After all the wars, there is a short paragraph that seems like a summary of ืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื and ืืืืืช ืืื:
ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืขื ืื ืืฉืจืื; ืืืื ืืื ืขืฉื ืืฉืคื ืืฆืืงื ืืื ืขืืื
ืื ืืืืื ืื ืฆืจืืื ืขื ืืฆืื; ืืืืืฉืคื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจื
ืื ืืฆืืืง ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืื; ืืฉืจืื ืกืืคืจื
ืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืข ืืืืจืชื ืืืคืืชื; ืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืื
The parallel in ืืืจื ืืืืื helps explain some of the ambiguous phrases but is otherwise identical:
ืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืื ืืฉืจืื; ืืืื ืขืฉื ืืฉืคื ืืฆืืงื ืืื ืขืืื ืื ืืืืื ืื ืฆืจืืื ืขื ืืฆืื; ืืืืืฉืคื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจื ืื ืืฆืืืง ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืื; ืืฉืืฉื ืกืืคืจื ืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืข ืขื ืืืจืชื ืืืคืืชื; ืืื ื ืืืื ืืจืืฉื ืื ืืื ืืืืื
This looks like the end of the book. But we still have 16 chapters to go! Why end here? And even more oddly, thereโs a similar ending in ืคืจืง ื:
ืื ืืืืื ืื ืื ืืฆืื ืืฉืจืื; ืืื ืื ืื ืืืืืืข ืขื ืืืจื (ืืืจืชื) ืืขื ืืคืืชืื
ืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืืืก; ืืืืืฉืคื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืจื
ืื ืืฉืื (ืืฉืื) ืกืคืจ; ืืฆืืืง ืืืืืชืจ ืืื ืืื
ืื ืืื ืขืืจื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื
I think that our psukim are in fact the ending of this book. ืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื is thematically a trilogy. Volume one is the story of Samuel, ending with (ืฉืืืื ื ืื:ืื)โ ืืื ืืกืฃ ืฉืืืื ืืจืืืช ืืช ืฉืืืโฆืืณ ื ืื ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื and ืคืจืง ืื, which is an epilogue that introduces David (note that David isnโt really a main character in that chapter; he has no lines and just stands passively). Volume two is the story of David and his quest to build the ืืงืืฉ, and ends here. Thereโs an epilogue in ืคืจืง ื that parallels a similar epilogue in ืคืจืง ืื (and I would argue is actually the same incident). From ืคืจืง ื through ืคืจืง ื is the story of Bat Sheva and the consequences of that story, then the remainder of ืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื are appendices and an epilogue to that volume. As โRashiโ puts it, after all the wars of ืคืจืง ื, David has to get down to the business of ruling:
ืืฉืคื ืืฆืืงื: ืืฉื ืขืฆืื ืืืืืื ืขืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืืื ืขืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืฉื ืืฉืืคื ืชืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืฆืืงื.
So our psukim really are the summary of ืืืืืช ืืื. His story, in a real sense, ends here. Iโd like to go through it in detail, but in reverse order, culminating with ืืืื ืืื ืขืฉื ืืฉืคื ืืฆืืงื ืืื ืขืื.
ืื ื ืืื ืืื ืื
What does it mean to say that ืื ื ืืื were ืืื ืื? Clearly they were not descendants of ืืืจืื ืืืื, and the parallel in ืืืจื ืืืืื spells it out: ืืื ื ืืืื ืืจืืฉื ืื ืืื ืืืื. The word ืืื means โto serve in a position of authorityโ:
ืืืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืช ืืืจื ืืืื ืืืช ืื ืื ืืชื; ืืืฉืืช ืืชื ืืืืืช ืืช ืืื ืืงืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืื ื ืืื
Similarly, we have others in ืชื ืดื called ืืื ืื:
ืืืงืจื ืคืจืขื ืฉื ืืืกืฃ ืฆืคื ืช ืคืขื ื ืืืชื ืื ืืช ืืกื ืช ืืช ืคืืื ืคืจืข ืืื ืื ืืืฉื; ืืืฆื ืืืกืฃ ืขื ืืจืฅ ืืฆืจืืื
ืืื ืืื: ืขืืื ืืฉื ืื ืขืืื ืขืืณืณื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืงืจื ืื ืื ืืฉืจืช ืขื ืืขืชื.
But using the term ืืื ืื implies something more that โministers of stateโ; there is a metaphor to the literal ืืื ืื:
ืืื ืื: ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืจืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืืฆื ืขืฆืื.
ืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืื: ืืชืจืืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืจืืจืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจื ืจืืืชืื ื ืืดื ืชืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืงืจืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืง ืืจืืฉ ืืฃ ืชืืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืง ืืจืืฉ.
So it implies they had some sense of G-d-given authority, a hint to their attitude of the divine right of kings. And that foreshadows the problems that are to come:
ืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืื: ืจืดื ืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืื ื ืื ืืขื ืื ืืื ืกืื ืืืจืื ืืืจืขืืช ืฉืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืขื ืื ืื ืื ืืจื ืืืฉืืื ืืื ื ืืจื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืขื ืขืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืกืจ ืื ืื ืื ืงืจื ืืื ืื.
By the end of volume three, Davidโs sons are no longer ืืื ืื:
ืืื ืขืืจื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื
ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืข ืืืืจืชื ืืืคืืชื
The parallel in ืืืจื ืืืืื tells us ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืข ืขื ืืืจืชื ืืืคืืชื;โ ืื ืืื was in charge of the ืืจืชื ืืคืืชื. Who was ืื ืืื and what were the ืืจืชื ืืคืืชื?
ืื ืืื 'was one of Davidโs ืืืืจืื, one of his band when he was on the run from Saul and who formed the core of his army:
ื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืข ืื ืืืฉ ืื (ืืื) ืจื ืคืขืืื ืืงืืฆืื; ืืื ืืื ืืช ืฉื ื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืจื ืืืื ืืช ืืืจืื (ืืืจื) ืืชืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืฉืืื
ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืฉ ืืฆืจื ืืฉืจ (ืืืฉ) ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืฆืจื ืื ืืช ืืืจื ืืืื ืืฉืื; ืืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืฆืจื ืืืืจืืื ืืื ืืชืื
ืื ืืื ืขืฉื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืข; ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืืฉื ืืืืจืืื
ืื ืื ืืฉืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืฉื ืื ืื; ืืืฉืืื ืืื
ืื ืืฉืืขืชืื
ืื ืืื was a ืืื (the genetic kind, descended from ืืืจืื). His father had been ืืื ืืืื:
ื ืืืื ืืกืคืจื ืจืืฉื ืืืืืฅ ืืฆืื ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืจืื ื; ืืืกื ืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืคื ืืณื
ืื ืื ื ืืืืื ื ืฉืื ืฆื ื ืืจืื ืฉืฉืช ืืืคืื ืืฉืืื ื ืืืืช ืืืืฆื ืฆืืื
โฆืื ืืืืืืืข ืื ืืื ืืืืจื; ืืขืื ืฉืืฉืช ืืืคืื ืืฉืืข ืืืืชื
ืื ืืฆืืืง ื ืขืจ ืืืืจ ืืื; ืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืจืื ืขืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืืื
And ืชื ืดื emphasizes the fact that he was a ืืื:
ื ืืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืกืคืจื ืจืืฉื ืืืืืช ืืฉืจื ืืืืคืื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืจืืื ืืืฉืจืชืื ืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืืงืืช ืืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืืฉ ืืืืฉ ืืื ืืืฉื ืืฉื ื; ืืืืืงืช ืืืืช ืขืฉืจืื ืืืจืืขื ืืืฃื
โฆื ืฉืจ ืืฆืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืืืืฉ ืืฉืืืฉื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืข ืืืื ืจืืฉ; ืืขื ืืืืงืชื ืขืฉืจืื ืืืจืืขื ืืืฃื
ื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืืฉืื ืืขื ืืฉืืฉืื; ืืืืืงืชื ืขืืืืื ืื ืื
But he never serves in the ืขืืืื. Under David he is in charge of ืืืจืชื ืืืคืืชื (which we have yet to define) and under Shlomo he is in charge of the army:
ื ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืขื ืื ืืฉืจืืื
ื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืจ ืื; ืขืืจืืื ืื ืฆืืืง ืืืืื
ื ืืืืืจืฃ ืืืืื ืื ื ืฉืืฉื ืกืคืจืื;
ืืืืฉืคื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืจื
ื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืข ืขื ืืฆืื;
ืืฆืืืง ืืืืืชืจ ืืื ืืื
ื ืืขืืจืืื ืื ื ืชื ืขื ืื ืฆืืื;
ืืืืื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืจืขื ืืืืื
ื ืืืืืฉืจ ืขื ืืืืช;
ืืืื ืืจื ืื ืขืืื ืขื ืืืกื
So his father was ืืื ืืืื but he is not. We donโt have an explanation, but I think his re-assignment is related to the fact that he was a soldier. A man of war cannot be a man of peace.
ืึผืึฐืคึธืจึดืฉืึฐืึถื ืึผึทืคึผึตืืึถื ืึทืขึฐืึดืื ืขึตืื ึทื ืึดืึผึถื ืึผึทื ืึผึดื ืชึทืจึฐืึผืึผ ืชึฐืคึดืึผึธื ืึตืื ึถื ึผึดื ืฉืึนืึตืขึท; ืึฐืึตืืึถื ืึผึธืึดืื ืึธืึตืืึผื
This has implications ืืืืื:
ืืื ืฉืืจื ืืช ืื ืคืฉ, ืืคืืื ืืฉืืื, ืื ืืฉื ืืช ืืคืื ืืคืืื ืขืฉื ืชืฉืืื. ืืื: ืืืดื ืืื ืขืฉื ืชืฉืืื ื ืืฉื ืืคืื, ืืืฉ ืืืงื ืขื ืืขืื ืชืฉืืื, ืฉืื ืื ืขืื ืืืช ืืคื ืืื, ืืืื ื ืืื.
Now, technically, killing as part of army service is not a ืืื ืฉืืจื ืืช ืื ืคืฉ to disqualify the Kohen from ื ืฉืืืช ืืคืขื:
ืืืืืจ ืืื ืฉื ืืงื ืืฆืื ืืขืช ืืืืืื ืืืจื ื ืคืฉืืช ืืืืืื, ืคืฉืื ืฉืืฉืจ ืืืฉื ืืคืื, ืืื ืืคืืจืฉ ืืื ืกืืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืฉื ืืคืื ืืืืืชืโฆืืชื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืขืืืจ ืืขืืจ ืขื ืื ืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืขืืดืค ืื ืืก ืฉืื ื ืขื ืฉโฆืืืื ืื ืืืฉื ืืคืื. ืืืดื ืืดืฉ ืื ืืงื ืืฆืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืฆืื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืขืฉื ืฉืื ืืืกืืจ, ืฉืจืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉื ืืช ืืคืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืคืฉืื ืืืจืืจ.
And the ืขืืืื is different:
ืฉื ืืืจ ืืขื ืืืืื: ืืืคืืณ ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืจืืื ืืขืืื ืืช ืืขืืืื ื ืืืืืช ืืืดืช ืืื ืฉืจืฆืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืืืื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืจืฆืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืืืื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืื ืืืืืจืื ื (ืืจืืืช ืืฃ ืื,ื) ืืื ืฉืืจื ืืช ืื ืคืฉ ืื ืืฉื ืืคืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืฉืขืื ื) ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืดืฉ ืขืืืื ืืืดื ืืขื ืืจืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืขืืืื ืื ืฉืืืืช ืืคืื ืืืืจื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืขืื ืืดื ืืฉืื ื ื ืฉืืืืช ืืคืื ืืคื ืฉืืจื ืืืืื ืืืื ืงืืืืืจ ื ืขืฉื ืกื ืืืืจ ืืืืชืื ืืืืื ืงืจื ืืืคืจืืฉืื ืืคืืื ืืขืืื ืขืื ื ืืืืณ.
But there is still something wrong about it:
ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืชืขืฉื ืื ืื ืชืื ื ืืชืื ืืืืช; ืื ืืจืื ืื ืคืช ืขืืื ืืชืืืืื
ืฉืืืืื ื ืืจื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืื, ืืืืจืื ื ืืจื ืืงืฆืจ ืืืื ืฉื ืืื, ืืื ืื ืืืื, ืฉืืื ืฃ ืืืงืฆืจ ืขื ืืืืจืื. ืืขืื, ืฉืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืฉืืื, ืืคืืื ืื ืืื ืขืืื ืืืจืช ืืืืื.
So ืื ืืื was put into a position that was more appropriate for him: ืืืฉืืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืขืชื.
And he was ืขื ืืืจืชื ืืืคืืชื. Whatโs that?
The Targum assumes they were a military force: the archers and slingers:
ืึผืึฐื ึธืึธืืึผ ืึผึทืจ ืึฐืืึนืึธืึธืข ืึฐืึทื ึธื ืขึทื ืงึทืฉืึฐืชึผึทืึธื ืึฐืขึทื ืงึทืึฐืขึฒืึธืโฆ
Some assume they are names of families or nations:
ืืืดื ืืจืชื ืืคืืชื ืฉืชื ืืฉืคืืืช ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืื ืกืจืื ืึพื ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืื ืืจืืืื ืคื ืื ืชืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืจืืฉื.
But that doesnโt help us (it may have been obvious to contemporary readers); why those families? What did they do?
The gemara assumes that they are part of the civil administration of David; what it calls the Sanhedrin:
ืื ืึทืึฒืึดืืชึนืคึถื ืืึนืขึตืฅ ืึทืึผึถืึถืึฐ; ืึฐืืึผืฉืึทื ืึธืึทืจึฐืึผึดื ืจึตืขึท ืึทืึผึถืึถืึฐื
ืื ืึฐืึทืึฒืจึตื ืึฒืึดืืชึนืคึถื ืึฐืืึนืึธืึธืข ืึผึถื ืึผึฐื ึธืึธืืึผ ืึฐืึถืึฐืึธืชึธืจ ืึฐืฉืึทืจ ืฆึธืึธื ืึทืึผึถืึถืึฐ ืืึนืึธืื
(ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืื) ืืืืจื ืืืืชืืคื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืข ืืืืืชืจ ืืฉืจ ืฆืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืชืืคื ืื ืืืขืฅ ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ (ืฉืืืื ื ืื) ืืขืฆืช ืืืืชืืคื ืืฉืจ ืืขืฅ ืืืืณ ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืข ืื ืกื ืืืจืื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืืืจืื ืืชืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ (ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืื) ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืข ืขื ืืืจืชื ืืขื ืืคืืชื ืืืื ื ืงืจื ืฉืื ืืจืชื ืืคืืชื ืืจืชื ืฉืืืจืชืื ืืืจืืื ืืคืืชื ืฉืืืคืืืื ืืขืฉืืื. ืืืืจ ืื ืฉืจ ืืฆืื ืืืื ืืืื.
ืืคืืณ ืจืดืช ืืืจืชื ืืคืืชื ืืืื ื ืกื ืืืจืื ืฉืืืจืชืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืชื ืืคืืชื ืฉืืืคืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืืคืื ืฉืืืืช ืืื. ืืืดืช ืืืื ืคืฉืื ืืืืืืข ืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืข. ืืืดื ืืืกืชืื ืืืื ืืงืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืกื ืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืื.
The expression ืืืคืืืื ืืืืจืื comes from the original description of the Sanhedrin:
ื ืื ืืคืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืฉืคื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืข ืื ืืข ืืืจื ืจืืืช ืืฉืขืจืื; ืืงืืช ืืขืืืช ืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืืณ ืืืงืื ืืื
ื ืืืืช ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืฉืคื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื; ืืืจืฉืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืจ ืืืฉืคืื
ื ืืขืฉืืช ืขื ืคื ืืืืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืืณ; ืืฉืืจืช ืืขืฉืืช ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืื
I like that explanation; it seems to fit in context better than a military one. The other mentions of the ืืจืชื ืืคืืชื are less clear. They run from Jerusalem with David during Avshalomโs rebellion:
ืืื ืขืืืื ืขืืจืื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืชื ืืื ืืคืืชื; ืืื ืืืชืื ืฉืฉ ืืืืช ืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืจืืื ืืืช ืขืืจืื ืขื ืคื ื ืืืืื
That could go either way.
They go with the army during the rebellion of ืฉืืข ืื ืืืจื; that sounds military:
ื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืืืฉื ืขืชื ืืจืข ืื ื ืฉืืข ืื ืืืจื ืื ืืืฉืืื; ืืชื ืงื ืืช ืขืืื ืืื ืื ืืจืืฃ ืืืจืื ืคื ืืฆื ืื ืขืจืื ืืฆืจืืช ืืืฆืื ืขืื ื ืื
ื ืืืฆืื ืืืจืื ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืจืชื ืืืคืืชื ืืื ืืืืจืื; ืืืฆืื ืืืจืืฉืื ืืจืืฃ ืืืจื ืฉืืข ืื ืืืจืื
And they designate Shlomo as the heir apparent to David; that sounds judicial:
ืื ืืืจื ืฆืืืง ืืืื ืื ืชื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืข ืืืืจืชื ืืืคืืชื ืืืจืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืขื ืคืจืืช ืืืื ืืื; ืืืืื ืืชื ืขื ืืืืื
ืื ืืืงื ืฆืืืง ืืืื ืืช ืงืจื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืช ืฉืืื; ืืืชืงืขื ืืฉืืคืจ ืืืืืจื ืื ืืขื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืื
Weโll have to leave is as a โืฆืจืื ืขืืืโ.
ืฉืจืื ืกืืคืจ
I donโt have much to say about ืฉึฐืืจึธืึธื except to note that he seems to have had a lot of names:
ืืฉืจืื: ืืืืดื ืงืจืื ืฉืืฉื ืืืืื ืงืจืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืืฉ ืืฉืืืช ืืื ื ืงืจื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืดื ืฉื ืืืจ ืคืขื ืื ืืคืขื ืื.
ืชื ื: ืฉืืฉื ืฉืืืช ื ืงืจืื ืืืื ืืื: ืืื ืฉืงืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื, ืืืื ืฉืงืจืื ืื ืืืจืื, ืืืื ืฉืงืจืื ืื ืืกืคืจ ืชืืืืืช ืืจืืืชื.
I assume the names had some significance but none of the commentators express an opinion about what each means.
ืฆืืืง ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืื
These are the โrealโ ืืื ืื.
