After Davidโs wars in Aram, with all the miracles implied in ืชืืืืื ืกื, the text sums up:
ืื ืื ืืชื ืืงืืืฉ ืืืื ืืื ืืืณ ืขื ืืืกืฃ ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืงืืืฉ ืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืฉื
ืื ืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืขืืื ืืืคืืฉืชืื ืืืขืืืง ืืืฉืื ืืืืขืืจ ืื ืจืื ืืื ืฆืืืื
There are five wars mentioned here; ืืจื (of which ืืืืขืืจ ืืื ืฆืืื is part), ืคืืฉืชืื and ืืืื we just saw in our perek. ืขืืืง was actually a war from back in ืฉืืืื ื:
ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืฃ ืืขื ืืขืจื ืืืืจืชื; ืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืืฉ ืื ืื ืืจืืข ืืืืช ืืืฉ ื ืขืจ ืืฉืจ ืจืืื ืขื ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืื
โฆื ืืืงื ืืื ืืช ืื ืืฆืื ืืืืงืจ; ื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืืงื ื ืืืื ืืืืืจื ืื ืฉืื ืืืื
ืขืืื we havenโt seen yet. The war with ืขืืื is intimately tied to the story of Batsheva and will occupy a good part of the next section of ืฉืืืื ื.
Thereโs a war missing here, that is mentioned in the parallel verse in ืืืจื ืืืืื:
ืื ืืชื ืืงืืืฉ ืืืื ืืืื ืืืณ ืขื ืืืกืฃ ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืขืืื ืืืคืืฉืชืื ืืืขืืืงื
Whatโs the story with ืืืื? Thatโs where the text goes next.
ืื ืืืขืฉ ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืื ืืืืืชื ืืช ืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืขืฉืจ ืืืฃื
ืื ืืืฉื ืืืืื ื ืฆืืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ื ืฆืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืื; ืืืืฉืข ืืณ ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื
13 And David got him a name when he returned from smiting the Arameans in the Valley of Salt even eighteen thousand men.
14 And he put garrisons in Edom; throughout all Edom put he garrisons and all the Edomites became servants to Davidื And the LORD gave victory to David whithersoever he went.
Two questions arise: what are the Arameans doing in โthe Valley of Saltโ which is presumably the Dead Sea valley? And where does Edom fit in? If the Valley of Salt is in fact in Aram (and is not the Dead Sea) then Edom is far away.
The 1985 JPS translation takes its cue from the Septuagint:
ฮฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮฟแฝทฮทฯฮตฮฝ ฮฮฑฯ
ฮนฮด แฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮฝ ฯฯ แผฮฝฮฑฮบแฝฑฮผฯฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯแฝฑฯฮฑฮพฮตฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฮดฮฟฯ
ฮผฮฑแฝทฮฑฮฝ แผฮฝ ฮฮฑฮนฮผฮตฮปฮต ฮตแผฐฯ แฝฮบฯฯฮบฮฑแฝทฮดฮตฮบฮฑ ฯฮนฮปฮนแฝฑฮดฮฑฯ.
And David made [himself] a name. And when he returned he struck Edom in Gebelem to [the number of] eighteen thousand.
David gained fame when he returned from defeating Edom in the Valley of Salt, 18,000 in all.
They emend the text from ืึฒืจึธื to ืึฑืึนื. This solves the textual questions, and corresponds to the parallel text in ืืืจื ืืืืื:
ืื ืืืืฉื ืื ืฆืจืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืขืฉืจ ืืืฃื
ืื ืืืฉื ืืืืื ื ืฆืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืื; ืืืืฉืข ืืณ ืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื
(I donโt have a problem with the change from ืืื to ืืืฉื ืื ืฆืจืืื; David was the king and ืืืฉื was one of his generals)
But I donโt like emendations that are proposed only to solve our lack of understanding.
A police officer sees a drunken man intently searching the ground near a lamppost and asks him the goal of his quest. The inebriate replies that he is looking for his car keys, and the officer helps for a few minutes without success then he asks whether the man is certain that he dropped the keys near the lamppost.
โNo,โ is the reply, โI lost the keys somewhere across the street.โ โWhy look here?โ asks the surprised and irritated officer. โThe light is much better here,โ the intoxicated man responds with aplomb.
And we know (ืืืืื ื,ื) that ืืืดื edited the Septuagint specifically to eliminate textual difficulties. So Iโd rather read ืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื as written, and put a comma in there: โAnd David made a name for himself, when he returned from smiting the Arameans, in the Valley of Saltโ. He didnโt smite the Arameans in ืืื ืืื. The battle of ืืื ืืื happened after the battle of ืืจื. Davidโs army did not return home, but headed south:
ืืฉืืื: ืจืดื ืขื ืื ืืื ืขืืฃ ืืืืข ืืืืืืช ืืจื, ืขืืดื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืณ.
ืืฉืขื ืฉืฉืื ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืจื ื ืืจืื ืืืืจื ืฆืืื, ืคืืข ืืืืืืืื; ืืงืฉ ืืื ืืโฆ (ืชืืืืื ืก:ื)โืืืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืณโ, ืืืจ ืืืื ืื ื ืืจืื ืืช ืืืื ืขืืฉื ืืื ืื ื ืืืฆืืื ืืืืจืชื ื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืชืื ืืื ื ื ืื ืืืชื ืขื ืฉื ืืืืฉ ืืช ืืจื ืื ืืืืจ ืขืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืชืื ืืืฉื ืืืื ืืื.
So according to the Midrash, the southern campaign was fundamentally ืืืื's idea (even though he only appears in the account in ืชืืืืื, not ืืืจื ืืืืื or ืฉืืืื). And he assumes that he needs to attack Edom. I think that there was a โManifest Destinyโ mindset in Davidโs army. Israel was destined to rule over all the surrounding lands:
ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืจืช ืืณ ืืช ืืืจื ืืจืืช ืืืืจ; ืืืจืขื ื ืชืชื ืืช ืืืจืฅ ืืืืช ืื ืืจ ืืฆืจืื ืขื ืื ืืจ ืืืื ื ืืจ ืคืจืชื
ืื ืืช ืืงืื ื ืืืช ืืงื ืื ืืืช ืืงืืื ืื
ื ืืืช ืืืชื ืืืช ืืคืจืื ืืืช ืืจืคืืืื
ืื ืืืช ืืืืจื ืืืช ืืื ืขื ื ืืืช ืืืจืืฉื ืืืช ืืืืืกืื
ืืช ืืงืื ื: ืขืฉืจ ืืืืืช ืืฉ ืืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืื, ืืืฉืืฉื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืื, ืืื ืงืื ื ืงื ืืื ืืงืืืื ื ืขืชืืืื ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉื ืืขืชืื, ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืฉืขืื ืื:ืื) ืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืขืืื ืืฉืืขืชื.
And the order of the wars (ืคืืฉืช,โ ืืืื,โ ืืจื then ืืืื) reflects this:
ืื ืืื ื ืืณ ื ืฆื ืขืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ื ืืณ ืืืงื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืงื ืืฆืืง; ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืฉืื ืขืืื ืื ืืชื ื ื ืืืืจืขืื
ืื ืืืื ืืจืขื ืืขืคืจ ืืืจืฅ ืืคืจืฆืช ืืื ืืงืืื ืืฆืคื ื ืื ืืื; ืื ืืจืื ืื ืื ืืฉืคืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจืขืื
So we can understand why the summary pasuk of ืืืกืฃ ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืงืืืฉ ืืื ืืืืื doesnโt include Edom: this was a different sort of war.
But now we need to look at the corresponding ืคืจืง ืชืืืืื:
ื ืืื ืฆื ืขื ืฉืืฉื ืขืืืช; ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืืื
ื ืืืฆืืชื ืืช ืืจื ื ืืจืื ืืืช ืืจื ืฆืืื;
ืืืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืื ืขืฉืจ ืืืฃื
Here the general is ืืืื , not ืืืฉื, and the number dead is 12,000, not 18,000.
The Midrash suggests that these are describing two separate wars:
ืืชืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืื ืขืฉืจ ืืืฃ ืืืชืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืขืฉืจ ืืืฃ, ืืื ืฉืชื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืฉื ืื ืขืฉืจ ืืืฃ ืืืืช ืฉื ืฉืื ื ืขืฉืจ ืืืฃ.
Similarly the Malbim (as his second suggestion):
ืืืดื ืืดื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ื ืคืขืืื, ืคืขื ืืดื ืืืฃ ืืคืขื ืืดื ืืืฃ, ืืื ืืขืช ืืืดื ืืชื ืืืื (ืืืจืื), ืืขืืดื โืืืฉื ืืืืื ื ืฆืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ื ืฆืืืืโ, ืฉืฉื ื ืฆืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืฉื ืืืื ืืืฉื ื ืฆืืืื ืืื ืืืื.
Most commentators try to combine the three accounts, with an alliance of ืืจื and ืืืื:
ื ืจืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืชื ืืฉืืืชื ืืืืืช ืืจื ืื ืื ืืชืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืฆืืชื ืืช ืืจื ื ืืจืื ืืืช ืืจื ืฆืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืดื ืืืฃ. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืกืคืจ [ืฉืืืื] ืืจื ืืจืดื ืืืฉืจ ืขืืื ืืื ืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืืณ ืืกืคืจืื [ืืืจื ืืืืื ืืชืืืืื] ืืืื ืืจืดื ืืืฉืจ ืขืืื ืืื ืืจื. ืืืืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืฉื ืขืฉื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืดื ืืืฃ ืืืชืืืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืดื ืืืฃ ืืืฉ, ืืืืฉื ืขืฉื ืชืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืณ ืืืคืื ืืืืดื ืขืฉื ืขืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืดื ืืืฃ; ืืื ืฉืืชืื ืืชืืืืื โืืืฉื ืืืืโ ืืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืฉื. ืืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืฉื ืืืืฉื ืืคื ืฉืืื ืืื ืชืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจ ืื ืืืดื ืืืฃ ืขื ืฉืื. ืืืื ืืกืคืจ [ืฉืืืื] ืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืขืืงืจ.
Thatโs telling a very complicated story. I want to tell a different one, that focuses on ืชืืืืื.
The perek starts:
ื ืืื ืฆื ืขื ืฉืืฉื ืขืืืช; ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืืื
ื ืืืฆืืชื ืืช ืืจื ื ืืจืื ืืืช ืืจื ืฆืืื;
ืืืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืื ืขืฉืจ ืืืฃื
This was a song on a โshoshanโ, presumably a musical instrument:
ืฉืืฉื: ืฉื ืืื ื ืืื ืขืฉืืื ืืชืืื ืช ืฉืืฉื.
And it is an ืขืืืช and ืืืื:
ืืืขื ืืืื ืฉืฆืืื ืฉืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืจืจืื ืืืืืืจ ืชืืื ืืกื ืืฉื ืฉืืืจื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืจ ืฉื ืืืฉ.
And that is critical for understanding the perek. Itโs not a song of victory; itโs a lament and a prayer for salvation after defeat:
ื ืืืงืื ืื ืืชื ื ืคืจืฆืชื ื; ืื ืคืช ืชืฉืืื ืื ืื
ื ืืจืขืฉืชื ืืจืฅ ืคืฆืืชื; ืจืคื ืฉืืจืื ืื ืืืื
ื ืืจืืืช ืขืื ืงืฉื; ืืฉืงืืชื ื ืืื ืชืจืขืืื
And that is how we translated ืืืชื: a bloodstain.
