ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: Happily Ever After

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

After all the wars, there is a short paragraph that seems like a summary of ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ and ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื“ื•ื“:

ื˜ื• ื•ื™ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืขืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื›ืœ ืขืžื•ืƒ ื˜ื– ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื; ื•ื™ื”ื•ืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืœื•ื“ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจืƒ ื™ื– ื•ืฆื“ื•ืง ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ื™ืžืœืš ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ืชืจ ื›ื”ื ื™ื; ื•ืฉืจื™ื” ืกื•ืคืจืƒ ื™ื— ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืคืœืชื™; ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื—

The parallel in ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื helps explain some of the ambiguous phrases but is otherwise identical:

ื™ื“ ื•ื™ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืขืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื›ืœ ืขืžื•ืƒ ื˜ื• ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื; ื•ื™ื”ื•ืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืœื•ื“ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจืƒ ื˜ื– ื•ืฆื“ื•ืง ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืื‘ื™ืžืœืš ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ืชืจ ื›ื”ื ื™ื; ื•ืฉื•ืฉื ืกื•ืคืจืƒ ื™ื– ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืคืœืชื™; ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืžืœืšืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื™ื—

This looks like the end of the book. But we still have 16 chapters to go! Why end here? And even more oddly, thereโ€™s a similar ending in ืคืจืง ื›:

ื›ื’ ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ืืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ื‘ื ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ (ื”ื›ืจืชื™) ื•ืขืœ ื”ืคืœืชื™ืƒ ื›ื“ ื•ืื“ืจื ืขืœ ื”ืžืก; ื•ื™ื”ื•ืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืœื•ื“ ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจืƒ ื›ื” ื•ืฉื™ื (ื•ืฉื•ื) ืกืคืจ; ื•ืฆื“ื•ืง ื•ืื‘ื™ืชืจ ื›ื”ื ื™ืืƒ ื›ื• ื•ื’ื ืขื™ืจื ื”ื™ืืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื”ืŸ ืœื“ื•ื“ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื›

I think that our psukim are in fact the ending of this book. ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ is thematically a trilogy. Volume one is the story of Samuel, ending with (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื˜ื•:ืœื”)โ€Ž ื•ืœื ื™ืกืฃ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืฉืื•ืœโ€ฆื”ืณ ื ื—ื ื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื™ืš ืืช ืฉืื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ and ืคืจืง ื˜ื–, which is an epilogue that introduces David (note that David isnโ€™t really a main character in that chapter; he has no lines and just stands passively). Volume two is the story of David and his quest to build the ืžืงื“ืฉ, and ends here. Thereโ€™s an epilogue in ืคืจืง ื˜ that parallels a similar epilogue in ืคืจืง ื›ื (and I would argue is actually the same incident). From ืคืจืง ื™ through ืคืจืง ื› is the story of Bat Sheva and the consequences of that story, then the remainder of ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ are appendices and an epilogue to that volume. As โ€œRashiโ€ puts it, after all the wars of ืคืจืง ื—, David has to get down to the business of ruling:

ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื”: ืžืฉืš ืขืฆืžื• ืžืœื”ืœื—ื ืขื•ื“ ื•ืžืœืฆืืช ื•ืœื‘ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฆื“ืงื”.

ืจืฉืดื™, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื™ื—:ื™ื“

So our psukim really are the summary of ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื“ื•ื“. His story, in a real sense, ends here. Iโ€™d like to go through it in detail, but in reverse order, culminating with ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืขืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื›ืœ ืขืžื•.


ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื”ื ื™ื

What does it mean to say that ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ were ื›ื”ื ื™ื? Clearly they were not descendants of ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ, and the parallel in ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื spells it out: ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืžืœืš. The word ื›ื”ืŸ means โ€œto serve in a position of authorityโ€:

ื•ื”ืœื‘ืฉืช ืืชื ืืช ืื”ืจืŸ ืื—ื™ืš ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ืืชื•; ื•ืžืฉื—ืช ืืชื ื•ืžืœืืช ืืช ื™ื“ื ื•ืงื“ืฉืช ืืชื ื•ื›ื”ื ื• ืœื™ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื—:ืžื

Similarly, we have others in ืชื ืดืš called ื›ื”ื ื™ื:

ื•ื™ืงืจื ืคืจืขื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฆืคื ืช ืคืขื ื— ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืืช ืืกื ืช ื‘ืช ืคื•ื˜ื™ ืคืจืข ื›ื”ืŸ ืืŸ ืœืืฉื”; ื•ื™ืฆื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ืืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื:ืžื”

ื›ื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ: ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืฉื ืื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื•ืณืณื’ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื ื›ื™ ืื ืžืฉืจืช ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื™.

ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื, ืฉื

But using the term ื›ื”ื ื™ื implies something more that โ€œministers of stateโ€; there is a metaphor to the literal ื›ื”ื ื™ื:

ื›ื”ื ื™ื: ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืจืžื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืขืฆืžื.

ืืœืฉื™ืš ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—:ื™ื—

ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•: ื›ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืจื‘ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื• ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื•ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœื ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื–ืดืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื•ืœืžื” ืงืจืื ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืžื” ื›ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืจืืฉ ืืฃ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืจืืฉ.

ืจื“ืดืง, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—:ื™ื—

So it implies they had some sense of G-d-given authority, a hint to their attitude of the divine right of kings. And that foreshadows the problems that are to come:

ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•: ืจืดืœ ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ื ื” ื–ื” ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืกื‘ื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืจืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื• ืœื“ื•ื“ ื›ื™ ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ืœื ืžืจื“ ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืœื ื ื”ืจื’ ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืจืื” ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ืžื•ืกืจ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืœื ืงืจื” ืœื”ื ื›ืš.

ืจืœื‘ืดื’, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—:ื™ื—

By the end of volume three, Davidโ€™s sons are no longer ื›ื”ื ื™ื:

ื•ื’ื ืขื™ืจื ื”ื™ืืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื”ืŸ ืœื“ื•ื“ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื›:ื›ื•

ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืคืœืชื™

The parallel in ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื tells us ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืคืœืชื™;โ€Ž ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• was in charge of the ื›ืจืชื™ ื•ืคืœืชื™. Who was ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• and what were the ื›ืจืชื™ ื•ืคืœืชื™?

ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• 'was one of Davidโ€™s ื’ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, one of his band when he was on the run from Saul and who formed the core of his army:

ื› ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื—ื™ (ื—ื™ืœ) ืจื‘ ืคืขืœื™ื ืžืงื‘ืฆืืœ; ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื” ืืช ืฉื ื™ ืืจืืœ ืžื•ืื‘ ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื“ ื•ื”ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืืจื™ื” (ื”ืืจื™) ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื’ืƒ ื›ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื” ืืช ืื™ืฉ ืžืฆืจื™ ืืฉืจ (ืื™ืฉ) ืžืจืื” ื•ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ื™ืจื“ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜; ื•ื™ื’ื–ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื•ื™ื”ืจื’ื”ื• ื‘ื—ื ื™ืชื•ืƒ ื›ื‘ ืืœื” ืขืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข; ื•ืœื• ืฉื ื‘ืฉืœืฉื” ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืƒ ื›ื’ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ืืœ ื”ืฉืœืฉื” ืœื ื‘ื; ื•ื™ืฉืžื”ื• ื“ื•ื“
ืืœ ืžืฉืžืขืชื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื›ื’

ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• was a ื›ื”ืŸ (the genetic kind, descended from ืื”ืจื•ืŸ). His father had been ื›ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ:

ื“ ื•ืืœื” ืžืกืคืจื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ืฅ ืœืฆื‘ื ื‘ืื• ืขืœ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื—ื‘ืจื•ื ื”; ืœื”ืกื‘ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ืืœื™ื• ื›ืคื™ ื”ืณืƒ
ื›ื” ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื ืฉืื™ ืฆื ื” ื•ืจืžื— ืฉืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ืฆื‘ืืƒ
โ€ฆื›ื— ื•ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข ื”ื ื’ื™ื“ ืœืื”ืจืŸ; ื•ืขืžื• ืฉืœืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข ืžืื•ืชืƒ
ื›ื˜ ื•ืฆื“ื•ืง ื ืขืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ืœ; ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืจื™ื ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ืืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื™ื‘

And ืชื ืดืš emphasizes the fact that he was a ื›ื”ืŸ:

ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืกืคืจื ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉืจื™ ื”ืืœืคื™ื ื•ื”ืžืื•ืช ื•ืฉื˜ืจื™ื”ื ื”ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืœืš ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื” ื•ื”ื™ืฆืืช ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ื—ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื ื”; ื”ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืืœืฃืƒ

โ€ฆื” ืฉืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืจืืฉ; ื•ืขืœ ืžื—ืœืงืชื• ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืืœืฃืƒ ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœืฉื™ื; ื•ืžื—ืœืงืชื• ืขืžื™ื–ื‘ื“ ื‘ื ื•ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื›ื–

But he never serves in the ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. Under David he is in charge of ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืคืœืชื™ (which we have yet to define) and under Shlomo he is in charge of the army:

ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ืฉืœืžื” ืžืœืš ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ
ื‘ ื•ืืœื” ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื•; ืขื–ืจื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸืƒ
ื’ ืืœื™ื—ืจืฃ ื•ืื—ื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉื ืกืคืจื™ื;
ื™ื”ื•ืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืœื•ื“ ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจืƒ
ื“ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื;
ื•ืฆื“ื•ืง ื•ืื‘ื™ืชืจ ื›ื”ื ื™ืืƒ
ื” ื•ืขื–ืจื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ืฆื‘ื™ื;
ื•ื–ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื ืชืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ ืจืขื” ื”ืžืœืšืƒ
ื• ื•ืื—ื™ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช;
ื•ืื“ื ื™ืจื ื‘ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืƒ

ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื“

So his father was ื›ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ but he is not. We donโ€™t have an explanation, but I think his re-assignment is related to the fact that he was a soldier. A man of war cannot be a man of peace.

ื•ึผื‘ึฐืคึธืจึดืฉื‚ึฐื›ึถื ื›ึผึทืคึผึตื™ื›ึถื ืึทืขึฐืœึดื™ื ืขึตื™ื ึทื™ ืžึดื›ึผึถื ื’ึผึทื ื›ึผึดื™ ืชึทืจึฐื‘ึผื•ึผ ืชึฐืคึดืœึผึธื” ืึตื™ื ึถื ึผึดื™ ืฉืึนืžึตืขึท; ื™ึฐื“ึตื™ื›ึถื ื“ึผึธืžึดื™ื ืžึธืœึตืื•ึผืƒ

ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื: ื˜ื•

This has implications ืœื”ืœื›ื”:

ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’, ืœื ื™ืฉื ืืช ื›ืคื™ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืฉื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื”ื’ื”: ื•ื™ืดื ื“ืื ืขืฉื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื•ืฉื ื›ืคื™ื•, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืฉืœื ืœื ืขื•ืœ ื“ืœืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื, ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื ื”ื•ื’.

ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืคื™ื ื•ื ืคื™ืœืช ืืคื™ื ืงื›ื—:ืœื”

Now, technically, killing as part of army service is not a ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ to disqualify the Kohen from ื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืคืขื:

ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉื ืœืงื— ืœืฆื‘ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ืจื’ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื›ืฉืจ ืœื™ืฉื ื›ืคื™ื•, ื“ื”ื ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืื ืกื•ื”ื• ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืฉื ื•ืฉื ื›ืคื™ื• ื›ื“ืื™ืชืโ€ฆื”ืชื ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื”ืจื’ ื•ืืœ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื›ืดืค ืื ื•ืก ืฉืœื ื ืขื ืฉโ€ฆื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื™ืฉื ื›ืคื™ื•. ื•ืืดื› ื›ืดืฉ ื‘ื ืœืงื— ืœืฆื‘ื ืฉืื“ืจื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืœืš ืœืฆื‘ื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืขืฉื” ืฉื•ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ืฉืจืฉืื™ ื•ื’ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืฉื ืืช ื›ืคื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ.

ืฉื•ืดืช ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื” ื™ื•ืจื” ื“ืขื”, ื—ืœืง ื‘ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงื ื—

And the ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” is different:

ืฉื ืืžืจ ืžืขื ืžื–ื‘ื—ื™: ื•ืืคื™ืณ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื›ื”ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื™ื“ื—ื™ืช ื•ืืดืช ื“ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื™ื—ื” ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืื• ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืจืฆื™ื—ื” ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืœื ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื’ื‘ืจื ืœื ื—ื–ื™ ื›ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื“ืฃ ืœื‘,ื‘) ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืœื ื™ืฉื ื›ืคื™ื• ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื) ื™ื“ื™ื›ื ื“ืžื™ื ืžืœืื• ื•ื›ืดืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืดืœ ื“ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ื™ืš ื—ื–ื™ ื“ื”ื ืœื ืžื™ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื ื‘ืขืœืžื ื”ื•ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ืดืœ ื“ืฉืื ื™ ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืจื’ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ืงื˜ื™ื’ื•ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืกื ื™ื’ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ื•ื‘ืคืจื™ืฉื›ื ื›ืคื™ื›ื ืืขืœื™ื ืขื™ื ื™ ื•ื’ื•ืณ.

ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืœื”,ื‘

But there is still something wrong about it:

ื•ืื ืžื–ื‘ื— ืื‘ื ื™ื ืชืขืฉื” ืœื™ ืœื ืชื‘ื ื” ืืชื”ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืช; ื›ื™ ื—ืจื‘ืš ื”ื ืคืช ืขืœื™ื” ื•ืชื—ืœืœื”ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืช ื›:ื›ื‘

ืฉื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ื ื‘ืจื ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื, ื•ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื ื‘ืจื ืœืงืฆืจ ื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ื•ื ืฃ ื”ืžืงืฆืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืืจื™ืš. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœื ื™ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ื•ืจืช ื•ืžื—ื‘ืœ.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืฉื

So ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• was put into a position that was more appropriate for him: ื•ื™ืฉืžื”ื• ื“ื•ื“ ืืœ ืžืฉืžืขืชื•.

And he was ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืคืœืชื™. Whatโ€™s that?

The Targum assumes they were a military force: the archers and slingers:

ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึธื™ึธื”ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึทืจ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึนื™ึธื“ึธืข ืžึฐืžึทื ึธื ืขึทืœ ืงึทืฉืึฐืชึผึทื™ึธื ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ืงึทืœึฐืขึฒื™ึธืโ€ฆ

ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—:ื™ื—

Some assume they are names of families or nations:

ื•ื™ืดืž ื›ืจืชื™ ื•ืคืœืชื™ ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืกืจื™ื ืึพืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืœืš ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื ื™ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื.

ืจื“ืดืง, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—:ื™ื—

But that doesnโ€™t help us (it may have been obvious to contemporary readers); why those families? What did they do?

The gemara assumes that they are part of the civil administration of David; what it calls the Sanhedrin:

ืœื’ ื•ึทืึฒื—ึดื™ืชึนืคึถืœ ื™ื•ึนืขึตืฅ ืœึทืžึผึถืœึถืšึฐ; ื•ึฐื—ื•ึผืฉืึทื™ ื”ึธืึทืจึฐื›ึผึดื™ ืจึตืขึท ื”ึทืžึผึถืœึถืšึฐืƒ
ืœื“ ื•ึฐืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™ ืึฒื—ึดื™ืชึนืคึถืœ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึนื™ึธื“ึธืข ื‘ึผึถืŸ ื‘ึผึฐื ึธื™ึธื”ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืึถื‘ึฐื™ึธืชึธืจ ื•ึฐืฉื‚ึทืจ ืฆึธื‘ึธื ืœึทืžึผึถืœึถืšึฐ ื™ื•ึนืึธื‘ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื›ื–

(ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื›ื–) ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืื—ื™ืชื•ืคืœ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข ื•ืื‘ื™ืชืจ ื•ืฉืจ ืฆื‘ื ืœืžืœืš ื™ื•ืื‘ ืื—ื™ืชื•ืคืœ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื˜ื–) ื•ืขืฆืช ืื—ื™ืชื•ืคืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ืขืฅ ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข ื–ื• ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืื‘ื™ืชืจ ืืœื• ืื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ืžื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื™ื—) ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืคืœืชื™ ื•ืœืžื” ื ืงืจื ืฉืžืŸ ื›ืจืชื™ ื•ืคืœืชื™ ื›ืจืชื™ ืฉื›ื•ืจืชื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืคืœืชื™ ืฉืžื•ืคืœืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ืŸ. ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฉืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืœืžืœืš ื™ื•ืื‘.

ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื˜ื–,ื‘

ื•ืคื™ืณ ืจืดืช ื“ื›ืจืชื™ ื•ืคืœืชื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืจืชื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืœืืžืชืŸ ื•ืคืœืชื™ ืฉืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืคืœื ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ. ื•ืืดืช ื”ื™ื›ื™ ืคืฉื™ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ืžื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข. ื•ื™ืดืœ ื“ืžืกืชืžื ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื›ื™ ื“ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื.

ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื“,ื

The expression ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” comes from the original description of the Sanhedrin:

ื— ื›ื™ ื™ืคืœื ืžืžืš ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื ืœื“ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืข ืœื ื’ืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื™ื‘ืช ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ืš; ื•ืงืžืช ื•ืขืœื™ืช ืืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ืš ื‘ื•ืƒ ื˜ ื•ื‘ืืช ืืœ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื™ื ื•ืืœ ื”ืฉืคื˜ ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื; ื•ื“ืจืฉืช ื•ื”ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœืš ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ืƒ ื™ ื•ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœืš ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืณ; ื•ืฉืžืจืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืจื•ืšืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ื™ื–

I like that explanation; it seems to fit in context better than a military one. The other mentions of the ื›ืจืชื™ ื•ืคืœืชื™ are less clear. They run from Jerusalem with David during Avshalomโ€™s rebellion:

ื•ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืคืœืชื™; ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืชื™ื ืฉืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืื• ื‘ืจื’ืœื• ืžื’ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœืšืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื˜ื•:ื™ื—

That could go either way.

They go with the army during the rebellion of ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื›ืจื™; that sounds military:

ื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœ ืื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืขืชื” ื™ืจืข ืœื ื• ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื›ืจื™ ืžืŸ ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื; ืืชื” ืงื— ืืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ ืื“ื ื™ืš ื•ืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืคืŸ ืžืฆื ืœื• ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืขื™ื ื ื•ืƒ ื– ื•ื™ืฆืื• ืื—ืจื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืคืœืชื™ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื; ื•ื™ืฆืื• ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืœืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื›ืจื™ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื›

And they designate Shlomo as the heir apparent to David; that sounds judicial:

ืœื— ื•ื™ืจื“ ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืคืœืชื™ ื•ื™ืจื›ื‘ื• ืืช ืฉืœืžื” ืขืœ ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“; ื•ื™ืœื›ื• ืืชื• ืขืœ ื’ื—ื•ืŸืƒ ืœื˜ ื•ื™ืงื— ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืืช ืงืจืŸ ื”ืฉืžืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืื”ืœ ื•ื™ืžืฉื— ืืช ืฉืœืžื”; ื•ื™ืชืงืขื• ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื—ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ืฉืœืžื”ืƒ

ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื

Weโ€™ll have to leave is as a โ€œืฆืจื™ืš ืขื™ื•ืŸโ€.

ืฉืจื™ื” ืกื•ืคืจ

I donโ€™t have much to say about ืฉึฐื‚ืจึธื™ึธื” except to note that he seems to have had a lot of names:

ื•ืฉืจื™ื”: ื•ื‘ื“ืดื” ืงืจืื• ืฉื•ืฉื ื•ืœืžื˜ื” ืงืจืื• ืฉื•ื” ื•ื‘ืฉืœืฉ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื ืงืจื ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื‘ื›ืดืž ืฉื ืืžืจ ืคืขื ื›ืŸ ื•ืคืขื ื›ืŸ.

ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—:ื™ื–

ืชื ื™: ืฉืœืฉื” ืฉืžื•ืช ื ืงืจืื• ืœืื“ื ื”ื–ื”: ืื—ื“ ืฉืงืจืื• ืœื• ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืืžื•, ื•ืื—ื“ ืฉืงืจืื• ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืื—ื“ ืฉืงืจื•ื™ ืœื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื•.

ืงื”ืœืช ืจื‘ื” (ื•ื™ืœื ื) ืคืจืฉื” ื–

I assume the names had some significance but none of the commentators express an opinion about what each means.

ืฆื“ื•ืง ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ื™ืžืœืš ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ืชืจ ื›ื”ื ื™ื

These are the โ€œrealโ€ ื›ื”ื ื™ื.

