After all the wars, there is a short paragraph that seems like a summary of ספר שמואל and מלכות דוד:
The parallel in דברי הימים helps explain some of the ambiguous phrases but is otherwise identical:
This looks like the end of the book. But we still have 16 chapters to go! Why end here? And even more oddly, there’s a similar ending in פרק כ:
I think that our psukim are in fact the ending of this book. ספר שמואל is thematically a trilogy. Volume one is the story of Samuel, ending with (שמואל א טו:לה) ולא יסף שמואל לראות את שאול…ה׳ נחם כי המליך את שאול על ישראל and פרק טז, which is an epilogue that introduces David (note that David isn’t really a main character in that chapter; he has no lines and just stands passively). Volume two is the story of David and his quest to build the מקדש, and ends here. There’s an epilogue in פרק ט that parallels a similar epilogue in פרק כא (and I would argue is actually the same incident). From פרק י through פרק כ is the story of Bat Sheva and the consequences of that story, then the remainder of ספר שמואל are appendices and an epilogue to that volume.
As “Rashi” puts it, after all the wars of פרק ח, David has to get down to the business of ruling:
So our psukim really are the summary of מלכות דוד. His story, in a real sense, ends here. I’d like to go through it in detail, but in reverse order, culminating with ויהי דוד עשה משפט וצדקה לכל עמו.
בני דוד כהנים
What does it mean to say that בני דוד were כהנים? Clearly they were not descendants of אהרון הכהן, and the parallel in דברי הימים spells it out: ובני דויד הראשנים ליד המלך. The word כהן means “to serve in a position of authority”:
Similarly, we have others in תנ״ך called כהנים:
But using the term כהנים implies something more that “ministers of state”; there is a metaphor to the literal כהנים:
So it implies they had some sense of G-d-given authority, a hint to their attitude of the divine right of kings. And that foreshadows the problems that are to come:
By the end of volume three, David’s sons are no longer כהנים:
בניהו בן יהוידע והכרתי והפלתי
The parallel in דברי הימים tells us בניהו בן יהוידע על הכרתי והפלתי; בניהו was in charge of the כרתי ופלתי. Who was בניהו and what were the כרתי ופלתי?
בניהו 'was one of David’s גבורים, one of his band when he was on the run from Saul and who formed the core of his army:
בניהו was a כהן (the genetic kind, descended from אהרון). His father had been כהן גדול:
And תנ״ך emphasizes the fact that he was a כהן:
But he never serves in the עבודה. Under David he is in charge of הכרתי והפלתי (which we have yet to define) and under Shlomo he is in charge of the army:
So his father was כהן גדול but he is not. We don’t have an explanation, but I think his re-assignment is related to the fact that he was a soldier. A man of war cannot be a man of peace.
This has implications להלכה:
Now, technically, killing as part of army service is not a כהן שהרג את הנפש to disqualify the Kohen from נשיאת כפעם:
And the עבודה is different:
But there is still something wrong about it:
So בניהו was put into a position that was more appropriate for him: וישמהו דוד אל משמעתו.
And he was על הכרתי והפלתי. What’s that?
The Targum assumes they were a military force: the archers and slingers:
Some assume they are names of families or nations:
But that doesn’t help us (it may have been obvious to contemporary readers); why those families? What did they do?
The gemara assumes that they are part of the civil administration of David; what it calls the Sanhedrin:
The expression מופלאים בהוראה comes from the original description of the Sanhedrin:
I like that explanation; it seems to fit in context better than a military one. The other mentions of the כרתי ופלתי are less clear. They run from Jerusalem with David during Avshalom’s rebellion:
That could go either way.
They go with the army during the rebellion of שבע בן בכרי; that sounds military:
And they designate Shlomo as the heir apparent to David; that sounds judicial:
We’ll have to leave is as a “צריך עיון”.
שריה סופר
I don’t have much to say about שְׂרָיָה except to note that he seems to have had a lot of names:
I assume the names had some significance but none of the commentators express an opinion about what each means.
צדוק בן אחיטוב ואחימלך בן אביתר כהנים
These are the “real” כהנים.