ืืื ืฆื ืื ืชืฉืืช ืืืื ืืืชื: ืืฉืื ืฉืืื;
ืืืฉืืจื ืืช ืืืืช ืืืืืชืื
A ืืืชื is a reflection on spilling blood, the indelible nature of bloodstains. Half of the ืืืชื ืชืืืืืโ are ืื ืชืฉืืช, a prayer to avoid violence.
And that connects to this perek as addressed ืืื ืฆื:
[ื ืฆื] the the manifestation of ืืณโs hand in history. In the words of Aish Hatorahโs Kabbalah 101, โNetzach refers to actions of G-d that are chesed, โkindness,โ in essence, but are presented through a prelude of harshnessโ.
What happened in the battle of ืืื ืืื?
I think to answer that we have to look at the Targum on this perek. But first we have to understand what the ืชืจืืื ืชืืืืื is (and what it is not). There are two โauthorizedโ translations of ืชื ืดื, from the time of the ืชื ืืื:
ืืืืจ ืจืื ืืจืืื ืืืืชืืื ืจืื ืืืื ืืจ ืืื: ืชืจืืื ืฉื ืชืืจื ืืื ืงืืืก ืืืจ ืืืจื ืืคื ืจืณ ืืืืขืืจ ืืจืณ ืืืืฉืข, ืชืจืืื ืฉื ื ืืืืื ืืื ืชื ืื ืขืืืืื ืืืจื, ืืคื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืขืืขื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืจืืข ืืืืช ืคืจืกื ืขื ืืจืืข ืืืืช ืคืจืกื. ืืฆืชื ืืช ืงืื ืืืืจื: ืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืืื ืกืชืจืื ืืื ื ืืื?
ืขืื ืืื ืชื ืื ืขืืืืื ืขื ืจืืืื ืืืืจ: ืื ื ืืื ืฉืืืืืชื ืกืชืจืื ืืื ื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืืืข ืืคื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืขืฉืืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื, ืืื ืืืืืื ืขืฉืืชื, ืฉืื ืืจืื ืืืืืงืืช ืืืฉืจืื.
ืืขืื ืืืงืฉ ืืืืืช ืชืจืืื ืฉื ืืชืืืื, ืืฆืชื ืืช ืงืื ืืืืจื ืื: ืืืื! ืืื ืืขืื? ืืฉืื ืืืืช ืืื ืงืฅ ืืฉืื.
So there is no โofficialโ targum on ืืชืืืื. But people certainly translated them, and we have a number of ืชืจืืืืื on ืชื ืดื, many of which contain more aggadic expansions than the standard ืชืจืืื ืืื ืงืืืก and ืชืจืืื ืืื ืชื. As an aside, one of these, called ืชืจืืื ืืจืืฉืืื, is often printed in ืืงืจืืืช ืืืืืืช. But it was labelled in early printings as ืชืดื, which was read as ืชืจืืื ืืื ืชื and often called that today. So smart people who want you to know how smart they are, will cite the โืชืจืืื ืืื ืชื ืขื ืืชืืจืโas โTargum Pseudo-Jonathanโ. The Bar Ilan database calls it โืืชืจืืื ืืืืืืก ืืืื ืชืโ.
The original ืืงืจืืืช ืืืืืืช by Daniel Bomberg has a targum on ืชืืืืื, called ืชืจืืื ืจื ืืืกืฃ, attributed to the blind third-generation Amora,ืจื ืืืกืฃ ืืจ ืืืืโ:
ืืืืชืจืื ืจื ืืืกืฃ: ื ืงื ืจื ืืืกืฃ ืืคื ืฉืืื ืืงื ืืชืจืืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืขื ืืื ื ืชืจืืื ืืื ืืืคืืจืฉ ืืขืืื ืืคื ืฉืืื ืกืื ื ืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืชื ืื ืืชื ืจืฉืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืคื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืชืจืืื ืืืฉืื ืขืช ืืขืฉืืช ืืืจ ืืชื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืขืช ืืขืฉืืช ืืืื ืืื.
That would put it in the fourth century CE. Thereโs one interesting bit of internal evidence for its date.
ืื ืืืื ื ืขืืจ ืืืฆืจ; ืื ื ืื ื ืขื ืืืืื
ืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืชื ืขื ืืจืื ืชืงืืคื ืื ืืืจื ื ืขื ืืืืื
But the Bomberg version explicits mentions Rome and Constantinople:
ืึผืึฐืืึผื ืึฐืึธืึดืืช ืึธื ืืึนืึดืื ืึธืชึดื ืขึทื ืึผึฐืจึทืึธื ืึฐืจืึนืึดื ืจึทืฉึผึดืืขึธื ืึธื ืึทืึนึทืจึฐื ึดื ืขึทื ืงืึผืฉืึฐื ึฐืึดืื ึธื ืึถึผืึฑืืึนื
Similarly in manuscript:
ืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืชื ืขื ืืจืื ืืจืืื ืจืฉืืขืชื ืืื ืืืจื ื ืขื ืงืืฉืื ืืื ื ืืืืืื
Now Constantinople became the capital of the eastern half of the Roman empire in 330 CE, and Rome (the city) fell as capital of the empire in 476, so presumably the ืชืจืืื ืชืืืืื was written between those dates.
So the ืชืจืืื ืชืืืืื isnโt as โauthoritativeโ as ืชืจืืื ืืื ืงืืืก, but it has some historic validity.
So how does the Targum render our perek?
ืื ืื ืฉ ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืขืืจ ืขื ืืืืจ ืกืืืืชื ืืืืื ืขื ืืจื ืื ืขื ืฆืืื ืืื ืืชืจ ืื ืชื ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืื ืื ืคืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืชืจืืกืจ ืืืคืื.
The twelve thousand were the Israelite soldiers who died. Yoav attacked Edom after the glorious victory in Aram, and lost. Thatโs why ืชืืืืื ืก is a lament. Avishai and his victory, with the eighteen thousand enemy casualties, came after. And it goes further:
ืื ืืืงื ืืณ ืฉืื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืื; ืืืจืข ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื
ืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืื ืฉืจ ืืฆืื ืืงืืจ ืืช ืืืืืื; ืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืืืื
ืื ืื ืฉืฉืช ืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืืจืืช ืื ืืืจ ืืืืืื
ืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืฆืจืื; ืืืื ื ืขืจ ืงืืื
ืื ืืืงืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืคืืจื; ืืืงืื ืื ืฉืื ืขืื ืืคืืจื ืืืืื ืืฆืจืื ืื ืคืจืขื ืืื ืืฆืจืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืจ ืื ืืืจืฅ ื ืชื ืืื
So when David finally takes Edom, Yoav slaughters all the men over the course of six months. The Yerushalmi notes this as a failure of David and Yoav:
ืืชืื (ืืืืื ื ื:ืื) โืืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืื ืขื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืืจืืขืื ืฉื ื ืืืืณโ ืืืชืื (ืฉืืืื ื ื) โืืืืจืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืฉืืข ืฉื ืื ืืฉืฉื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืฉืื ืืฉืืฉ ืฉื ื ืขื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืโ ืืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืคืจื ืืชืืจืืโฆืื ืจืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืจืืื ืืืืข ืืืฉืืื ืืืืขืโฆืจื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืื ืืืชื ืฉืฉื ืืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืคื ื ืืืฉืืื ืื ื ืืฉืขืืจื ืืื ืืชืืคืจ ืืืืืื. ืืดืจ ืืืื ืื ืจืณ ืฉืืื ืืชืื (ืืืืื ื ืื:ืื) โืื ืฉืฉืช ืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืืโ. ืืืจ ืื ืืงืืดื: ืื ื ืืืจืชื ืื (ืืืจืื ื:ื) โืื ืชืชืืจื ืืโ ืืืืงืฉืช ืืืชืืจืืช ืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ื ื ืืื ืื ืื.