We saw above ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข ื”ื ื’ื™ื“ ืœืื”ืจืŸ, presumably the ื›ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, and ืฆื“ื•ืง ื ืขืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ืœ was a โ€œyoung turkโ€, an up-and-coming leader of the ื›ื”ื ื™ื. Where does ืื—ื™ืžืœืš come in? It starts with his father ืื‘ื™ืชืจ:

ื™ื˜ ื•ืืช ื ื‘ ืขื™ืจ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ื›ื” ืœืคื™ ื—ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืฉ ื•ืขื“ ืืฉื” ืžืขื•ืœืœ ื•ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ืง; ื•ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื—ืžื•ืจ ื•ืฉื” ืœืคื™ ื—ืจื‘ืƒ ื› ื•ื™ืžืœื˜ ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืœืื—ื™ืžืœืš ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืฉืžื• ืื‘ื™ืชืจ; ื•ื™ื‘ืจื— ืื—ืจื™ ื“ื•ื“ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื›ื‘

ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื‘ืจื— ืื‘ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืžืœืš ืืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืงืขื™ืœื”; ืืคื•ื“ ื™ืจื“ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื›ื’:ื•

ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœ ืื‘ื™ืชืจ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืžืœืš ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื ื ืœื™ ื”ืืคื•ื“; ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ืื‘ื™ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืืคื•ื“ ืืœ ื“ื•ื“ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืœ:ื–

ืื‘ื™ืชืจ had the ืืคื•ื“, and served David as his ื›ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ during his time on the run. In ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื›ื— it says that Saul inquired of the ืื•ืจื™ื, so presumably ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข, the ื›ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ in the ืžืฉื›ืŸ in ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ, had an ืืคื•ื“ with ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืžื™ื. When it comes time to move to Jerusalem, David appoints ืื‘ื™ืชืจ and ืฆื“ื•ืง as co-ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื:

ื™ื ื•ื™ืงืจื ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืœืฆื“ื•ืง ื•ืœืื‘ื™ืชืจ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื; ื•ืœืœื•ื™ื ืœืื•ืจื™ืืœ ืขืฉื™ื” ื•ื™ื•ืืœ ืฉืžืขื™ื” ื•ืืœื™ืืœ ื•ืขืžื™ื ื“ื‘ืƒ
ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืืชื ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ืœืœื•ื™ื; ื”ืชืงื“ืฉื• ืืชื ื•ืื—ื™ื›ื ื•ื”ืขืœื™ืชื ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืชื™ ืœื•ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื˜ื•

ืœื– ื•ื™ืขื–ื‘ ืฉื ืœืคื ื™ ืืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืณ ืœืืกืฃ ื•ืœืื—ื™ื•; ืœืฉืจืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื•ืƒ โ€ฆืœื˜ ื•ืืช ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืณ ื‘ื‘ืžื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸืƒ ืž ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœื•ืช ืœื”ืณ ืขืœ ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืขืœื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื•ืœืขืจื‘; ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืณ ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื” ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื˜ื–

Itโ€™s not clear where ืื‘ื™ืชืจ is serving, but he is clearly serving in some important role in the time of Shlomo, since Shlomo fires him for supporting Adoniah:

ื›ื• ื•ืœืื‘ื™ืชืจ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืืžืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืขื ืชืช ืœืš ืขืœ ืฉื“ื™ืš ื›ื™ ืื™ืฉ ืžื•ืช ืืชื”; ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืืžื™ืชืš ื›ื™ ื ืฉืืช ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ืึพื“ื ื™ ื”ืณ ืœืคื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืื‘ื™ ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืขื ื” ืื‘ื™ืƒ ื›ื– ื•ื™ื’ืจืฉ ืฉืœืžื” ืืช ืื‘ื™ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื”ืŸ ืœื”ืณ ืœืžืœื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœื™ ื‘ืฉืœื”ืƒ

โ€ฆ

ืœื” ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืžืœืš ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข ืชื—ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื; ื•ืืช ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื ืชืŸ ื”ืžืœืš ืชื—ืช ืื‘ื™ืชืจืƒ

ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื‘

But our pasuk has ืื—ื™ืžืœืš ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ืชืจ, his son. What is he doing here? The JPS just gives up:

Emendation yields โ€œAbiathar son of Ahimelech,โ€ cf., e.g., 20.25; 1 Sam. 22.20.

II Samuel 8:17, 1985 JPS translation footnote

But that isnโ€™t really right, since ืื—ื™ืžืœืš ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ืชืจ had a role as well:

ื ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ืžื—ืœืงื•ืชื; ื‘ื ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ื ื“ื‘ ื•ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืืœืขื–ืจ ื•ืื™ืชืžืจืƒ ื‘ ื•ื™ืžืช ื ื“ื‘ ื•ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ืื‘ื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื; ื•ื™ื›ื”ื ื• ืืœืขื–ืจ ื•ืื™ืชืžืจืƒ ื’ ื•ื™ื—ืœืงื ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื•ืฆื“ื•ืง ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื•ืื—ื™ืžืœืš ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ; ืœืคืงื“ืชื ื‘ืขื‘ื“ืชืืƒ ื“ ื•ื™ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืจืืฉื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ ื•ื™ื—ืœืงื•ื; ืœื‘ื ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืจืืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืช ืฉืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื ืฉืžื•ื ื”ืƒ ื” ื•ื™ื—ืœืงื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ืจืœื•ืช ืืœื” ืขื ืืœื”; ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืจื™ ืงื“ืฉ ื•ืฉืจื™ ื”ืืœืงื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืชืžืจืƒ
ื• ื•ื™ื›ืชื‘ื ืฉืžืขื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื ืชื ืืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ืื—ื™ืžืœืš ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ืชืจ ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืœืœื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ ืื—ื“ ืื—ื– ืœืืœืขื–ืจ ื•ืื—ื– ืื—ื– ืœืื™ืชืžืจืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื›ื“

So the ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ื“ explains that in fact ืื‘ื™ืชืจ was the ื›ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ and ืฆื“ื•ืง and ืื—ื™ืžืœืš were secondsin-command:

ืจืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืจื™ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื— ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืื—ื™ืžืœืš ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ืื‘ื™ืชืจ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ืขืžื“ ืขืชื” ื›ืดื ืžืื– ืžืœืš ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”.

ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ื“, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—:ื™ื–

And that is why they are mentioned here. They were the kohanim who were in Davidโ€™s inner circle, helping him administer his kingdom. ืื‘ื™ืชืจ's role was different, purely a religious role.

But at the end of โ€œvolume 3โ€ of ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ he is part of the government:

ื•ืฉื™ื (ื•ืฉื•ื) ืกืคืจ; ื•ืฆื“ื•ืง ื•ืื‘ื™ืชืจ ื›ื”ื ื™ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›:ื›ื”

But that is after he helps David escape from Avshalom, which a story for later:

ื•ื”ื ื” ื’ื ืฆื“ื•ืง ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ื ืืชื• ื ืฉืื™ื ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืืœืงื™ื ื•ื™ืฆืงื• ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื™ื ื•ื™ืขืœ ืื‘ื™ืชืจ ืขื“ ืชื ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื˜ื•:ื›ื“

ื™ื”ื•ืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืœื•ื“ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ

Like ืฉืจื™ื” ืกื•ืคืจ, we donโ€™t know anything more about the role of the ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ:

ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ: ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืคื•ืกืงื• ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—:ื˜ื–

ื™ื•ืื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื

Weโ€™ve talked about Yoav a lot so far. Heโ€™s Davidโ€™s general of the army and chief enforcer. Heโ€™s also Davidโ€™s nephew:

ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ืขื– ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื™ืฉื™ืƒ ื™ื’ ื•ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื‘ื›ืจื• ืืช ืืœื™ืื‘ ื•ืื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ืฉืžืขื ื”ืฉืœืฉื™ืƒ ื™ื“ ื ืชื ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืจื“ื™ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืƒ ื˜ื• ืืฆื ื”ืฉืฉื™ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ืƒ ื˜ื– ื•ืื—ื™ืชื™ื”ื ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ื•ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ; ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ืื‘ืฉื™ ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ืขืฉื”ืืœ ืฉืœืฉื”ืƒ ื™ื– ื•ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ื™ืœื“ื” ืืช ืขืžืฉื; ื•ืื‘ื™ ืขืžืฉื ื™ืชืจ ื”ื™ืฉืžืขืืœื™ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื‘

Interestingly, he is always ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื”. We donโ€™t know the name of his father.

Heโ€™s been with David since his days on the run, and represented David when he was king of Judah:

ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืฆื ืื‘ื ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื ืจ ื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ืžืžื—ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื”ืƒ ื™ื’ ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืฆืื• ื•ื™ืคื’ืฉื•ื ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื“ื•; ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžื–ื” ื•ืืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžื–ื”ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื‘

But he was bloodthirsty, and stepped over the line multiple times, but David needed him:

ืœื— ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื•; ื”ืœื•ื ืชื“ืขื• ื›ื™ ืฉืจ ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื ืคืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ ืœื˜ ื•ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ืจืš ื•ืžืฉื•ื— ืžืœืš ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื ื™ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ืงืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื™; ื™ืฉืœื ื”ืณ ืœืขืฉื” ื”ืจืขื” ื›ืจืขืชื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื’

ื” ื•ื’ื ืืชื” ื™ื“ืขืช ืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ืœื™ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ืœืฉื ื™ ืฉืจื™ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื‘ื ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื ืจ ื•ืœืขืžืฉื ื‘ืŸ ื™ืชืจ ื•ื™ื”ืจื’ื ื•ื™ืฉื ื“ืžื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืฉืœื; ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื“ืžื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื—ื’ืจืชื• ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืชื ื™ื• ื•ื‘ื ืขืœื• ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื•ืƒ ื• ื•ืขืฉื™ืช ื›ื—ื›ืžืชืš; ื•ืœื ืชื•ืจื“ ืฉื™ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืฉืœื ืฉืืœืƒ

ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื‘

His death was as gory as his life:

ื›ื— ื•ื”ืฉืžืขื” ื‘ืื” ืขื“ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื ื˜ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืื“ื ื™ื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืœื ื ื˜ื”; ื•ื™ื ืก ื™ื•ืื‘ ืืœ ืื”ืœ ื”ืณ ื•ื™ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—ืƒ ื›ื˜ ื•ื™ื’ื“ ืœืžืœืš ืฉืœืžื” ื›ื™ ื ืก ื™ื•ืื‘ ืืœ ืื”ืœ ื”ืณ ื•ื”ื ื” ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—; ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ืฉืœืžื” ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข ืœืืžืจ ืœืš ืคื’ืข ื‘ื•ืƒ ืœ ื•ื™ื‘ื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ืืœ ืื”ืœ ื”ืณ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื• ื›ื” ืืžืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืฆื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื ื›ื™ ืคื” ืืžื•ืช; ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืžืœืš ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืืžืจ ื›ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ื›ื” ืขื ื ื™ืƒ ืœื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืžืœืš ืขืฉื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืคื’ืข ื‘ื• ื•ืงื‘ืจืชื•; ื•ื”ืกื™ืจืช ื“ืžื™ ื—ื ื ืืฉืจ ืฉืคืš ื™ื•ืื‘ ืžืขืœื™ ื•ืžืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ืƒ โ€ฆืœื“ ื•ื™ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข ื•ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ื• ื•ื™ืžืชื”ื•; ื•ื™ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจืƒ

ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื‘

Now, thatโ€™s very negative view of Yoav, but we have to realize how important he was.

ืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืชืชืŸ ืœืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืขืจื™ืš ืืฉืจ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ืš ื ืชืŸ ืœืš ืœืฉื‘ื˜ื™ืš; ื•ืฉืคื˜ื• ืืช ื”ืขื ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฆื“ืงืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื–:ื™ื—

ืจืณ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืืžืจ ืื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืคื˜. ื›ื™ืฆื“? ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ืื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืฉื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืžื ื•, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื• ื›ืœื•ื, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉื•ื˜ืจ, ื•ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžืžื ื•. ืืžืจ ืจืณ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืคื“ืช ืื™ืœืžืœื ืฉื™ื˜ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืื‘, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ โ€ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื›ืœ ืขืžื• ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืโ€œ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—:ื˜ื•-ื˜ื–), ื•ื›ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื•, ืืœื ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืข ืœื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื•ืกืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื“ ื™ื•ืื‘, ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ืŸ ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ื•.

ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื (ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ) ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ื’

Ancient Israel did not have a Posse Comitatus Act. Yoav was head of both the Department of Defense and the Department of Justice. He was a critical part of Davidโ€™s administration. Our paragraph focuses on that, and I think that is what is being mentioned here. ื™ื•ืื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื means ื™ื•ืื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืจื™ื. This is the context of that pasuk:

ื™ื•ืื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื, ื•ืื™ืžืชื• ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื ืœื“ื›ื ืชื—ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื• ืืช ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืœืš, ื•ื”ืŸ ืืžืช ื›ื™ ืื•ืžืจื• ื‘ื ืชื™ื ื•ืฆื“ืงื”โ€ฆื›ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืฆื“ืงื” ืขื ื”ื“ืœ ืœืคืจื•ืข ื—ื•ื‘ื•. ืขื•ื“ ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื’ื ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”, ื›ื™ ืืžืจ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื”, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืžืจ ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื“ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ ืขืžื•, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขื ืจื‘ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ื™ื, ืขืœ ื–ื” ืืžืจ ื•ื™ื”ื•ืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืœื•ื“ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื• ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื•ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš, ื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื›ื— ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื• ืฆื“ืงื”.

ืืœืฉื™ืš ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—:ื˜ื–

And we mentioned ืฆื“ื•ืง ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ื™ืžืœืš ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ืชืจ ื›ื”ื ื™ื for this role as well, not so much for their role in the ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” but their role in ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื”. Itโ€™s a role that we donโ€™t usually think about:

ื— ื›ื™ ื™ืคืœื ืžืžืš ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื ืœื“ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืข ืœื ื’ืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื™ื‘ืช ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ืš; ื•ืงืžืช ื•ืขืœื™ืช ืืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ืš ื‘ื•ืƒ ื˜ ื•ื‘ืืช ืืœ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื™ื ื•ืืœ ื”ืฉืคื˜ ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื; ื•ื“ืจืฉืช ื•ื”ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœืš ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ืƒ ื™ ื•ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœืš ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืณ; ื•ืฉืžืจืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืจื•ืšืƒ ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืจื•ืš ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืฉืจ ื™ืืžืจื• ืœืš ืชืขืฉื”; ืœื ืชืกื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœืš ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืืœืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ื™ื–

The kohanim are the keepers of the original ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื”:

ื•ึทื™ึผึดื›ึฐืชึผึนื‘ ืžึนืฉืึถื” ืึถืช ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ื•ึทื™ึผึดืชึผึฐื ึธื”ึผ ืึถืœ ื”ึทื›ึผึนื”ึฒื ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ืœึตื•ึดื™ ื”ึทื ึผึนืฉื‚ึฐืึดื™ื ืึถืช ืึฒืจื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืจึดื™ืช ื”ืณ; ื•ึฐืึถืœ ื›ึผึธืœ ื–ึดืงึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื:ื˜

ื— ื•ึผืœึฐืœึตื•ึดื™ ืึธืžึทืจ ืชึผึปืžึผึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึฐืื•ึผืจึถื™ืšึธ ืœึฐืึดื™ืฉื ื—ึฒืกึดื™ื“ึถืšึธ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึดืกึผึดื™ืชื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐืžึทืกึผึธื” ืชึผึฐืจึดื™ื‘ึตื”ื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ืžึตื™ ืžึฐืจึดื™ื‘ึธื”ืƒ โ€ฆื™ ื™ื•ึนืจื•ึผ ืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื˜ึถื™ืšึธ ืœึฐื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ื•ึฐืชื•ึนืจึธืชึฐืšึธ ืœึฐื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ; ื™ึธืฉื‚ึดื™ืžื•ึผ ืงึฐื˜ื•ึนืจึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืึทืคึผึถืšึธ ื•ึฐื›ึธืœึดื™ืœ ืขึทืœ ืžึดื–ึฐื‘ึผึฐื—ึถืšึธืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ืœื’

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืกืคืช. ืื ื™ืคืœื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžืงืจืโ€”โ€ื•ื‘ืืช ืืœ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื™ืโ€œ, ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืคืงื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื”ื•ืจืืชื” [ืจืื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื:ื˜] ื•ื”ื ื™ื‘ืจืจื• ืืช ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ืขื–ืจื”. ื•ืจืื” ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘ ื›ื‘:ื—, ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ื—ึดืœึฐืงึดื™ึผึธื”ื•ึผ ื”ึทื›ึผึนื”ึตืŸ ื”ึทื’ึผึธื“ื•ึนืœ ืขึทืœ ืฉืึธืคึธืŸ ื”ึทืกึผึนืคึตืจ ืกึตืคึถืจ ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ืžึธืฆึธืืชึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐื‘ึตื™ืช ื”ืณโ€ฆ ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื™ื,ื: โ€ืื™ ืžืกืชืคืงื ืœืš ืžื™ืœืชื ื‘ื ื’ืขื™ื ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืจืื™โ€œ, ื•ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื“ื•ืงื ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื ื’ืขื™ืโ€ฆื•ืื ื™ืคืœื ืžื“ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืดืค, ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืคื ื•ืช โ€ื•ืืœ ื”ืฉืคื˜ ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ืโ€œ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.

ื ืคืชืœื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืจืš ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,ืขืžืณ 118, ื”ืขืจื” 23

The kohanim continue to have this role:

ื– ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืœืžืœื›ื• [ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืคื˜] ืฉืœื— ืœืฉืจื™ื• ืœื‘ืŸ ื—ื™ืœ ื•ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื” ื•ืœื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื•ืœื ืชื ืืœ ื•ืœืžื™ื›ื™ื”ื• ืœืœืžื“ ื‘ืขืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”ืƒ ื— ื•ืขืžื”ื ื”ืœื•ื™ื ืฉืžืขื™ื”ื• ื•ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื–ื‘ื“ื™ื”ื• ื•ืขืฉื”ืืœ ื•ืฉืžืจื™ืžื•ืช (ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืžื•ืช) ื•ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื•ืื“ื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื• ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื“ื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืœื•ื™ื; ื•ืขืžื”ื ืืœื™ืฉืžืข ื•ื™ื”ื•ืจื ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ืืƒ ื˜ ื•ื™ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืขืžื”ื ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืณ; ื•ื™ืกื‘ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ืขืืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ ืคืจืง ื™ื–

And this gives another perspective on ืฉืจื™ื” ืกื•ืคืจ:

ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ืงืจืื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ื•ืืดื• ื“ื’ื—ื•ืŸโ€”ื—ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืดืช, ื“ืจืฉ ื“ืจืฉโ€”ื—ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืชื’ืœื—โ€”ืฉืœ ืคืกื•ืงื™ื.

ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœ,ื

ืืžืจ ืจืณ ืื‘ื”ื• ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื‘:ื ื”) ื•ึผืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึฐื—ื•ึนืช ืกึนืคึฐืจึดื™ื ื™ึนืฉืึฐื‘ึตื™ ื™ึทืขึฐื‘ึผึตืฅ. ืžื” ืชืดืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืืœื ืฉืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช: ื—ืžืฉื” ืœื ื™ืชืจื•ืžื• ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื”ืณ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœื”โ€ฆื“ืณ ืื‘ื•ืช ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ืื‘ื•ืช, ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื—ืกืจ ืื—ืช.

ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื ื›ื,ื ื”:ื

We use the term โ€œื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกื•ืคืจื™ืโ€ in general for ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, but the ืกื•ืคืจ technically is the one who understands the written law; i.e. the keeper of the ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”:

ื”ืื—ื“ [ืžืžื™ื ื™ โ€ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกื•ืคืจื™ืโ€œ] ืžื” ืฉืคืจืฉื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื–ื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื›ืœืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื›ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื ืงืจื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ืโ€ฆ

ืžื”ืจืณืœ, ื‘ืืจ ื”ื’ื•ืœื”, ื”ื‘ืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ

So this whole pasuk describes the keepers of the letter of the law, essential for any ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜.


So we have the pieces of a Torah-based government here: ืžืœืš,โ€Ž ืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืฉื˜ืจื™ื and ื›ื”ืŸ. Rabbi Shulman likes to cite the mnemonic โ€œืžืฉื›ืŸโ€:

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™โ€ฆื”ืขื™ืจ ืคืขื ืฉืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืŸ โ€ืžืฉื›ืŸโ€œ: ืžืœืš, ืฉื•ืคื˜, ื›ื”ืŸ, ื ื‘ื™ื. ืœืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื”ืชื ืื™ ืœื”ืฉื›ื ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ืจื•ืคืŸ ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื”ืŸ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืคืš. ื›ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื, ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ื›ื—ืช ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืขืจื‘ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: โ€ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœื ืืžืจื• ืื™ื” ื”ืณ ื•ืชึนืคืฉื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” [ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื] ืœื ื™ื“ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืจึนืขื™ื [ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื, ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื] ืคืฉืขื• ื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื ึดื‘ึผึฐืื• ื‘ื‘ืขืœ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืœื ื™ื•ืขืœื• ื”ึธืœึธื›ื•โ€œ (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื‘:ื—).

ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื•ื™ื’ื•ื“ื”, ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื”, ื”ืขืจื” 1

But note that thereโ€™s no ื ื‘ื™ื in our paragraph. That, I think, is intentional. There certainly were ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื who confronted David, but they are not, and by definition cannot be a formal part of the government.

A moral society needs an institution that is outside the halls of government to remind the powers that be that they work for the people, not the other way around.

The primary social function of a religious society is to speak the truth to power.

Bayard Rustin

In a modern democracy, that role is filled by the media:

Thโ€˜ newspaper does ivrything fโ€™r us. Itโ€ฆcomforts thโ€™ afflicted, afflicts th' comfortableโ€ฆ

Finley Peter Dunne (as Mr. Dooley)

Burke said there were Three Estates in Parliament; but, in the Reportersโ€™ Gallery yonder, there sat a Fourth Estate more important far than they all. It is not a figure of speech, or a witty saying; it is a literal fact,โ€”very momentous to us in these times. Literature is our Parliament tooโ€ฆWhoever can speak, speaking now to the whole nation, becomes a power, a branch of government, with inalienable weight in law-making, in all acts of authority. It matters not what rank he has, what revenues or garnitures: the requisite thing is, that he have a tongue which others will listen to; this and nothing more is requisiteโ€ฆ[F]rom the Daily Newspaper to the sacred Hebrew Book, what have they not done, what are they not doing!

Thomas Carlyle, On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History, Lecture V: The Hero as Man of Letters. Johnson, Rousseau, Burns, p. 393

In ancient Israel, that role was the role of the ื ื‘ื™ื:

ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ [ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื™ื], ืฉื™ืงืจื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืณ ื•ื™ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืชื•ืจืชื•, ื•ื™ืฆื•ื” ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืขืœ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื™ ืชื•ืกืคืช ื•ืœื ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ,.

ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืจืžื‘ืดื ืœืžืฉื ื”

ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ื” ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืžืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื‘ืฉื ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื” ื”ืื ืจื›ื™ื”โ€”ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื. ืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื, ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช, ืžื–ื” ืฉืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื™ื ื–ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืืช ืฉืขื”โ€”ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื” ื”ืœื›ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ืžื™ื, ืืœื ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืจืฆืชื” ืœืชืช ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื• ืื ืจื›ื™ืกื˜ื™, ืฉื‘ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืงื™ืงื”.

ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืฉืจืงื™, ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื: ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื”

So what does that government look like? There was a nice parable on the 929 site on this perek:

ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื“ื•ื“ ืžืฉื•ื“ืจื™ื ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื›ื™ื, ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื: ื‘ืื—ื“ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœืื•ืžืŸ ืื›ื–ืจ ื”ืžื›ื ื™ืข ืืช ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื“ ื—ื–ืงื”. ื‘ืฉื ื™โ€”ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืœืš ื ืคืœื ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื•.

โ€ฆ

โ€ื•ื™ื•ืฉืข ื”ืณ ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ืœืšโ€œ ืื• โ€ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื”โ€œ? ืฉื•ืืœ ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ืื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื’ื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืฅ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช. โ€ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸโ€œ, ืขื•ื ื” ืœื• ื”ื‘ืžืื™, โ€ื”ืจืžื– ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€œโ€ฆ

ื—ื™ื•ืชื” ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ืœืคืŸ

The reference to ืื‘ืจื”ื is from ื”ืณโ€˜s description of ืื‘ืจื”ืโ€™s mission:

ื™ื– ื•ื”ืณ ืืžืจ; ื”ืžื›ืกื” ืื ื™ ืžืื‘ืจื”ื ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืขืฉื”ืƒ ื™ื— ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืขืฆื•ื; ื•ื ื‘ืจื›ื• ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื’ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืจืฅืƒ ื™ื˜ ื›ื™ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ื• ืœืžืขืŸ ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื•ื” ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ืื—ืจื™ื• ื•ืฉืžืจื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืณ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืณ ืขืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืช ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•ืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืง ื™ื—

And thatโ€™s how we think of ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš. He is the fulfillment of the rule of ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื”, of the Abrahamic mission. Weโ€™d like to see that movie but we donโ€™t have it. We donโ€™t have any examples of David governing with justice and charity. All we have are the stories of the ืœืื•ืžืŸ ืื›ื–ืจ. The only time his justice is mentioned, it is to subvert it:

ื‘ ื•ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืขืจ; ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืจื™ื‘ ืœื‘ื•ื ืืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื™ืงืจื ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืืœื™ื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืื™ ืžื–ื” ืขื™ืจ ืืชื” ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืžืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื‘ื“ืšืƒ ื’ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื• ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืจืื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื›ื—ื™ื; ื•ืฉืึนืžึตืขึท ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืžืืช ื”ืžืœืšืƒ ื“ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืžื™ ื™ืฉืžื ื™ ืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืืจืฅ; ื•ืขืœื™ ื™ื‘ื•ื ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืจื™ื‘ ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื”ืฆื“ืงืชื™ื•ืƒ ื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ื•ืช ืœื•; ื•ืฉืœื— ืืช ื™ื“ื• ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืœื• ื•ื ืฉืง ืœื•ืƒ ื• ื•ื™ืขืฉ ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ืื• ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืืœ ื”ืžืœืš; ื•ื™ื’ื ื‘ ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืืช ืœื‘ ืื ืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื˜ื•

We do have aggada:

ื‘ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—) โ€ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื”โ€œ ื•ื”ืœื ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜? ืืœื ืื™ื–ื”ื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฆื“ืงื”? ื”ื•ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข. ืืชืืŸ ืœืชืดืง: ื“ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื–ื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ื–ื›ืื™ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘, ื•ืจืื” ืฉื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขื ื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉืœื ืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืชื•. ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื”: ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื–ื” ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื–ื”; ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื–ื” ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื• ืžืžื•ืŸ ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื–ื” ืฉืฉื™ืœื ืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืชื•. ืงืฉื™ื ืœื™ื” ืœืจื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ โ€ืœื›ืœ ืขืžื•โ€œ? ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื‘ืขื™ ืœื™ื”! ืืœื, ืืขืดืค ืฉืœื ืฉื™ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืชื• ื–ื”ื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื”; ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื–ื” ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื–ื”: ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื–ื” ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื• ืžืžื•ื ื• ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื’ื–ื™ืœื” ืžืชื—ืช ื™ื“ื•.

ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื•,ื‘

And we have Davidโ€™s expression of his internal mental state in ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื:

ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื“ื’ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื–ืจื—ื” (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘:ื’), ื›ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืฆื“ืงื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื•ื“ โ€ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืขืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื”โ€œ, ื•ืืžืจื• ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื–ืดืœ, ืืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขืฉื” ืฆื“ืงื”, ืฉื–ื™ื›ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื–ื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื–ื”, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื”ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื›ื™ืกื•. ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืคืœืœ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงื™ื˜:ืงื›ื) ืขึธืฉื‚ึดื™ืชึดื™ ืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื˜ ื•ึธืฆึถื“ึถืง; ื‘ึผึทืœ ืชึผึทื ึผึดื™ื—ึตื ึดื™ ืœึฐืขึนืฉืึฐืงึธื™ืƒ, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื™ื™ืจื ื ืคื™ืฉื™ ืจืžืื™, ื•ื™ืขืฉื• ืงื ื•ื ื™ื ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฆื ืื—ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื‘, ื•ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื• ื“ื•ื“, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื™ื—ืœื•ืงื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืคืœืœ, ืจื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื โ€ื‘ืœ ืชื ื™ื—ื ื™ ืœืขืฉืงื™โ€œ, ืกื›ืœ ืขืฆืชื.