We saw above ืืืืืืข ืื ืืื ืืืืจื, presumably the ืืื ืืืื, and ืฆืืืง ื ืขืจ ืืืืจ ืืื was a โyoung turkโ, an up-and-coming leader of the ืืื ืื. Where does ืืืืืื come in? It starts with his father ืืืืชืจ:
ืื ืืืช ื ื ืขืืจ ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืคื ืืจื ืืืืฉ ืืขื ืืฉื ืืขืืื ืืขื ืืื ืง; ืืฉืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืฉื ืืคื ืืจืื
ื ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืชืจ; ืืืืจื ืืืจื ืืืื
ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืชืจ ืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืื ืงืขืืื; ืืคืื ืืจื ืืืืื
ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืฉื ื ื ืื ืืืคืื; ืืืืฉ ืืืืชืจ ืืช ืืืคืื ืื ืืืื
ืืืืชืจ had the ืืคืื, and served David as his ืืื ืืืื during his time on the run. In ืฉืืืื ื ืคืจืง ืื it says that Saul inquired of the ืืืจืื, so presumably ืืืืืืข, the ืืื ืืืื in the ืืฉืื in ืืืขืื, had an ืืคืื with ืืืจืืื ืืชืืืื. When it comes time to move to Jerusalem, David appoints ืืืืชืจ and ืฆืืืง as co-ืืื ืื ืืืืืื:
ืื ืืืงืจื ืืืื ืืฆืืืง ืืืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืื; ืืืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืขืฉืื ืืืืื ืฉืืขืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืชื ืจืืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืืื; ืืชืงืืฉื ืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืขืืืชื ืืช ืืจืื ืืณ ืืืงื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืื
ืื ืืืขืื ืฉื ืืคื ื ืืจืื ืืจืืช ืืณ ืืืกืฃ ืืืืืื; ืืฉืจืช ืืคื ื ืืืจืื ืชืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืืื
โฆืื ืืืช ืฆืืืง ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืคื ื ืืฉืื ืืณ ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืขืืื
ื ืืืขืืืช ืขืืืช ืืืณ ืขื ืืืื ืืขืื ืชืืื ืืืงืจ ืืืขืจื; ืืืื ืืืชืื ืืชืืจืช ืืณ ืืฉืจ ืฆืื ืขื ืืฉืจืืื
Itโs not clear where ืืืืชืจ is serving, but he is clearly serving in some important role in the time of Shlomo, since Shlomo fires him for supporting Adoniah:
ืื ืืืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืขื ืชืช ืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืฉ ืืืช ืืชื; ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืชื ืื ื ืฉืืช ืืช ืืจืื ืึพืื ื ืืณ ืืคื ื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืชืขื ืืช ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืชืขื ื ืืืื
ืื ืืืืจืฉ ืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืณ ืืืื ืืช ืืืจ ืืณ ืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืขื ืืืช ืขืื ืืฉืืื
โฆืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืช ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืข ืชืืชืื ืขื ืืฆืื; ืืืช ืฆืืืง ืืืื ื ืชื ืืืื ืชืืช ืืืืชืจื
But our pasuk has ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืชืจ, his son. What is he doing here? The JPS just gives up:
Emendation yields โAbiathar son of Ahimelech,โ cf., e.g., 20.25; 1 Sam. 22.20.
But that isnโt really right, since ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืชืจ had a role as well:
ื ืืืื ื ืืืจื ืืืืงืืชื; ืื ื ืืืจื ื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืืชืืจื
ื ืืืืช ื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืคื ื ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืื; ืืืืื ื ืืืขืืจ ืืืืชืืจื
ื ืืืืืงื ืืืื ืืฆืืืง ืื ืื ื ืืืขืืจ ืืืืืืื ืื ืื ื ืืืชืืจ; ืืคืงืืชื ืืขืืืชืื
ื ืืืืฆืื ืื ื ืืืขืืจ ืจืืื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจืื ืื ืื ื ืืืชืืจ ืืืืืงืื; ืืื ื ืืืขืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืืืช ืืืืช ืฉืฉื ืขืฉืจ ืืืื ื ืืืชืืจ ืืืืช ืืืืชื ืฉืืื ืื
ื ืืืืืงืื ืืืืจืืืช ืืื ืขื ืืื; ืื ืืื ืฉืจื ืงืืฉ ืืฉืจื ืืืืงืื ืืื ื ืืืขืืจ ืืืื ื ืืืชืืจื
ื ืืืืชืื ืฉืืขืื ืื ื ืชื ืื ืืกืืคืจ ืื ืืืื ืืคื ื ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืฆืืืง ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืืืืชืจ ืืจืืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืช ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืชืืจื
So the ืืฆืืืช ืืื explains that in fact ืืืืชืจ was the ืืื ืืืื and ืฆืืืง and ืืืืืื were secondsin-command:
ืจืฆื ืืืืจ ืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืฆืืืง ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืกืื ืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืืขืื ืขืชื ืืดื ืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืื.
And that is why they are mentioned here. They were the kohanim who were in Davidโs inner circle, helping him administer his kingdom. ืืืืชืจ's role was different, purely a religious role.
But at the end of โvolume 3โ of ืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื he is part of the government:
ืืฉืื (ืืฉืื) ืกืคืจ; ืืฆืืืง ืืืืืชืจ ืืื ืืื
But that is after he helps David escape from Avshalom, which a story for later:
ืืื ื ืื ืฆืืืง ืืื ืืืืื ืืชื ื ืฉืืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืจืืช ืืืืงืื ืืืฆืงื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืืงืื ืืืขื ืืืืชืจ ืขื ืชื ืื ืืขื ืืขืืืจ ืื ืืขืืจื
ืืืืฉืคื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจ
Like ืฉืจืื ืกืืคืจ, we donโt know anything more about the role of the ืืืืืจ:
ืืืืืจ: ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืคื ืื ืจืืฉืื ืืคืืกืงื ืจืืฉืื.
ืืืื ืื ืฆืจืืื ืขื ืืฆืื
Weโve talked about Yoav a lot so far. Heโs Davidโs general of the army and chief enforcer. Heโs also Davidโs nephew:
ืื ืืืขื ืืืืื ืืช ืขืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืฉืื
ืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืจื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ื ืืฉืืขื ืืฉืืฉืื
ืื ื ืชื ืื ืืจืืืขื ืจืื ืืืืืฉืื
ืื ืืฆื ืืฉืฉื ืืืื ืืฉืืขืื
ืื ืืืืืชืืื ืฆืจืืื ืืืืืืื; ืืื ื ืฆืจืืื ืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืขืฉืืื ืฉืืฉืื
ืื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืขืืฉื; ืืืื ืขืืฉื ืืชืจ ืืืฉืืขืืืื
Interestingly, he is always ืื ืฆืจืืื. We donโt know the name of his father.
Heโs been with David since his days on the run, and represented David when he was king of Judah:
ืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืจ ืื ื ืจ ืืขืืื ืืืฉ ืืฉืช ืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืขืื ืื
ืื ืืืืื ืื ืฆืจืืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืืคืืฉืื ืขื ืืจืืช ืืืขืื ืืืื; ืืืฉืื ืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืื
But he was bloodthirsty, and stepped over the line multiple times, but David needed him:
ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืขืืืื; ืืืื ืชืืขื ืื ืฉืจ ืืืืื ื ืคื ืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืืื
ืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืจื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืื ื ืฆืจืืื ืงืฉืื ืืื ื; ืืฉืื ืืณ ืืขืฉื ืืจืขื ืืจืขืชืื
ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืขืช ืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื ืื ืืืื ืื ืฆืจืืื ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื ืืฉื ื ืฉืจื ืฆืืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืจ ืื ื ืจ ืืืขืืฉื ืื ืืชืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืฉื ืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื; ืืืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืจ ืืืชื ืื ืืื ืขืื ืืฉืจ ืืจืืืืื
ื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืืืชื; ืืื ืชืืจื ืฉืืืชื ืืฉืื ืฉืืื
His death was as gory as his life:
ืื ืืืฉืืขื ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืื ืืืจื ืืื ืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืืื ืื ื ืื; ืืื ืก ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืณ ืืืืืง ืืงืจื ืืช ืืืืืื
ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ื ืก ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืณ ืืื ื ืืฆื ืืืืื; ืืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืช ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืข ืืืืจ ืื ืคืืข ืืื
ื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืณ ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืฆื ืืืืืจ ืื ืื ืคื ืืืืช; ืืืฉื ืื ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืืจ ืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืขื ื ืื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืขืฉื ืืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืคืืข ืื ืืงืืจืชื; ืืืกืืจืช ืืื ืื ื ืืฉืจ ืฉืคื ืืืื ืืขืื ืืืขื ืืืช ืืืื
โฆืื ืืืขื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืข ืืืคืืข ืื ืืืืชืื; ืืืงืืจ ืืืืชื ืืืืืจื
Now, thatโs very negative view of Yoav, but we have to realize how important he was.
ืฉืคืืื ืืฉืืจืื ืชืชื ืื ืืื ืฉืขืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืณ ืืืงืื ื ืชื ืื ืืฉืืืื; ืืฉืคืื ืืช ืืขื ืืฉืคื ืฆืืงื
ืจืณ ืืืขืืจ ืืืจ ืื ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืคื. ืืืฆื? ืืืื ืฉื ืชืืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืจื, ืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉืืืจ ืฉืืืฆืื ืืื ื, ืืืื ืฉืคืืจืฉ ืื ืืืืื ืื, ืืื ืกืคืืงื ืืื ืืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืื ืืืื, ืืื ืื ืื ืืืกืจื ืืื ืฉืืืจ, ืืืฉืืืจ ืืืฆืื ืืื ื. ืืืจ ืจืณ ืืืขืืจ ืื ืคืืช ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืฉื ืืืื, ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืช ืืืื. ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ โืืืื ืืื ืขืืฉื ืืฉืคื ืืฆืืงื ืืื ืขืื ืืืืื ืื ืฆืจืืื ืขื ืืฆืืโ (ืฉืืืื ื ื:ืื-ืื), ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืคืืื ืืื, ืืื ืื ืื ืฉืืื ื ืฉืืืข ืืืืื, ืืืกืจืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืื, ืืืืฆืืืื ืืื ื ืืขื ืืจืื.
Ancient Israel did not have a Posse Comitatus Act. Yoav was head of both the Department of Defense and the Department of Justice. He was a critical part of Davidโs administration. Our paragraph focuses on that, and I think that is what is being mentioned here. ืืืื ืื ืฆืจืืื ืขื ืืฆืื means ืืืื ืื ืฆืจืืื ืขื ืืฉืืจืื. This is the context of that pasuk:
ืืืื ืขื ืืฆืื, ืืืืืชื ืืืืืช ืขื ืืขื ืืืื ืชืืช ืจืืืื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืื ืืงืื ืืช ืืฉืคื ืืืื, ืืื ืืืช ืื ืืืืจื ืื ืชืื ืืฆืืงืโฆืื ืืงืืื ืืฉืคืื ืืื ืขืืฉื ืฆืืงื ืขื ืืื ืืคืจืืข ืืืื. ืขืื ืืชืื ืื ืฉืชืืื ืืฆืืงื ืืคื ื ืขืฆืื, ืื ืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืจืื ืืฉืคื ืืฆืืงื, ืืขื ืืืฉืคื ืืืจ ืืืืื ืขื ืืฆืื, ืืขื ืืฆืืงื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืขื ืื ืขืื, ืฉืืื ืขื ืจื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืขื ืฉืคืช ืืื, ืขื ืื ืืืจ ืืืืืฉืคื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจ, ืฉืืื ืืื ืืฉืชืื ืืืขืช ืขื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืื ืืงืื, ืืืืืืจ ืืคื ื ืืืื, ืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืงืื ืืจืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืื ืฆืืงื.
And we mentioned ืฆืืืง ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืื for this role as well, not so much for their role in the ืขืืืื but their role in ืืฉืคื ืืฆืืงื. Itโs a role that we donโt usually think about:
ื ืื ืืคืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืฉืคื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืข ืื ืืข ืืืจื ืจืืืช ืืฉืขืจืื; ืืงืืช ืืขืืืช ืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืืณ ืืืงืื ืืื
ื ืืืืช ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืฉืคื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื; ืืืจืฉืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืจ ืืืฉืคืื
ื ืืขืฉืืช ืขื ืคื ืืืืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืืณ; ืืฉืืจืช ืืขืฉืืช ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืื
ืื ืขื ืคื ืืชืืจื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืื ืืขื ืืืฉืคื ืืฉืจ ืืืืจื ืื ืชืขืฉื; ืื ืชืกืืจ ืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืื
The kohanim are the keepers of the original ืกืคืจ ืชืืจื:
ืึทืึผึดืึฐืชึผึนื ืึนืฉืึถื ืึถืช ืึทืชึผืึนืจึธื ืึทืึผึนืืช ืึทืึผึดืชึผึฐื ึธืึผ ืึถื ืึทืึผึนืึฒื ึดืื ืึผึฐื ึตื ืึตืึดื ืึทื ึผึนืฉืึฐืึดืื ืึถืช ืึฒืจืึนื ืึผึฐืจึดืืช ืืณ; ืึฐืึถื ืึผึธื ืึดืงึฐื ึตื ืึดืฉืึฐืจึธืึตืื
ื ืึผืึฐืึตืึดื ืึธืึทืจ ืชึผึปืึผึถืืึธ ืึฐืืึผืจึถืืึธ ืึฐืึดืืฉื ืึฒืกึดืืึถืึธ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึดืกึผึดืืชืึน ืึผึฐืึทืกึผึธื ืชึผึฐืจึดืืึตืืึผ ืขึทื ืึตื ืึฐืจึดืืึธืื
โฆื ืืึนืจืึผ ืึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธืึถืืึธ ืึฐืึทืขึฒืงึนื ืึฐืชืึนืจึธืชึฐืึธ ืึฐืึดืฉืึฐืจึธืึตื; ืึธืฉืึดืืืึผ ืงึฐืืึนืจึธื ืึผึฐืึทืคึผึถืึธ ืึฐืึธืึดืื ืขึทื ืึดืึฐืึผึฐืึถืึธื
ื ืืชื ืืคืจืฉ ืืช ืืคืกืืง ืืืจื ื ืืกืคืช. ืื ืืคืื ืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืจ ืืงืฉืืจ ืื ืืกื ืืืงืจืโโืืืืช ืื
ืืืื ืื ืืืืืโ, ืฉืื ืืืคืงืืื ืขื ืฉืืืจืช ืชืืจื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืจืืชื [ืจืื ืืืจืื ืื:ื] ืืื ืืืจืจื ืืช
ืื ืืกื ืืืืืืง ืขื ืคื ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ื ืืขืืจื. ืืจืื ืืืืื ื ืื:ื, ืึทืึผึนืืึถืจ ืึดืึฐืงึดืึผึธืืึผ ืึทืึผึนืึตื ืึทืึผึธืืึนื ืขึทื ืฉืึธืคึธื ืึทืกึผึนืคึตืจ ืกึตืคึถืจ ืึทืชึผืึนืจึธื ืึธืฆึธืืชึดื ืึผึฐืึตืืช ืืณโฆ
ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืื,ื: โืื ืืกืชืคืงื ืื ืืืืชื ืื ืืขืื ืขืืื ืืงืจืืโ, ืืืืื
ืืคื ื ืื ืืืจื ืืชืืจื ืฉืืืงื ืืื ืื ืจืืืื ื ืืขืืโฆืืื ืืคืื ืืืืื ื ืืขืืจ ืืืจ ืืงืฉืืจ
ืืชืืจื ืฉืืขืดืค, ืขืืืื ืืคื ืืช โืืื ืืฉืคื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืโ, ืืืื ื ืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืืื.
The kohanim continue to have this role:
ื ืืืฉื ืช ืฉืืืฉ ืืืืื [ืฉื ืืืืฉืคื] ืฉืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืขืืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืื ืชื ืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืขืจื ืืืืืื
ื ืืขืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืขืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืขืฉืืื ืืฉืืจืืืืช (ืืฉืืืจืืืช) ืืืืื ืชื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืื; ืืขืืื ืืืืฉืืข ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืืื
ื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืื ืกืคืจ ืชืืจืช ืืณ; ืืืกืื ืืื ืขืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืื
And this gives another perspective on ืฉืจืื ืกืืคืจ:
ืืคืืื ื ืงืจืื ืจืืฉืื ืื ืกืืคืจืื, ืฉืืื ืกืืคืจืื ืื ืืืืชืืืช ืฉืืชืืจื, ืฉืืื ืืืืจืื: ืืืดื ืืืืืโืืฆืืื ืฉื ืืืชืืืช ืฉื ืกืดืช, ืืจืฉ ืืจืฉโืืฆืืื ืฉื ืชืืืืช, ืืืชืืืโืฉื ืคืกืืงืื.
ืืืจ ืจืณ ืืืื ืืชืื (ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ื:ื ื) ืึผืึดืฉืึฐืคึผึฐืืึนืช ืกึนืคึฐืจึดืื ืึนืฉืึฐืึตื ืึทืขึฐืึผึตืฅ. ืื ืชืดื ืกืืคืจืื ืืื ืฉืขืฉื ืืช ืืชืืจื ืกืคืืจืืช ืกืคืืจืืช: ืืืฉื ืื ืืชืจืืื ืชืจืืื, ืืณ ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืโฆืืณ ืืืืช ื ืืืงืื ืืืืช, ืืืืืืช ืืจืืขืื ืืกืจ ืืืช.
We use the term โืืืจื ืกืืคืจืืโ in general for ืืฆืืืช ืืจืื ื, but the ืกืืคืจ technically is the one who understands the written law; i.e. the keeper of the ืชืืจื ืฉืืขื ืคื:
ืืืื [ืืืื ื โืืืจื ืกืืคืจืืโ] ืื ืฉืคืจืฉื ืืืืื ืืชืืจื, ืืื ืฉื ืงืจื ืืืจื ืกืืคืจืื, ืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืื ืื ืชืืจื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืขืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืขื ืืืจ ืืืคืืจืฉ ืืชืืจื, ืื ืงืจื ืืืจื ืกืืคืจืื ืืฉืืื ืฉืคืืจืืฉ ืืืฆืื ืืืืจื ืืกืืคืจืืโฆ
So this whole pasuk describes the keepers of the letter of the law, essential for any ืืืืืืช ืืฉืคื.
So we have the pieces of a Torah-based government here: ืืื,โ ืฉืคืืื ืืฉืืจืื and ืืื. Rabbi Shulman likes to cite the mnemonic โืืฉืืโ:
ืืจื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืโฆืืขืืจ ืคืขื ืฉืจืืฉื ืืชืืืืช ืฉื ืืจืืข ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืืื ืื โืืฉืืโ: ืืื, ืฉืืคื, ืืื, ื ืืื. ืืืืื ื ืฉืืชื ืื ืืืฉืื ืช ืืฉืืื ื ืืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืฆืืจืืคื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืืคืขืืื ืฉื ืืจืืข ืจืฉืืืืช ืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืชืคืงืืืืื. ืืื ืืืคื. ืืฉืืขืื ืชืคืงืืืื ืฆืืืืจืืื ืืื ืืืขืืื ืืชืคืงืืื, ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืจืื, ืืืืจื ืชืืืืช ืื ืืื ืืจืืืื ืขืจื ืืืจืื ืืืืช ืืจืืฉืื: โืืืื ืื ืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืณ ืืชึนืคืฉื ืืชืืจื [ืืืืืจ, ืืฉืืคืืื] ืื ืืืขืื ื ืืืจึนืขืื [ืืืืืจ, ืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืืื] ืคืฉืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ึดืึผึฐืื ืืืขื ืืืืจื ืื ืืืขืื ืึธืึธืืโ (ืืจืืืื ื:ื).
But note that thereโs no ื ืืื in our paragraph. That, I think, is intentional. There certainly were ื ืืืืื who confronted David, but they are not, and by definition cannot be a formal part of the government.
A moral society needs an institution that is outside the halls of government to remind the powers that be that they work for the people, not the other way around.
The primary social function of a religious society is to speak the truth to power.
In a modern democracy, that role is filled by the media:
Thโ newspaper does ivrything fโr us. Itโฆcomforts thโ afflicted, afflicts th' comfortableโฆ
Burke said there were Three Estates in Parliament; but, in the Reportersโ Gallery yonder, there sat a Fourth Estate more important far than they all. It is not a figure of speech, or a witty saying; it is a literal fact,โvery momentous to us in these times. Literature is our Parliament tooโฆWhoever can speak, speaking now to the whole nation, becomes a power, a branch of government, with inalienable weight in law-making, in all acts of authority. It matters not what rank he has, what revenues or garnitures: the requisite thing is, that he have a tongue which others will listen to; this and nothing more is requisiteโฆ[F]rom the Daily Newspaper to the sacred Hebrew Book, what have they not done, what are they not doing!
In ancient Israel, that role was the role of the ื ืืื:
ืืืืืง ืืฉื ื [ืฉื ืชืคืงืืื ืฉื ื ืืื], ืฉืืงืจื ืืขืืืืช ืืณ ืืืืืืจ ืขื ืชืืจืชื, ืืืฆืื ืื ื ืืื ืขื ืฉืืืจืช ืืชืืจื ืืื ืชืืกืคืช ืืื ืืจืขืื,.
ืืขืืืช ืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืชืคืงืื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืงืจืื ืื ืืื ืจืืืโืืื ืื ืืืื ืืช ืกืืืืืืชืืื ืฉื ืืืืกืืืช ืืืืจืื. ืกืืืืชื ืืืืืชืืช ืฉื ืื ืืื, ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืชืืช, ืืื ืฉืืื ืืกืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืช ืืืคืฉืจืืช ืฉืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืจืืช ืฉืขืโืืืื ืืคื ืฉืขื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืื. ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืกืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืื, ืืื ืฉืืชืืจื ืจืฆืชื ืืชืช ืืงืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืืงืื ืขื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืกืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืงืจืื ืื ืื ืจืืืกืื, ืฉืื ืืืื ืืคื ืฉืขื ืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืืืืกืืืช, ืขื ืื ืช ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืื ืฉืื ืืคืฉืจ ืชืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืงืืงื.
ืขืืฉื ืืฉืคื ืืฆืืงื
So what does that government look like? There was a nice parable on the 929 site on this perek:
ืืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืกืืจืืืื ืฉื ื ืกืจืืื ืืคืืืื, ืฉื ืฉื ื ืืืื ืืช ืืืจืืืื: ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืข ืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืงื. ืืฉื ืโืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืคืื ืฉืืื ืืฆืืื ืื.
โฆ
โืืืืฉืข ืืณ ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืโ ืื โืขืืฉื ืืฉืคื ืืฆืืงืโ? ืฉืืื ืืชืกืจืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืืฅ ืืืืจื ืืชืืื ืืช. โืืฉืคื ืืฆืืงื, ืืืืืโ, ืขืื ื ืื ืืืืื, โืืจืื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ื ืืขืฉื ืืช ืืขืืืืโโฆ
The reference to ืืืจืื is from ืืณโs description of ืืืจืืโs mission:
ืื ืืืณ ืืืจ; ืืืืกื ืื ื ืืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืื ื ืขืฉืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืขืฆืื; ืื ืืจืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืจืฅื ืื ืื ืืืขืชืื ืืืขื ืืฉืจ ืืฆืื ืืช ืื ืื ืืืช ืืืชื ืืืจืื ืืฉืืจื ืืจื ืืณ ืืขืฉืืช ืฆืืงื ืืืฉืคื ืืืขื ืืืื ืืณ ืขื ืืืจืื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืขืืืื
And thatโs how we think of ืืื ืืืื. He is the fulfillment of the rule of ืืฉืคื ืืฆืืงื, of the Abrahamic mission. Weโd like to see that movie but we donโt have it. We donโt have any examples of David governing with justice and charity. All we have are the stories of the ืืืืื ืืืืจ. The only time his justice is mentioned, it is to subvert it:
ื ืืืฉืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืขืื ืขื ืื ืืจื ืืฉืขืจ; ืืืื ืื ืืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืจืื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืืงืจื ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืขืืจ ืืชื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืจืื ืขืืืื
ื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืื; ืืฉืึนืึตืขึท ืืื ืื ืืืช ืืืืื
ื ืืืืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืื ืืฉืื ื ืฉืคื ืืืจืฅ; ืืขืื ืืืื ืื ืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืจืื ืืืฉืคื ืืืฆืืงืชืืื
ื ืืืื ืืงืจื ืืืฉ ืืืฉืชืืืช ืื; ืืฉืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืืืง ืื ืื ืฉืง ืืื
ื ืืืขืฉ ืืืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืฉืคื ืื ืืืื; ืืืื ื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืื ืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืืื
We do have aggada:
ืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ (ืฉืืืื ื ื) โืืืื ืืื ืขืืฉื ืืฉืคื ืืฆืืงืโ ืืืื ืื ืืงืื ืฉืืฉ ืืฉืคื ืืื ืฆืืงื ืืฆืืงื ืืื ืืฉืคื? ืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืคื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืฆืืงื? ืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืฆืืข. ืืชืื ืืชืดืง: ืื ืืช ืืืื, ืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืื, ืืจืื ืฉื ืชืืืื ืขื ื ืืืื, ืืฉืื ืื ืืชืื ืืืชื. ืื ืืฉืคื ืืฆืืงื: ืืฉืคื ืืื ืืฆืืงื ืืื; ืืฉืคื ืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืฆืืงื ืืื ืฉืฉืืื ืื ืืชืื ืืืชื. ืงืฉืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืื โืืื ืขืืโ? ืืขื ืืื ืืืืขื ืืื! ืืื, ืืขืดืค ืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืชืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืฉืคื ืืฆืืงื; ืืฉืคื ืืื ืืฆืืงื
ืืื: ืืฉืคื ืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ื ืืฆืืงื ืืื ืฉืืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืชืืช ืืื.
And we have Davidโs expression of his internal mental state in ืชืืืืื:
ืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืื (ืืืืืจ ื:ื), ืื ืืืืืช ืืืช ืืื ืืชืืื ื ืืฆืืงื, ืืื ืฉืืขืื ืืืชืื ืขื ืืื โืืืื ืืื ืขืฉื ืืฉืคื ืืฆืืงืโ, ืืืืจื ืจืืืชืื ื ืืดื, ืืฃ ืืืฉืคื ืขืฉื ืฆืืงื, ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื, ืืืืจ ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืชืืืื ืืืืกื. ืืฉืจ ืขื ืื ืืื ืืชืคืื (ืชืืืื ืงืื:ืงืื) ืขึธืฉืึดืืชึดื ืึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื ืึธืฆึถืึถืง; ืึผึทื ืชึผึทื ึผึดืืึตื ึดื ืึฐืขึนืฉืึฐืงึธืื, ืื ืืื ืืชืืืจื ื ืคืืฉื ืจืืื, ืืืขืฉื ืงื ืื ืื ืืชืืืข ืื ืืช ืื, ืืื ืฉืืฆื ืืื ืืืื, ืืืืืืจ ืื ืืื, ืืืืจ ืื ืืืืืงื ืืื ืืื, ืขื ืื ืืชืคืื, ืจืืื ื ืฉื ืขืืื โืื ืชื ืืื ื ืืขืฉืงืโ, ืกืื ืขืฆืชื.
But ืืืื ืืื ืขืฉื ืืฉืคื ืืฆืืงื ืืื ืขืื is all we get in the text. Itโs like ืืชืฉืงืื ืืืจืฅ ืืจืืขืื ืฉื ื in ืฉืืคืืื.โ ืชื ืดื doesnโt deal with positive reinforcement, it only tells us where weโve gone wrong.