Another point. ืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื says ืึทืึผึทืขึทืฉื ืึผึธืึดื ืฉืึตื, David made a name (presumably meaning โbecame famousโ). What was that fame? He was already famous:
ื ืืขืชื ืื ืชืืืจ ืืขืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืณ ืฆืืืืช ืื ื ืืงืืชืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืฆืื ืืืืืช ื ืืื ืขื ืขืื ืขื ืืฉืจืืื
ื ืืืืื ืขืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืช ืืืืจืชื ืืช ืื ืืืืื ืืคื ืื; ืืขืฉืชื ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืฉื ืืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืฅื
Rashi (and many others) says David became famous for his ืืกื:
ืืืขืฉ ืืื ืฉื: ืฉืงืืจ ืืช ืืืจืืืื ืฉืืจื ืืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืงืืืจืื ืืช ืืืืืืื. ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืื (ืืืืงืื ืื:ืื) ืึฐืงึธืึฐืจืึผ ืึผึธื ืขึทื ืึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ืึฐืึธืึธื ืึธืึถื ืึฐืฉืึตื. ืืื ืื ืฉืงืืจื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืกืคืจ ืืืืื (ื ืื:ืื) ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืื ืฉืจ ืืฆืื ืืงืืจ ืืช ืืืืืื.
ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืงืื ืฉื ืงืืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืื ืืขืืจืื ืงืืืช ืืื ืืืกืืช ืืื ืืช ืืขืืจืื; ืืงืืจื ืฉื ืืช ืืื ืืืช ืื ืืืื ื ืืงืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื
ืื ืืงืืจืื ืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืขื ืืืจ ืืช ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืขื ืืืฉืืื
ืื ืืงืืจื ืื ืขื ืืืจืฅ ืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืื ื ืืณื
But I would propose that the ืฉื here is the opposite: this was the first defeat of Davidโs army. This was the Yom Kippur War to ืืืืืช ืืจ ืืืฉื's Six Day War. The ืฉื was that, even though they eked out a victory in the end, the Israelites could be defeated. And that will affect the war with Amon that is coming in chapter 10.
ื ืืืงืื ืื ืืชื ื ืคืจืฆืชื ื; ืื ืคืช ืชืฉืืื ืื ืื
ื ืืจืขืฉืชื ืืจืฅ ืคืฆืืชื; ืจืคื ืฉืืจืื ืื ืืืื
ื ืืจืืืช ืขืื ืงืฉื; ืืฉืงืืชื ื ืืื ืชืจืขืืื
The perek describes how ืืณ abandoned us in His anger; ืืจืขืฉืชื ืืจืฅ, โYou made the land quakeโ is in contrast to ืืืืืช ืืจ ืืืฉื, where the land also quaked:
ื ืืจืฅ ืจืขืฉื ืืฃ ืฉืืื ื ืืคื ืืคื ื ืืืงืื;
ืื ืกืื ื ืืคื ื ืืืงืื ืืืงื ืืฉืจืืื
โฆืื ืึพืื ื ืืชื ืืืจ; ืืืืฉืจืืช ืฆืื ืจืื
ืื ืืืื ืฆืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื; ืื ืืช ืืืช ืชืืืง ืฉืืื
โืืืื ืืจื ืโ ืื ืืื ืืืจืืข ืงืคืืฆืืช ืฉืงืคืฆื ืืืจืฅโฆืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจโฆโืืจืขืฉืช ืืจืฅ ืคืฆืืชื ืจืคื ืฉืืจืื ืื ืืืโ, ืืืื ืฉืืงืคืืฅ ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืช ืืืจืฅ ืืืืื ืืืืืืฉื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืื.