We saw above יהוידע הנגיד לאהרן, presumably the כהן גדול, and צדוק נער גבור חיל was a “young turk”, an up-and-coming leader of the כהנים. Where does אחימלך come in? It starts with his father אביתר:
אביתר had the אפוד, and served David as his כהן גדול during his time on the run. In שמואל א פרק כח it says that Saul inquired of the אורים, so presumably יהוידע, the כהן גדול in the משכן in גבעון, had an אפוד with אוריים ותומים. When it comes time to move to Jerusalem, David appoints אביתר and צדוק as co-כהנים גדולים:
It’s not clear where אביתר is serving, but he is clearly serving in some important role in the time of Shlomo, since Shlomo fires him for supporting Adoniah:
But our pasuk has אחימלך בן אביתר, his son. What is he doing here? The JPS just gives up:
But that isn’t really right, since אחימלך בן אביתר had a role as well:
So the מצודת דוד explains that in fact אביתר was the כהן גדול and צדוק and אחימלך were secondsin-command:
And that is why they are mentioned here. They were the kohanim who were in David’s inner circle, helping him administer his kingdom. אביתר's role was different, purely a religious role.
But at the end of “volume 3” of ספר שמואל he is part of the government:
But that is after he helps David escape from Avshalom, which a story for later:
יהושפט בן אחילוד מזכיר
Like שריה סופר, we don’t know anything more about the role of the מזכיר:
יואב בן צרויה על הצבא
We’ve talked about Yoav a lot so far. He’s David’s general of the army and chief enforcer. He’s also David’s nephew:
Interestingly, he is always בן צרויה. We don’t know the name of his father.
He’s been with David since his days on the run, and represented David when he was king of Judah:
But he was bloodthirsty, and stepped over the line multiple times, but David needed him:
His death was as gory as his life:
Now, that’s very negative view of Yoav, but we have to realize how important he was.
Ancient Israel did not have a Posse Comitatus Act. Yoav was head of both the Department of Defense and the Department of Justice. He was a critical part of David’s administration. Our paragraph focuses on that, and I think that is what is being mentioned here. יואב בן צרויה על הצבא means יואב בן צרויה על השטרים. This is the context of that pasuk:
And we mentioned צדוק בן אחיטוב ואחימלך בן אביתר כהנים for this role as well, not so much for their role in the עבודה but their role in משפט וצדקה. It’s a role that we don’t usually think about:
The kohanim are the keepers of the original ספר תורה:
The kohanim continue to have this role:
And this gives another perspective on שריה סופר:
We use the term “דברי סופרים” in general for מצוות דרבנן, but the סופר technically is the one who understands the written law; i.e. the keeper of the תורה שבעל פה:
So this whole pasuk describes the keepers of the letter of the law, essential for any ממלכות משפט.
So we have the pieces of a Torah-based government here: מלך, שפטים ושטרים and כהן. Rabbi Shulman likes to cite the mnemonic “משכן”:
But note that there’s no נביא in our paragraph. That, I think, is intentional. There certainly were נביאים who confronted David, but they are not, and by definition cannot be a formal part of the government.
A moral society needs an institution that is outside the halls of government to remind the powers that be that they work for the people, not the other way around.
In a modern democracy, that role is filled by the media:
In ancient Israel, that role was the role of the נביא:
עושה משפט וצדקה
So what does that government look like? There was a nice parable on the 929 site on this perek:
The reference to אברהם is from ה׳‘s description of אברהם’s mission:
And that’s how we think of דוד המלך. He is the fulfillment of the rule of משפט וצדקה, of the Abrahamic mission. We’d like to see that movie but we don’t have it. We don’t have any examples of David governing with justice and charity. All we have are the stories of the לאומן אכזר. The only time his justice is mentioned, it is to subvert it:
We do have aggada:
And we have David’s expression of his internal mental state in תהילים:
But ויהי דוד עשה משפט וצדקה לכל עמו is all we get in the text. It’s like ותשקוט הארץ ארבעים שנה in שופטים. תנ״ך doesn’t deal with positive reinforcement, it only tells us where we’ve gone wrong.
There’s another aspect to משפט וצדקה that bears highlighting:
For a stable society, משפט must precede צדקה. We need laws to function, not the arbitrary decision of human beings, even if those decisions are just, since we can’t guarantee that the decisions will always meet our standards of justice. (ויקרא יט:טו) לא תעשו עול במשפט לא תשא פני דל.
And this is what ה׳ wanted from David. Not a בית המקדש, but a ממלכת משפט וצדקה:
I 'will conclude with Rav Bin Nun’s perspective on this perek, our glimpse into the kingdom of דוד המלך: