דברי הימים א פרקים כח-כט is David’s last public act. This is where he formally declares Shlomo king in front of the entire people (Shlomo had been anointed previously in מלכים א פרק א, in response to Adoniah’s claim to the throne).
But David starts with the plans to build the בית המקדש:
The text notes that ויקם דויד המלך על רגליו because at this point, he is too feeble to get out of bed:
Thirteen years before would be when David was 57. In my chronology that is the year that Avshalom decides that his father is incapable of meting out justice for the rape of Tamar and has Amnon murdered. This was when the consequences of אותו מעשה, the Batsheva affair, started to come to a head. David becomes literally and figuratively weaker and weaker. But at this moment, in front of all the leaders of the people, he prays for strength:
He then summarizes the reason that he did not build the בית המקדש. We’ve looked at those reasons many times.
Note that David calls this temple the
בַּיִת לַמִּקְדָּשׁ. There is no place in תנ״ך where it called בית המקדש; that is a much later term. This is as close as it gets.
When it is destroyed, it is called בית מקדשם:
מִקְדָּשׁ is in the פִּעֵל, “that which is sanctified”. The building is not holy; holiness comes from what happens in it. The first time the word is used is in שירת הים:
The key is that
it is the מעשה ידיהם של צדיקים, the actions of the righteous, that are the מִקְדָּשׁ, that which is sanctified. The בית that represents them is made by the partnership of הקב״ה and human beings. David starts by describing this בית מנוחה לארון ברית ה׳ as a הדם רגלי אלקינו, which has a very specific meaning in the symbolism of תנ״ך. The following is taken from פרשת משפטים תשפ״ג:
The whole earth is called ה׳'s “footstool”:
But the first time we see ה׳'s “footstool” is a very odd experience that was part of מעמד הר סיני:
Now, we are not corporealists, so we will not take ויראו את אלקי ישראל; ותחת רגליו כמעשה לבנת הספיר literally. If you do, I will send Oona the bugbear of metaphor writers after you.
This whole “vision” is the human brain trying to interpret an ineffable experience, translating it into mundane symbols. This vision is very similar to Yechezkel’s:
The image is of G-d on a throne. But there are important differences between the two metaphors. יחזקאל only sees the כמראה אדם through the קרח הנורא; the זקנים are “closer”; ויחזו את האלקים. יחזקאל sees the ספיר as an אבן ספיר, a rock, while the זקנים see it as לבנת הספיר, a brick. And יחזקאל sees the כסא, while the זקנים see תחת רגליו, the footstool.
(Though I think the etymology is backward; ספירות in later kabbalah is taken from the ספיר here).
אין לנו עסק בנסתרים, but we can put the word pictures together, for making understanding. The כסא הכבוד, also called the מרכבה, represents the manifestation of הקב״ה in the world of creation. ה׳, as it were, “sits” here.
That כסא is made of ספיר, that refracts the light of creation into a spectrum called the ספירות, the manifold ways that ה׳ manifests in the world. But the כסא has two parts: the “throne” itself, and the הדם רגליו, the “footstool”, the הארץ. Its ספיר is different from that of the כסא.
The ספירות on earth is ה׳'s manifestation through our behavior.
The כסא הכבוד is is the prism through which the כבוד ה׳ is refracted into the world, in all the manifestations we call the ספירות: חסד, דין, etc. But there are two parts: the אבן that is השמים כסאי, the “natural” world; and the לבנת הספיר that is הארץ הדם רגלי that is created by human actions, לפי מעשה הדור וצדקתם. David is saying that the בית המקדש should be the ultimate form of הדם רגלי אלקינו, symbolizing the purpose of human beings on earth.
And then David formally gives the plans for the בית המקדש to Shlomo.
This is the only place in תנ״ך where the כרובים that cover the ארון are called המרכבה, and it is where we get the expression מעשה מרכבה for the prophetic vision of ה׳'s throne. David even calls the קודש הקדשים, the בית הכפרת. The כרובים here are the focus of the בית המקדש. The entire purpose of all this construction is to create a place for the manifestation of the שכינה on earth. We have talked many times about the כרובים, and how they symbolize כנסת ישראל, who carry the שכינה in the world. But a “מרכבה” is different from a כסא. A chair stays put. A chariot is mobile. Yechezkel sees it leaving the בית המקדש for exile, but even when the בית המקדש stood, the sense of the שכינה wasn’t supposed to stay there. Our role is to carry the שכינה out into the whole world. Only when כנסת ישראל was ready to assume that role could the בית המקדש be built.
As we said above, כה אמר ה׳…הארץ הדם רגלי. The בית המקדש as להדם רגלי אלקינו is only a symbol, a synecdoche, of that.
These plans were described as בכתב מיד ה׳ עלי השכיל. The חז״ל say there was some actual scroll that was handed down:
But it wasn’t a simple set of blueprints. Whatever tradition and documentation they had, it still needed רוח הקודש, Divine inspiration, and דרשה, human interpretation, to create workable plans:
So Shmuel was the נביא of the planning of the בית המקדש.
Now, Shmuel had died long before this story. David meets Shmuel only twice; the first time is when Shmuel anoints him, but Shmuel doesn’t talk to him then. The second time is while David is on the run from Shaul:
So what was this מגלת בית המקדש? Was there some divine document that wasn’t mentioned anywhere else? And one that was ניתנה להידרש, that warranted “מדרש”. I think that the מגלת בית המקדש was in fact the Torah itself, given to Moshe and passed down in exactly the מסורה mentioned above:
And the Torah has a long description (half of ספר שמות) describing how to build the מקדש in exacting detail. But that brings up a
problem that we have mentioned before in Psak Hop. The Torah seems to imply that the future מקדש should be like the very explicit description of the משכן:
The gemara says that even putting salt on the ramp to the מזבח, to make it less slippery, is forbidden, since that wasn’t part of the original instructions:
So you can’t change anything. But that’s clearly not true; the בית המקדש as built by Shlomo was very different from the משכן, and the second בית המקדש was different as well. And the implication of מִיַּד ה׳: זו רוח הקודש; and עָלַי הִשְׂכִּיל: מיכן שניתנה להידרש is that the plans are intended to change. The Chasam Sofer says there is a balance between the מסורה and the נבואה:
נבואה, the active participation of contemporary רוח הקודש, is an inherent part of building the בית המקדש. It’s not just a scroll, a blueprint handed down over generations.
The laws of the בית המקדש are different from all the other laws of the Torah, in that we don’t say לא בשמים היא. Building the בית המקדש requires an active partnership between human beings and הקב״ה.
And עָלַי הִשְׂכִּיל: מיכן שניתנה להידרש tells us that part of building the בית המקדש is human understanding. We quoted the midrash that למד משמואל הנביא מה שאין תלמיד ותיק לומד במאה שנה. The expression תלמיד ותיק has a specific meaning:
The חידושים of a תלמיד ותיק are not really “innovations”; they are inherent in the מסורה of the תורה שבכתב and תורה שבעל פה. They just need to be brought out in each generation. That is עלי השכיל.
Everything in the בית המקדש has to have a careful balance of הַכֹּל בִּכְתָב: זו המסורת; מִיַּד ה׳: זו רוח הקודש; עָלַי הִשְׂכִּיל: מיכן שניתנה להידרש; of מסורה, נבואה and שכל. As the Torah says multiple times in the description of the building of the משכן, everything was כאשר צוה ה׳ את משה. Building such a symbol of the שכינה, the immanence of G-d on earth, is a very dangerous thing. It’s too easy for it to turn into a form of עבודה זרה.
And therefore David warns Shlomo: חזק ואמץ ועשה.
We have a perek of תהילים that I think expresses this sense of what the בית המקדש is for.
The title of the is perek is על
נְגִינַת, not נְגִינוֹת, which is more common. נְגִינַת is a collective noun, “on the concept of נגינה”. David is dedicating this perek to the idea that he can sing to ה׳.
But I think למנצח has a different implication:
ה׳ wants, כביכול, to be defeated by His children, when they use His rules to make their own decisions.
So a נְגִינַת is a celebration that we have the privilege of participating in the Divine “song” that is the entirety of creation.
Rashi says מקצה הארץ indicates that this was written at the end of David’s life, when he could not go out with his men any more:
If he can no longer fight, David sees himself enveloped in prayer:
Which becomes a halacha that תפילה needs עטיפה; we wrap ourselves in the טלית as a symbol of this:
And then David turns to the בית המקדש:
because the בית המקדש is fundamentally a place for תפילה:
The עיקר of עבודת ה׳ is not the קרבנות but the עבודה שבלב. If I am wrapped up in תפילה, then I should be in the בית המקדש.
David anticipates that ה׳ would allow his dynasty to build the בית המקדש that he has been hoping for:
חסד ואמת מן ינצרהו is part of David’s prayer for the future king:
The future king should sit before ה׳ in בסתר כנפיך (just as he himself had wanted, (תהלים כז:ד) אַחַת שָׁאַלְתִּי מֵאֵת ה׳ אוֹתָהּ אֲבַקֵּשׁ שִׁבְתִּי בְּבֵית ה׳ כָּל יְמֵי חַיַּי), but he can’t just sit there. He needs to do חסד ואמת, and David prays that the merit of that חסד ואמת will protect him.
But David ends with the recognition that to fulfill his side of the נדר, he needs to continue his תפילה, his praise of ה׳. Building the בית המקדש is not a one-time thing.
And that is what a למנצח psalm is all about: נצח למי שמבקש להינצח כביכול.