’ื™ื ืžืœื— ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจ ืืœืฃืƒ ื™ื“ ื•ื™ืฉื ื‘ืื“ื•ื ื ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื“ื•ื ืฉื ื ืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ืœ ืื“ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื“ื•ื“; ื•ื™ื•ืฉืข ื”ืณ ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ืœืšืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื—

13 And David got him a name when he returned from smiting the Arameans in the Valley of Salt even eighteen thousand men. 14 And he put garrisons in Edom; throughout all Edom put he garrisons and all the Edomites became servants to Davidืƒ And the LORD gave victory to David whithersoever he went.

2 Samuel Chapter 8, 1917 JPS translation

Two questions arise: what are the Arameans doing in โ€œthe Valley of Saltโ€ which is presumably the Dead Sea valley? And where does Edom fit in? If the Valley of Salt is in fact in Aram (and is not the Dead Sea) then Edom is far away.

The 1985 JPS translation takes its cue from the Septuagint:

ฮšฮฑแฝถ แผฯ€ฮฟแฝทฮทฯƒฮตฮฝ ฮ”ฮฑฯ…ฮนฮด แฝ„ฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮฝ ฯ„ฯ‰ แผ€ฮฝฮฑฮบแฝฑฮผฯ€ฯ„ฮตฮนฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯ„แฝธฮฝ แผฯ€แฝฑฯ„ฮฑฮพฮตฮฝ ฯ„แฝดฮฝ ฮ™ฮดฮฟฯ…ฮผฮฑแฝทฮฑฮฝ แผฮฝ ฮ“ฮฑฮนฮผฮตฮปฮต ฮตแผฐฯ‚ แฝ€ฮบฯ„ฯ‰ฮบฮฑแฝทฮดฮตฮบฮฑ ฯ‡ฮนฮปฮนแฝฑฮดฮฑฯ‚.

And David made [himself] a name. And when he returned he struck Edom in Gebelem to [the number of] eighteen thousand.

Septuagint, 2 Samuel 8:13

David gained fame when he returned from defeating Edom in the Valley of Salt, 18,000 in all.

2 Samuel 8:13, 1985 JPS translation

They emend the text from ืึฒืจึธื to ืึฑื“ึนื. This solves the textual questions, and corresponds to the parallel text in ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื:

ื™ื‘ ื•ืื‘ืฉื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ื”ื›ื” ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจ ืืœืฃืƒ ื™ื’ ื•ื™ืฉื ื‘ืื“ื•ื ื ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ืื“ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื“ื•ื™ื“; ื•ื™ื•ืฉืข ื”ืณ ืืช ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ืœืšืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื™ื—

(I donโ€™t have a problem with the change from ื“ื•ื“ to ืื‘ืฉื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื”; David was the king and ืื‘ืฉื™ was one of his generals)

But I donโ€™t like emendations that are proposed only to solve our lack of understanding.

A police officer sees a drunken man intently searching the ground near a lamppost and asks him the goal of his quest. The inebriate replies that he is looking for his car keys, and the officer helps for a few minutes without success then he asks whether the man is certain that he dropped the keys near the lamppost.

โ€œNo,โ€ is the reply, โ€œI lost the keys somewhere across the street.โ€ โ€œWhy look here?โ€ asks the surprised and irritated officer. โ€œThe light is much better here,โ€ the intoxicated man responds with aplomb.

Quote Investigator, Did You Lose the Keys Here?

And we know (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื˜,ื) that ื—ื–ืดืœ edited the Septuagint specifically to eliminate textual difficulties. So Iโ€™d rather read ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ as written, and put a comma in there: โ€œAnd David made a name for himself, when he returned from smiting the Arameans, in the Valley of Saltโ€. He didnโ€™t smite the Arameans in ื’ื™ื ืžืœื—. The battle of ื’ื™ื ืžืœื— happened after the battle of ืืจื. Davidโ€™s army did not return home, but headed south:

ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื•: ืจืดืœ ืขื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ืฃ ื•ื™ื’ืข ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ืืจื, ืขื›ืดื– ื”ื›ื” ื‘ื’ื™ื ืžืœื— ื•ื’ื•ืณ.

ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ื“, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—:ื™ื’

ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืฉืœื— ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื™ื•ืื‘ ืœืืจื ื ื”ืจื™ื ื•ืœืืจื ืฆื•ื‘ื”, ืคื’ืข ื‘ืื“ื•ืžื™ื™ื; ื‘ืงืฉ ืœื–ื ื‘ืŸโ€ฆ (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืก:ื‘)โ€ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ื™ืš ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืณโ€œ, ืืžืจ ื™ื•ืื‘ ืื ื ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ืื“ื•ื ืขื›ืฉื• ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจืชื ื• ืœื ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืœื ืฉืชื™ื” ืืœื ื ื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื ืขื“ ืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืืจื ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ื™ืš.

ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืจืžื– ืงืžื–

So according to the Midrash, the southern campaign was fundamentally ื™ื•ืื‘'s idea (even though he only appears in the account in ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื, not ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื or ืฉืžื•ืืœ). And he assumes that he needs to attack Edom. I think that there was a โ€œManifest Destinyโ€ mindset in Davidโ€™s army. Israel was destined to rule over all the surrounding lands:

ื™ื— ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื›ืจืช ื”ืณ ืืช ืื‘ืจื ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืืžืจ; ืœื–ืจืขืš ื ืชืชื™ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ืืช ืžื ื”ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื’ื“ืœ ื ื”ืจ ืคืจืชืƒ ื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืงื™ื ื™ ื•ืืช ื”ืงื ื–ื™ ื•ืืช ื”ืงื“ืžื ื™ืƒ ื› ื•ืืช ื”ื—ืชื™ ื•ืืช ื”ืคืจื–ื™ ื•ืืช ื”ืจืคืื™ืืƒ ื›ื ื•ืืช ื”ืืžืจื™ ื•ืืช ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ ื•ืืช ื”ื’ืจื’ืฉื™ ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืง ื˜ื•

ืืช ื”ืงื™ื ื™: ืขืฉืจ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื•ืœื ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืœื ืฉื‘ืขื” ื’ื•ื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉืœืฉื” ืื“ื•ื ื•ืžื•ืื‘ ื•ืขืžื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื ืงื™ื ื™ ืงื ื™ื–ื™ ื•ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืœืขืชื™ื“, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื™ื:ื™ื“) ืื“ื•ื ื•ืžื•ืื‘ ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื™ื“ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขืชื.

ืจืฉืดื™, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื˜ื•:ื™ื˜

And the order of the wars (ืคืœืฉืช,โ€Ž ืžื•ืื‘,โ€Ž ืืจื then ืื“ื•ื) reflects this:

ื™ื’ ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืณ ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืื ื™ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ืš ื•ืืœืงื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง; ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืฉื›ื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ืœืš ืืชื ื ื” ื•ืœื–ืจืขืšืƒ ื™ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ืจืขืš ื›ืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืคืจืฆืช ื™ืžื” ื•ืงื“ืžื” ื•ืฆืคื ื” ื•ื ื’ื‘ื”; ื•ื ื‘ืจื›ื• ื‘ืš ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื‘ื–ืจืขืšืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืง ื›ื—

So we can understand why the summary pasuk of ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืืฉืจ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื doesnโ€™t include Edom: this was a different sort of war.


But now we need to look at the corresponding ืคืจืง ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื:

ื ืœืžื ืฆื— ืขืœ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช; ืžื›ืชื ืœื“ื•ื“ ืœืœืžื“ืƒ
ื‘ ื‘ื”ืฆื•ืชื• ืืช ืืจื ื ื”ืจื™ื ื•ืืช ืืจื ืฆื•ื‘ื”;
ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ื™ืš ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ื ืžืœื— ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ืืœืฃืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืก

Here the general is ื™ื•ืื‘ , not ืื‘ืฉื™, and the number dead is 12,000, not 18,000.

The Midrash suggests that these are describing two separate wars:

ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ืืœืฃ ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื ื” ืขืฉืจ ืืœืฃ, ืืœื ืฉืชื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ืืœืฃ ื•ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื ื” ืขืฉืจ ืืœืฃ.

ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืจืžื– ืงืžื–

Similarly the Malbim (as his second suggestion):

ื•ื™ืดืœ ื’ืดื› ืฉื”ื›ื” ื‘ืื“ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ืคืขืžื™ื, ืคืขื ื™ืดื‘ ืืœืฃ ื•ืคืขื ื™ืดื— ืืœืฃ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื—ื–ืดืœ ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื), ื•ืขื–ืดื โ€ื•ื™ืฉื ื‘ืื“ื•ื ื ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื“ื•ื ืฉื ื ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืโ€œ, ืฉืฉื ื ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืจื“ื• ื•ื›ื‘ืฉื ื›ื•ืœื ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื“ื•ื.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—:ื™ื’

Most commentators try to combine the three accounts, with an alliance of ืืจื and ืื“ื•ื:

ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื“ื•ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ืืจื ื›ื™ ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆื•ืชื• ืืช ืืจื ื ื”ืจื™ื ื•ืืช ืืจื ืฆื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžืืจื ื•ืžืื“ื•ื ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ื™ืดื— ืืœืฃ. ื•ืืžืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืกืคืจ [ืฉืžื•ืืœ] ืืจื ื•ืจืดืœ ื•ืืฉืจ ืขืžื”ื ื•ื”ื ืื“ื•ื. ื•ืืžืจ ื‘ื‘ืณ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื [ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื] ืื“ื•ื ื•ืจืดืœ ื•ืืฉืจ ืขืžื”ื ื•ื”ื ืืจื. ื•ื‘ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื™ ืื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืขืฉื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ื›ื” ื‘ื”ื ื™ืดื— ืืœืฃ ื•ื‘ืชื™ืœื™ื ืืžืจ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ืืžืจ ื™ืดื‘ ืืœืฃ ืื™ืฉ, ืื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืขืฉื” ืชื—ืœื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ื›ื” ื‘ื”ื ื•ืณ ืืœืคื™ื ื•ืื—ืดื› ืขืฉื” ืขืžื”ื ื™ื•ืื‘ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ื›ื” ื‘ื”ื ื™ืดื‘ ืืœืฃ; ื•ื–ื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื โ€ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ืื‘โ€œ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ ืื—ืจ ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืื‘ื™ืฉื™. ื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืชื—ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ื›ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืดื— ืืœืฃ ืขืœ ืฉืžื•. ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืกืคืจ [ืฉืžื•ืืœ] ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืฉื ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจ.

ืจื“ืดืง, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—:ื™ื’

Thatโ€™s telling a very complicated story. I want to tell a different one, that focuses on ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื.


The perek starts:

ื ืœืžื ืฆื— ืขืœ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช; ืžื›ืชื ืœื“ื•ื“ ืœืœืžื“ืƒ
ื‘ ื‘ื”ืฆื•ืชื• ืืช ืืจื ื ื”ืจื™ื ื•ืืช ืืจื ืฆื•ื‘ื”;
ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ื™ืš ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ื ืžืœื— ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ืืœืฃืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืก

This was a song on a โ€œshoshanโ€, presumably a musical instrument:

ืฉื•ืฉืŸ: ืฉื ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื ืช ืฉื•ืฉืŸ.

ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืชื”ืœื™ื ืก:ื

And it is an ืขื“ื•ืช and ืœืœืžื“:

ื•ื˜ืขื ืœืœืžื“ ืฉืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ืœืžื“ื•ื”ื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืกื“ ื”ืฉื ืฉื’ื‘ืจื” ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื—ืœืฉ.

ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื, ืชื”ืœื™ื ืก:ื

And that is critical for understanding the perek. Itโ€™s not a song of victory; itโ€™s a lament and a prayer for salvation after defeat:

ื’ ืืœืงื™ื ื–ื ื—ืชื ื• ืคืจืฆืชื ื•; ืื ืคืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื‘ ืœื ื•ืƒ
ื“ ื”ืจืขืฉืชื” ืืจืฅ ืคืฆืžืชื”; ืจืคื” ืฉื‘ืจื™ื” ื›ื™ ืžื˜ื”ืƒ
ื” ื”ืจืื™ืช ืขืžืš ืงืฉื”; ื”ืฉืงื™ืชื ื• ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืจืขืœื”ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืก

And that is how we translated ืžื›ืชื: a bloodstain.

ืœืžื ืฆื— ืืœ ืชืฉื—ืช ืœื“ื•ื“ ืžื›ืชื: ื‘ืฉืœื— ืฉืื•ืœ; ื•ื™ืฉืžืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœื”ืžื™ืชื•ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ื ื˜:ื

A ืžื›ืชื is a reflection on spilling blood, the indelible nature of bloodstains. Half of the ืžื›ืชื ืชื”ื™ืœื™ืโ€Ž are ืืœ ืชืฉื—ืช, a prayer to avoid violence.

Me, I Spy

And that connects to this perek as addressed ืœืžื ืฆื—:

[ื ืฆื—] the the manifestation of ื”ืณโ€™s hand in history. In the words of Aish Hatorahโ€™s Kabbalah 101, โ€Netzach refers to actions of G-d that are chesed, โ€˜kindness,โ€™ in essence, but are presented through a prelude of harshnessโ€œ.

Me, I Spy

What happened in the battle of ื’ื™ื ืžืœื—?


I think to answer that we have to look at the Targum on this perek. But first we have to understand what the ืชืจื’ื•ื ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื is (and what it is not). There are two โ€œauthorizedโ€ translations of ืชื ืดืš, from the time of the ืชื ืื™ื:

ื•ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื•ืื™ืชื™ืžื ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื: ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก ื”ื’ืจ ืืžืจื™ ืžืคื™ ืจืณ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ืจืณ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ ืืžืจื™, ืžืคื™ ื—ื’ื™ ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืœืื›ื™ ื•ื ื–ื“ืขื–ืขื” ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืคืจืกื” ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืคืจืกื”. ื™ืฆืชื” ื‘ืช ืงื•ืœ ื•ืืžืจื”: ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ืกืชืจื™ื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื? ืขืžื“ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื•ืืžืจ: ืื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืกืชืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ืš ืฉืœื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื™ ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื•ืœื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ื, ืืœื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ืš ืขืฉื™ืชื™, ืฉืœื ื™ืจื‘ื• ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื, ื™ืฆืชื” ื‘ืช ืงื•ืœ ื•ืืžืจื” ืœื•: ื“ื™ื™ืš! ืžืื™ ื˜ืขืžื? ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืื™ืช ื‘ื™ื” ืงืฅ ืžืฉื™ื—.

ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื’,ื

So there is no โ€œofficialโ€ targum on ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื. But people certainly translated them, and we have a number of ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื on ืชื ืดืš, many of which contain more aggadic expansions than the standard ืชืจื’ื•ื ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก and ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ. As an aside, one of these, called ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, is often printed in ืžืงืจืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช. But it was labelled in early printings as ืชืดื™, which was read as ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ and often called that today. So smart people who want you to know how smart they are, will cite the โ€œืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”โ€as โ€œTargum Pseudo-Jonathanโ€. The Bar Ilan database calls it โ€œื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœื™ื•ื ืชืŸโ€.