ืฉืœืดื” ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืื“ื ืจืžื–ื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ื”ืงื“ืžื”

But ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืขืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื›ืœ ืขืžื• is all we get in the text. Itโ€™s like ื•ืชืฉืงื•ื˜ ื”ืืจืฅ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” in ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื.โ€Ž ืชื ืดืš doesnโ€™t deal with positive reinforcement, it only tells us where weโ€™ve gone wrong.

Thereโ€™s another aspect to ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื” that bears highlighting:

ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ืฆื“ืงื” ืชื—ืœื” ื•ืื—ืดื› ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื—:ื™ื˜) โ€ื›ื™ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ื• ืœืžืขืŸ ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื•ื” ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ืื—ืจื™ื• ื•ืฉืžืจื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืณ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ืžืฉืคื˜โ€œ. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืืžืจ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื™ ืžื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžื ื” ืžืฉืœื• ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื• ื•ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืกื“ืจื• ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื ืœืคื ื™. ื•ืกื“ืจื• ื“ื™ื ืŸ. ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืžื ื” ืืžืจ ืœื–ื” ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื• ื”ืžื ื” ืชืŸ ื”ืžื ื” ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจืš. ื•ืื ืœืื• ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื—ืœืงื• ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ื•ื”ืคื˜ืจื• ืœืฉืœื•ื.

ืื‘ืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ืœื ืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ ืืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ืชื—ืœื” ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฆื“ืงื” ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—:ื˜ื•) โ€ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืขื•ืฉื” ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื›ืœ ืขืžื•โ€œ. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืกื“ืจื• ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื. ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืžื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžื ื” ืžืฉืœื• ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื• ื•ืื ืœืื• ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื—ืœืงื• ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ื•ื”ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ื.

ืื‘ื•ืช ื“ืจื‘ื™ ื ืชืŸ, ื ื•ืกื—ื ื, ืœื’:ื

ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื•ื โ€ืžืœืš ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ืขืžื™ื“ ืืจืฅโ€œ, ื•ืœื›ืš ืงื“ื ืืฆืœื• ื”โ€ืžืฉืคื˜โ€œ ืœืฆื“ืงื”. ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืขืžื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ืช ื—ืกื“โ€ฆื•ืื™ืœื• ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”โ€ืžืœื›ื•ืชโ€œ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉืœื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฆื“ืงื”.

ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืœืื‘ื•ืช ื“ืจื‘ื™ ื ืชืŸ, ืฉื, ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ึพืžืฉืคืฆื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘, ืขืžืณ ืจื™ื’

For a stable society, ืžืฉืคื˜ must precede ืฆื“ืงื”. We need laws to function, not the arbitrary decision of human beings, even if those decisions are just, since we canโ€™t guarantee that the decisions will always meet our standards of justice. (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜:ื˜ื•)โ€Ž ืœื ืชืขืฉื• ืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื ืชืฉื ืคื ื™ ื“ืœ.

William Roper: โ€œSo, now you give the Devil the benefit of law!โ€

Sir Thomas More: โ€œYes! What would you do? Cut a great road through the law to get after the Devil?โ€

William Roper: โ€œYes, Iโ€™d cut down every law in England to do that!โ€

Sir Thomas More: โ€œOh? And when the last law was down, and the Devil turned 'round on you, where would you hide, Roper, the laws all being flat? This country is planted thick with lawsโ€ฆ And if you cut them downโ€ฆdo you really think you could stand upright in the winds that would blow then? Yes, Iโ€™d give the Devil benefit of law, for my own safetyโ€™s sake!โ€

Robert Bolt, A Man for All Seasons

And this is what ื”ืณ wanted from David. Not a ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, but a ืžืžืœื›ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื”:

ืขึฒืฉื‚ึนื” ืฆึฐื“ึธืงึธื” ื•ึผืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื˜ ื ึดื‘ึฐื—ึธืจ ืœึทื”ืณ ืžึดื–ึผึธื‘ึทื—ืƒ

ืžืฉืœื™ ื›ื:ื’

ื–ืฉืดื” โ€ืขื•ืฉื” ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืณ ืžื–ื‘ื—โ€œ; ื›ื–ื‘ื— ืื™ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื›ืืŸ ืืœื ืžื–ื‘ื—. ื›ื™ืฆื“? ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ืืœื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื“ืดื ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืžื›ืคืจื™ืŸ ืืœื ืœืฉื•ื’ื’ ื•ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ืŸ ืžื›ืคืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ื’ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื–ื™ื“โ€ฆืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื” (ื•ื™ืœื ื) ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืคืจืฉื” ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื’

I 'will conclude with Rav Bin Nunโ€™s perspective on this perek, our glimpse into the kingdom of ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš:

ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืกื•ืคืจ ื—ืฆืจ ืืฆืœ ื“ื•ื“, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืคืจืง ื–ื” ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉืงืœ ืื—ืจ. ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ื ื“ื—ืกื• ืœืคืจืง ืงืฆืจ ืื—ื“, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื™ื” ืขืงื‘ ื’ืจื™ืžืช ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื—ืชื™ ื•ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืข ืืฉืชื•, ืชืชืคืจืก ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื” ืคืจืงื™ื.

ื’ื ื›ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืขื ืชึนืขื™ ืžืœืš ื—ืžืช, ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืขืฆืžื” ืœื“ื•ืจ ืื—ื“, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืจ ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชึนืขื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ืโ€ฆ

ื’ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ืงืžื” ื”ืžื–ืขื–ืขืช ื‘ืžื•ืื‘ (ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉื?!), ื•ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืื“ื•ื ื•ืœืžืขืฉื™ ื™ื•ืื‘ ืฉื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืณ ืืžืจ ืœืžืฉื” ืœื ืœืงื—ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ ืขืฉื• โ€ืขื“ ืžึดื“ืจึทืš ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ, ื›ื™ ื™ึฐืจึปืฉึธื” ืœืขึตืฉื• ื ืชืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจ ืฉืขื™ืจโ€œ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘:ื”).

ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืโ€”ื™ื•ืื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” (=ืฉื‘ืดื›), ื™ื”ื•ืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืœื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ (โ€ืžื–ื›ื™ืจโ€œ ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืช), โ€ืฉืจื™ื” ืกื•ืคืจโ€œ ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืฉืžื™ืจืชื ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื• โ€ื”ึทื›ึผึฐืจึตืชื™ ื•ื”ึทืคึผึฐืœึตืชื™โ€œ (ื—, ื™ื—)?โ€ฆ

ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื ืš ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ืกืคืจื™ ื ื‘ื•ืื”, ื•ื”ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืœื, ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื, ืฉืชื•ืืจื• ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืžืขืžื“ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ืจ ืื—ื“. ืจืง ืงื˜ืข ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื•ืœ ืจื‘ืช ืขืžื•ืŸ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืคืจืง ื™, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื‘ื”ืžืฉื›ื•.

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ื™ื•ืชืจ