This is hard to deal with (ืืจืืืช ืขืื ืงืฉื) and weโve become numb:
ืืื ืชืจืขืื: ืืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืขืืืคื ืจืขื ืืฉืื ืขืืืคื ืืื ืืื (ื ืืื ื:ื) ืึฐืึทืึผึฐืจึนืฉืึดืื ืึธืจึฐืขึธืืึผ.
But ืืืื ืื usually means โinsensitiveโ, applying to the feelings of others. Thatโs the โnumbnessโ that David refers to.
We can forgive the Arabs for killing our children. We cannot forgive them for forcing us to kill their children.
ื ื ืชืชื ืืืจืืื ื ืก ืืืชื ืืกืก ืืคื ื ืงืฉื ืกืืื
ื ืืืขื ืืืืฆืื ืืืืืื; ืืืฉืืขื ืืืื ื ืืขื ื ื (ืืขื ื ื)ื
Hirsch points out that ืงืฉื means โtruthโ in Aramaic, but it only appears in ืชื ืดื twice, here and in ืืฉืื, and analyzes it in context:
ืึฐืืึนืึดืืขึฒืึธ ืงึนืฉืึฐืึฐ ืึดืึฐืจึตื ืึฑืึถืช; ืึฐืึธืฉืึดืื ืึฒืึธืจึดืื ืึฑืึถืช ืึฐืฉืึนืึฐืึถืืึธื
We therefore believe that ืงืฉื in Hebrew would denote moral truth rather than logical truth, indicative of the directing of all oneโs energies to the moral goals that have been set by G-d.
So I would read our psukim as โYou have given us Your moral truth as our banner; that is why You will save usโ. We need to come back to the morality of Torah.
ืืงืืฉื ืืื ืืชืืจื.
ื ืืืงืื ืืืจ ืืงืืฉื ืืขืืื; ืืืืงื ืฉืื; ืืขืืง ืกืืืช ืืืืื
ื ืื ืืืขื ืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืคืจืื ืืขืื ืจืืฉื; ืืืืื ืืืงืงืื
ื ืืืื ืกืืจ ืจืืฆื ืขื ืืืื ืืฉืืื ื ืขืื; ืขืื ืคืืฉืช ืืชืจืืขืขืื
David then retells ืืณ's promise to him: he would rule all of Israel, including the ืืืขื (east of the Jordan) and ืื ืฉื ืืืคืจืื (the children of Rachel), ruling from ืืืืื. And I (David) will rule over ืืืื,โ ืืืื and ืคืืฉืช. (Note that ืืจื isnโt listed; we discussed that the Sifrei says of the invasion of ืืจื,โ โืืื ืขืฉื ืฉืื ืืชืืจืโ)
But thatโs not how it worked out:
ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืขืืจ ืืฆืืจ; ืื ื ืื ื ืขื ืืืืื
ืื ืืื ืืชื ืืืงืื ืื ืืชื ื; ืืื ืชืฆื ืืืงืื ืืฆืืืืชืื ืื
ืื ืืื ืื ื ืขืืจืช ืืฆืจ; ืืฉืื ืชืฉืืขืช ืืืื
ืื ืืืงืืื ื ืขืฉื ืืื; ืืืื ืืืืก ืฆืจืื ืื
We quoted the version of ืคืกืืง ืื in ืชืืืืื ืงื above, translating it as a reference to ืืืืช, โwho has brought me to the fortified cityโ? This is Davidโs request: after the loss in battle, โwho will lead me to besiege Edom if ืืณ has abandoned us?โ
If we depend on our own strength, then we will lose. David learns that lesson; ืืืฉื ืื ืฆืจืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืขืฉืจ ืืืฃ. But it was an expensive lesson.
ืคืจืืงืืืง ืฉืืืข ืืื ืื ืืขืกืืข ืฉืืืข ืืืขืจ ืื ืคืจืืื ืืื ืืืืขืจ ืืืืขืจ.