The original ืžืงืจืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช by Daniel Bomberg has a targum on ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื, called ืชืจื’ื•ื ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, attributed to the blind third-generation Amora,ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื™ืโ€Ž:

ื›ื“ืžืชืจื’ื ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ: ื ืงื˜ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงื™ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืชืจื’ื•ื ื•ืœื ื›ื“ืคื™ืจืฉ ื‘ืขืœืžื ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืกื’ื™ ื ื”ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ ืืชื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืคื” ื•ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืชืจื’ื•ื ื“ืžืฉื•ื ืขืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืžืจ ื”ืชื ื“ืฉืจื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืขืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื”.

ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ื’,ื‘

That would put it in the fourth century CE. Thereโ€™s one interesting bit of internal evidence for its date.

ืžื™ ื™ื‘ืœื ื™ ืขื™ืจ ืžื‘ืฆืจ; ืžื™ ื ื—ื ื™ ืขื“ ืื“ื•ืืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงื—:ื™ื

ื•ื›ื“ื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ืื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื™ืชื™ ืขื“ ื›ืจื›ื ืชืงื™ืคื ืžืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื ื™ ืขื“ ืื“ื•ืืƒ

ืชืจื’ื•ื ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ึพืžืงืจืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื

But the Bomberg version explicits mentions Rome and Constantinople:

ื•ึผื›ึฐื“ื•ึผืŸ ื“ึฐื—ึธื‘ึดื™ืช ืžึธืŸ ืื•ึนื›ึดื™ืœ ื™ึธืชึดื™ ืขึทื“ ื›ึผึฐืจึทื›ึธื ื“ึฐืจื•ึนืžึดื™ ืจึทืฉึผึดื™ืขึธื ืžึธืŸ ื“ึทื‘ึนึทืจึฐื ึดื™ ืขึทื“ ืงื•ึผืฉืึฐื ึฐื˜ึดื™ื ึธื ื“ึถึผืึฑื“ื•ึนื

ืชืจื’ื•ื ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ึพืžืงืจืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื”, ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ื•ืžื‘ื™ืจื’ (ืจืขืดื—), ืฉื, ืขืžืณ 465

Similarly in manuscript:

ื•ื›ื“ื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ืื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื™ืชื™ ืขื“ ื›ืจื›ื ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืจืฉื™ืขืชื ืžืืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื ื™ ืขื“ ืงื•ืฉื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื ื“ืื“ื•ืืƒ

ืชืจื’ื•ื ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ึพื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื“ืจื™ื“, ืฉื

Now Constantinople became the capital of the eastern half of the Roman empire in 330 CE, and Rome (the city) fell as capital of the empire in 476, so presumably the ืชืจื’ื•ื ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื was written between those dates.

So the ืชืจื’ื•ื ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื isnโ€™t as โ€œauthoritativeโ€ as ืชืจื’ื•ื ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก, but it has some historic validity.


So how does the Targum render our perek?

ื›ื“ ื›ื ืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืฉืจื™ืŸ ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื’ืจ ืกื”ื“ื•ืชื ื•ืื’ื™ื— ืขื ืืจื ื“ื™ ืขื ืฆื•ื‘ื ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืชืจ ื›ืŸ ืชื‘ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ืžื—ื ื™ืช ืื“ื•ืžืื™ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืœื—ื ื•ื ืคืœื• ืžืŸ ื—ื™ืœื™ื”ื•ืŸ ื“ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืืœืคื™ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื, ืก:ื‘

The twelve thousand were the Israelite soldiers who died. Yoav attacked Edom after the glorious victory in Aram, and lost. Thatโ€™s why ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืก is a lament. Avishai and his victory, with the eighteen thousand enemy casualties, came after. And it goes further:

ื™ื“ ื•ื™ืงื ื”ืณ ืฉื˜ืŸ ืœืฉืœืžื” ืืช ื”ื“ื“ ื”ืื“ืžื™; ืžื–ืจืข ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื“ื•ืืƒ ื˜ื• ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืื‘ ืฉืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืœืงื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื; ื•ื™ืš ื›ืœ ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืื“ื•ืืƒ ื˜ื– ื›ื™ ืฉืฉืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื“ ื”ื›ืจื™ืช ื›ืœ ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืื“ื•ืืƒ ื™ื– ื•ื™ื‘ืจื— ืื“ื“ ื”ื•ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืื“ืžื™ื™ื ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ืืชื• ืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฆืจื™ื; ื•ื”ื“ื“ ื ืขืจ ืงื˜ืŸืƒ ื™ื— ื•ื™ืงืžื• ืžืžื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ืคืืจืŸ; ื•ื™ืงื—ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืžื ืžืคืืจืŸ ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ืžืฆืจื™ื ืืœ ืคืจืขื” ืžืœืš ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื—ื ืืžืจ ืœื• ื•ืืจืฅ ื ืชืŸ ืœื•ืƒ

ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื™ื

So when David finally takes Edom, Yoav slaughters all the men over the course of six months. The Yerushalmi notes this as a failure of David and Yoav:

ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ื‘:ื™ื) โ€ื•ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ื•ื’ื•ืณโ€œ ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื”) โ€ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืžืœืš ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืฉืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืžืœืš ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”โ€œ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื—ืกื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื™ืชื™ืจื™ืโ€ฆื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื•ืœืข ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืžื•ืขื˜โ€ฆืจื‘ ื—ื•ื ื ืืžืจ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื•ืจื— ืžืคื ื™ ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืฉืขื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื›ืคืจ ื›ื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜. ืืดืจ ื™ื•ื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ ืจืณ ืฉืœื•ื ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ื™ื:ื˜ื–) โ€ื›ื™ ืฉืฉืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€œ. ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื‘ืดื”: ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืš (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘:ื˜) โ€ืืœ ืชืชื’ืจื• ื‘ืโ€œ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉืช ืœื”ืชื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื—ื™ื™ืš ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื ื™ืžื ื™ืŸ ืœืš.

ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื:ื, ื“ืฃ ื‘,ื‘

Another point. ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ says ื•ึทื™ึผึทืขึทืฉื‚ ื“ึผึธื•ึดื“ ืฉืึตื, David made a name (presumably meaning โ€œbecame famousโ€). What was that fame? He was already famous:

ื— ื•ืขืชื” ื›ื” ืชืืžืจ ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ ืœื“ื•ื“ ื›ื” ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืื ื™ ืœืงื—ืชื™ืš ืžืŸ ื”ื ื•ื” ืžืื—ืจ ื”ืฆืืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื™ื“ ืขืœ ืขืžื™ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ ื˜ ื•ืื”ื™ื” ืขืžืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ืœื›ืช ื•ืื›ืจืชื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ื™ืš ืžืคื ื™ืš; ื•ืขืฉืชื™ ืœืš ืฉื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืฉื ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ืืจืฅืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื–

Rashi (and many others) says David became famous for his ื—ืกื“:

ื•ื™ืขืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื: ืฉืงื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื’ ื‘ืื“ื•ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืงื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ ืืช ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื’ื•ื’ ื•ืžื’ื•ื’ (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื˜:ื™ื’) ื•ึฐืงึธื‘ึฐืจื•ึผ ื›ึผึธืœ ืขึทื ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึธื”ึถื ืœึฐืฉืึตื. ื•ืžื ื™ืŸ ืฉืงื‘ืจืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื (ื ื™ื:ื˜ื•) ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืื‘ ืฉืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืœืงื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—:ื™ื’

ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืืชืŸ ืœื’ื•ื’ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื™ื ื•ื—ืกืžืช ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื; ื•ืงื‘ืจื• ืฉื ืืช ื’ื•ื’ ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื” ื•ืงืจืื• ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื’ืƒ ื™ื‘ ื•ืงื‘ืจื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ื˜ื”ืจ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื‘ืขื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ืืƒ ื™ื’ ื•ืงื‘ืจื• ื›ืœ ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืœืฉื ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ ื ืื ืื“ื ื™ ื”ืณืƒ

ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืคืจืง ืœื˜

But I would propose that the ืฉื here is the opposite: this was the first defeat of Davidโ€™s army. This was the Yom Kippur War to ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ืฉืŸ's Six Day War. The ืฉื was that, even though they eked out a victory in the end, the Israelites could be defeated. And that will affect the war with Amon that is coming in chapter 10.


ื’ ืืœืงื™ื ื–ื ื—ืชื ื• ืคืจืฆืชื ื•; ืื ืคืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื‘ ืœื ื•ืƒ
ื“ ื”ืจืขืฉืชื” ืืจืฅ ืคืฆืžืชื”; ืจืคื” ืฉื‘ืจื™ื” ื›ื™ ืžื˜ื”ืƒ
ื” ื”ืจืื™ืช ืขืžืš ืงืฉื”; ื”ืฉืงื™ืชื ื• ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืจืขืœื”ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืก

The perek describes how ื”ืณ abandoned us in His anger; ื”ืจืขืฉืชื” ืืจืฅ, โ€You made the land quakeโ€œ is in contrast to ืžืœื›ืžืช ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ืฉืŸ, where the land also quaked:

ื˜ ืืจืฅ ืจืขืฉื” ืืฃ ืฉืžื™ื ื ื˜ืคื• ืžืคื ื™ ืืœืงื™ื;
ื–ื” ืกื™ื ื™ ืžืคื ื™ ืืœืงื™ื ืืœืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ
โ€ฆื™ื‘ ืึพื“ื ื™ ื™ืชืŸ ืืžืจ; ื”ืžื‘ืฉืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ื ืจื‘ืƒ
ื™ื’ ืžืœื›ื™ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื™ื“ื“ื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื“ื•ืŸ; ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืชื—ืœืง ืฉืœืœืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืกื—

โ€ื•ื™ืœืš ื—ืจื ื”โ€œ ื–ื• ืื—ื“ ืžืืจื‘ืข ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉืงืคืฆื” ื”ืืจืฅโ€ฆืื—ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื ืืžืจโ€ฆโ€ื”ืจืขืฉืช ืืจืฅ ืคืฆืžืชื” ืจืคื” ืฉื‘ืจื™ื” ื›ื™ ืžื˜ื”โ€œ, ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื”ืงืคื™ืฅ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ืœืื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื•ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.

ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื (ื•ืจืฉื) ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ืฆื ืกื™ืžืŸ ื’

This is hard to deal with (ื”ืจืื™ืช ืขืžืš ืงืฉื”) and weโ€™ve become numb:

ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืจืขืœื”: ื”ืื•ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืœื‘ ื•ืขื•ื˜ืคื• ืจืขืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขื˜ื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• (ื ื—ื•ื ื‘:ื“) ื•ึฐื”ึทื‘ึผึฐืจึนืฉืึดื™ื ื”ึธืจึฐืขึธืœื•ึผ.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืชื”ืœื™ื ืก:ื”

But ืื•ื˜ื ืœื‘ usually means โ€œinsensitiveโ€, applying to the feelings of others. Thatโ€™s the โ€œnumbnessโ€ that David refers to.

We can forgive the Arabs for killing our children. We cannot forgive them for forcing us to kill their children.

Golda Meir

ื• ื ืชืชื” ืœื™ืจืื™ืš ื ืก ืœื”ืชื ื•ืกืก ืžืคื ื™ ืงืฉื˜ ืกืœื”ืƒ
ื– ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ื—ืœืฆื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ืš; ื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืš ื•ืขื ื ื• (ื•ืขื ื ื™)ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืก

Hirsch points out that ืงืฉื˜ means โ€œtruthโ€ in Aramaic, but it only appears in ืชื ืดืš twice, here and in ืžืฉืœื™, and analyzes it in context:

ืœึฐื”ื•ึนื“ึดื™ืขึฒืšึธ ืงึนืฉืึฐื˜ึฐ ืึดืžึฐืจึตื™ ืึฑืžึถืช; ืœึฐื”ึธืฉืึดื™ื‘ ืึฒืžึธืจึดื™ื ืึฑืžึถืช ืœึฐืฉืึนืœึฐื—ึถื™ืšึธืƒ

ืžืฉืœื™ ื›ื‘:ื›ื

We therefore believe that ืงืฉื˜ in Hebrew would denote moral truth rather than logical truth, indicative of the directing of all oneโ€™s energies to the moral goals that have been set by G-d.

Hirsch Psalms, LX:6

So I would read our psukim as โ€œYou have given us Your moral truth as our banner; that is why You will save usโ€. We need to come back to the morality of Torah.

ื”ืงื•ืฉื˜ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

ืืœืฉื™ืš ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื ืก:ื•

ื— ืืœืงื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื“ืฉื• ืืขืœื–ื”; ืื—ืœืงื” ืฉื›ื; ื•ืขืžืง ืกื›ื•ืช ืืžื“ื“ืƒ
ื˜ ืœื™ ื’ืœืขื“ ื•ืœื™ ืžื ืฉื” ื•ืืคืจื™ื ืžืขื•ื– ืจืืฉื™; ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื—ืงืงื™ืƒ
ื™ ืžื•ืื‘ ืกื™ืจ ืจื—ืฆื™ ืขืœ ืื“ื•ื ืืฉืœื™ืš ื ืขืœื™; ืขืœื™ ืคืœืฉืช ื”ืชืจื•ืขืขื™ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืก

David then retells ื”ืณ's promise to him: he would rule all of Israel, including the ื’ืœืขื“ (east of the Jordan) and ืžื ืฉื” ื•ืืคืจื™ื (the children of Rachel), ruling from ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. And I (David) will rule over ืžื•ืื‘,โ€Ž ืื“ื•ื and ืคืœืฉืช. (Note that ืืจื isnโ€™t listed; we discussed that the Sifrei says of the invasion of ืืจื,โ€Ž โ€ื“ื•ื“ ืขืฉื” ืฉืœื ื›ืชื•ืจื”โ€œ)


But thatโ€™s not how it worked out:

ื™ื ืžื™ ื™ื‘ืœื ื™ ืขื™ืจ ืžืฆื•ืจ; ืžื™ ื ื—ื ื™ ืขื“ ืื“ื•ืืƒ
ื™ื‘ ื”ืœื ืืชื” ืืœืงื™ื ื–ื ื—ืชื ื•; ื•ืœื ืชืฆื ืืœืงื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืื•ืชื™ื ื•ืƒ
ื™ื’ ื”ื‘ื” ืœื ื• ืขื–ืจืช ืžืฆืจ; ื•ืฉื•ื ืชืฉื•ืขืช ืื“ืืƒ
ื™ื“ ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ื ืขืฉื” ื—ื™ืœ; ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ืก ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืก

We quoted the version of ืคืกื•ืง ื™ื in ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงื— above, translating it as a reference to ื’ืœื•ืช, โ€who has brought me to the fortified cityโ€œ? This is Davidโ€™s request: after the loss in battle, โ€œwho will lead me to besiege Edom if ื”ืณ has abandoned us?โ€

If we depend on our own strength, then we will lose. David learns that lesson; ืื‘ืฉื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ื”ื›ื” ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจ ืืœืฃ. But it was an expensive lesson.

ืคืจืืงื˜ื™ืง ืฉื•ืœืข ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืฉื•ืœืข ืื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื– ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ.

Yiddish proverb