Thereโs another aspect to ืืฉืคื ืืฆืืงื that bears highlighting:
ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ื ืขืืฉื ืฆืืงื ืชืืื ืืืืดื ืืฉืคื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื:ืื) โืื ืืืขืชืื ืืืขื ืืฉืจ ืืฆืื ืืช ืื ืื ืืืช ืืืชื ืืืจืื ืืฉืืจื ืืจื ืืณ ืืขืฉืืช ืฆืืงื ืืืฉืคืโ. ืืืื ืฉืฉื ื ืืขืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืคื ื ืืืจืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืขื ืืืืจื ืื ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ื ืืืฆืื ืื ื ืืฉืื ืื ืืชื ืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืกืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืคื ื. ืืกืืจื ืืื ื. ืืืื ืฉื ืชืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืื ื ืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืืืจื. ืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืงื ืื ืฉืขืืืื ืืืคืืจื ืืฉืืื.
ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืขืฉื ืื ืืื ืขืืฉื ืืฉืคื ืชืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืฆืืงื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืฉืืืื ื ื:ืื) โืืืื ืืื ืขืืฉื ืฆืืงื ืืืฉืคื ืืื ืขืืโ. ืืืื ืฉืืขืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืคื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืืจื ืืื ืืื. ืืืื ืฉื ืชืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืื ื ืืื ืืืฆืื ืื ื ืืฉืื ืื ืืชื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืงื ืื ืฉืขืืืื ืืืคืืจื ืืฉืืื.
ืื ืืืช ืืื ืืืืคื ืืื ืืืชื ืืฉืื โืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืื ืืจืฅโ, ืืืื ืงืื ืืฆืื ืโืืฉืคืโ ืืฆืืงื. ืืื ื ืืืืข ืฉืืืจืื ืืื ืขืืื ืืืืช ืืกืโฆืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืืช ืโืืืืืชโ, ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืืืจ ืื ืฆืืงื.
For a stable society, ืืฉืคื must precede ืฆืืงื. We need laws to function, not the arbitrary decision of human beings, even if those decisions are just, since we canโt guarantee that the decisions will always meet our standards of justice. (ืืืงืจื ืื:ืื)โ ืื ืชืขืฉื ืขืื ืืืฉืคื ืื ืชืฉื ืคื ื ืื.
William Roper: โSo, now you give the Devil the benefit of law!โ
Sir Thomas More: โYes! What would you do? Cut a great road through the law to get after the Devil?โ
William Roper: โYes, Iโd cut down every law in England to do that!โ
Sir Thomas More: โOh? And when the last law was down, and the Devil turned 'round on you, where would you hide, Roper, the laws all being flat? This country is planted thick with lawsโฆ And if you cut them downโฆdo you really think you could stand upright in the winds that would blow then? Yes, Iโd give the Devil benefit of law, for my own safetyโs sake!โ
And this is what ืืณ wanted from David. Not a ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ, but a ืืืืืช ืืฉืคื ืืฆืืงื:
ืขึฒืฉืึนื ืฆึฐืึธืงึธื ืึผืึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื ื ึดืึฐืึธืจ ืึทืืณ ืึดืึผึธืึทืื
ืืฉืดื โืขืืฉื ืฆืืงื ืืืฉืคื ื ืืืจ ืืืณ ืืืืโ; ืืืื ืืื ืืชืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื. ืืืฆื? ืืงืจืื ืืช ืื ืืื ืงืจืืืื ื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืคื ื ืืืืช ืืื ืืฆืืงื ืืืืื ืื ื ืืืืืช ืืคื ื ืืืืช ืืฉืื ืืคื ื ืืืืช, ืืดื ืืงืจืื ืืช ืืื ืืืคืจืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืฆืืงื ืืืืื ืื ืืืคืจืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืโฆืืืจ ืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืฆืืงื ืืืืื ืื ืฉืืชื ืขืืฉื ืืืืืื ืขืื ืืืืช ืืืงืืฉ.
I 'will conclude with Rav Bin Nunโs perspective on this perek, our glimpse into the kingdom of ืืื ืืืื:
ืืืื ืืืืชื ืกืืคืจ ืืฆืจ ืืฆื ืืื, ืืืืชื ืจืืฆื ืฉืคืจืง ืื ืืงืื ืืฉืงื ืืืจ. ื ืืฆืืื ืืชืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืกืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืกื ืืคืจืง ืงืฆืจ ืืื, ืืขืื ืืฉืขืจืืจืืื ืขืงื ืืจืืืช ืืืชื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืชื ืืืงืืืช ืืช ืฉืืข ืืฉืชื, ืชืชืคืจืก ืขื ืขืฉืจื ืคืจืงืื.
ืื ืืืืกืืืจืืื ืืืืชื ืจืืฆื ืืืขืช ืืจืื ืืืชืจ ืขื ืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืื ืขื ืชึนืขื ืืื ืืืช, ืฉืืคืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืขืฆืื ืืืืจ ืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืฆืืื ืืืฉืื ืืฆืคืื ืกืืจืื ืฉืืคืืื ืืืจ ืื ืขื ืืงืฉืจืื ืืื ืชึนืขื ืืืื ืืคืืฉืชืืโฆ
ืื ืืืืชื ืืืงืฉ ืคืืจืื ืจื ืืืชืจ ืขื ืื ืงืื ืืืืขืืขืช ืืืืื (ืืืื ืืืกืื ืืืจืื ืฉื?!), ืืขื ืืกืืืืช ืืืืืืฉ ืืืื ืืืืขืฉื ืืืื ืฉื, ืืืืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืณ ืืืจ ืืืฉื ืื ืืงืืช ืืื ื ืขืฉื โืขื ืึดืืจึทื ืืฃ ืจืื, ืื ืึฐืจึปืฉึธื ืืขึตืฉื ื ืชืชื ืืช ืืจ ืฉืขืืจโ (ืืืจืื ื:ื).
ืืืืืื, ืคืืจืื ืืืกืืจ ืืชืคืงืืืื ืฉื ืฉืจื ืืื ืืืฉืืืืโืืืื ืื ืฆืจืืื ืขื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื (=ืฉืืดื), ืืืืฉืคื ืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื (โืืืืืจโ ืขืืื ืืช), โืฉืจืื ืกืืคืจโ ืืืื ื ืขื ืฉืืืจืชื ืืคืืจืืฉืืื ืฉื ืืกืคืจืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืชืจ. ืืื ืืื โืึทืึผึฐืจึตืชื ืืึทืคึผึฐืึตืชืโ (ื, ืื)?โฆ
ืืื ืืชื ื ืืืื, ืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื ืืคืจื, ืื ืื ืขื ืกืคืจื ื ืืืื, ืืืชืืืื ืืืืกืจืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืฉืืื ืืืืจืืช ืขืืื, ืืืฉืจ ืื ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืืฉืืื ืืขืฆืืืื, ืฉืชืืืจื ืืงืืฆืืจ ืจื ืืืืืืงื ืืขืื ืงืฆืช ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื. ืจืง ืงืืข ืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืื ืจืืช ืขืืื ืืงืื ืืจืืื ืืคืจืง ื, ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืกืจืืช ืืืืฉืื.