Weโve spent the past 5 months in ืกืคืจ ืชืืืืื. Itโs time to return to ืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื. To recap where we are, David is king of the united Israel, with his capital in Jerusalem. He has eliminated the Philistine threat, and signed peace treaties with the remaining Canaanites: ืฆืืจ and ืืืืก. The surrounding nations of ืืืื,โ ืขืืื,โ ืืืื and ืฆืืืโ (or ืืจื) were in a state of detente with Israel since the time of Saul (see ืฉืืืื ื ืื:ืื). David had moved the ืืจืื to Jerusalem, in an โืืืืโ, which we pointed out was probably a stone building but with a cloth roof, like ืืฉืื ืฉืืื. David has a fancy new palace built by ืืืจื ืืื ืฆืืจ, a ืืืช ืืจืืื (which the Targum translates as ืึตึผืืชึธื ืึดื ืึฐืึทืึตื ืึผึฐืึดืืึนืจึตื ืึทืจึฐืึทืึธื).
David has been planning for this moment all his life. He has one goal:
ืืืช ืฉืืืชื ืืืช ืืณ ืืืชื ืืืงืฉ;
ืฉืืชื ืืืืช ืืณ ืื ืืื ืืื;
ืืืืืช ืื ืขื ืืณ ืืืืงืจ ืืืืืืื
ื ืฉืืจ ืืืขืืืช;
ืืืืจ ืืณ ืืืื ืืช ืื ืขื ืืชืื
ื ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืข ืืืณ; ื ืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืขืงืื
ื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืชื; ืื ืืขืื ืขื ืขืจืฉ ืืฆืืขืื
ื ืื ืืชื ืฉื ืช ืืขืื ื; ืืขืคืขืคื ืชื ืืืื
ื ืขื ืืืฆื ืืงืื ืืืณ; ืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืืจ ืืขืงืื
With that, letโs look at the text:
ื ืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืื ืืืืชื; ืืืณ ืื ืื ืื ืืกืืื ืืื ืืืืืื
ื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ื ืชื ืื ืืื ืจืื ื ื ืื ืื ืืืฉื ืืืืช ืืจืืื; ืืืจืื ืืืืงืื ืืฉื ืืชืื ืืืจืืขืื
ื ืืืืืจ ื ืชื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืื ืขืฉื; ืื ืืณ ืขืืื
ื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื;
ืืืื ืืืจ ืืณ ืื ื ืชื ืืืืจื
ื ืื ืืืืจืช ืื ืขืืื ืื ืืื
ืื ืืืจ ืืณ; ืืืชื ืชืื ื ืื ืืืช ืืฉืืชืื
ื ืื ืื ืืฉืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืขืืชื ืืช ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืขื ืืืื ืืื; ืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืืื
ื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืชืืืืชื ืืื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืชื ืืช ืืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืจ ืฆืืืชื ืืจืขืืช ืืช ืขืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจ; ืืื ืื ืื ืืชื ืื ืืืช ืืจืืืื
ื ืืขืชื ืื ืชืืืจ ืืขืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืณ ืฆืืึพืืช ืื ื ืืงืืชืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืฆืื ืืืืืช ื ืืื ืขื ืขืื ืขื ืืฉืจืืื
ื ืืืืื ืขืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืช ืืืืจืชื ืืช ืื ืืืืื ืืคื ืื; ืืขืฉืชื ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืฉื ืืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืฅื
ื ืืฉืืชื ืืงืื ืืขืื ืืืฉืจืื ืื ืืขืชืื ืืฉืื ืชืืชืื ืืื ืืจืื ืขืื; ืืื ืืกืืคื ืื ื ืขืืื ืืขื ืืชื ืืืฉืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืื
ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืฆืืืชื ืฉืคืืื ืขื ืขืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืชื ืื ืืื ืืืืื; ืืืืื ืื ืืณ ืื ืืืช ืืขืฉื ืื ืืณื
ืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืช ืืืชืื ืืืงืืืชื ืืช ืืจืขื ืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืฆื ืืืขืื; ืืืืื ืชื ืืช ืืืืืชืื
ืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืช ืืฉืื; ืืื ื ืชื ืืช ืืกื ืืืืืชื ืขื ืขืืืื
ืื ืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืขืืชื ืืืืืชืื ืืฉืื ืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืขื ืื ื ืืืื
ืื ืืืกืื ืื ืืกืืจ ืืื ื ืืืฉืจ ืืกืจืชื ืืขื ืฉืืื ืืฉืจ ืืกืจืชื ืืืคื ืืื
ืื ืื ืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืืชื ืขื ืขืืื ืืคื ืื; ืืกืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืขื ืขืืืื
ืื ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืื ืืืื
What is going on here? Rabbi Leibtag points out something interesting. David first goes to ื ืชื to ask a ืคืกืง as a ืืื: he is โdarshening out the pasukโ.
ื ืื ืชืขืฉืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืื ื ืขืฉืื ืคื ืืืื; ืืืฉ ืื ืืืฉืจ ืืขืื ืืื
ื ืื ืื ืืืชื ืขื ืขืชื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืณ ืืืงืื ื ืชื ืืื
ื ืืขืืจืชื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืฉืืชื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืืณ ืืืงืืื ืื ืืื ืืชืื; ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืกืืื ืืืฉืืชื ืืืื
ืื ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืืณ ืืืงืืื ืื ืืฉืื ืฉืื ืฉื ืฉืื ืชืืืื ืืช ืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืื ืืฆืื ืืชืื; ืขืืืชืืื ืืืืืืื ืืขืฉืจืชืืื ืืชืจืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ื ืืจืืื ืืฉืจ ืชืืจื ืืืณื
ืื ืืฉืืืชื ืืคื ื ืืณ ืืืงืืื ืืชื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืชืืื ืืขืืืืื ืืืืืชืืื; ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉืขืจืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืง ืื ืืื ืืชืืื
ืื ืืฉืืจ ืื ืคื ืชืขืื ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืชืจืืื
ืื ืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืืณ ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืฉื ืชืขืื ืขืืชืื; ืืฉื ืชืขืฉื ืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืื ืืฆืืื
The Torah says ืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืกืืื, and David sees his situation as ืืณ ืื ืื ืื ืืกืืื ืืื ืืืืื, so itโs obviously time (David of course did not read the words of the ืชื ืดื; the author here is emphasizing to us, the readers, what the situation was). And ื ืชื, wearing his โRabbiโ hat, agrees: it it time to build the ืืืช ืืงืืฉ.
Then ื ืชื puts on his โProphetโ hat and gets the ื ืืืื: no, David cannot. And this outweighs the ืคืกืง.
But that is very problematic. We have a principle: ืื ืืฉืืื ืืื. A ื ืืื has no say in how we decide halacha (we all know the story of ืชื ืืจ ืฉื ืขืื ืื). The obvious answer is that this was a ืืืจืืช ืฉืขื, a command for the nonce. A ื ืืื has that power; (ืืืจืื ืื:ืื)โ ื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืืืื ืืื ื ืืงืื ืื ืืณ ืืืงืื; ืืืื ืชืฉืืขืื.
But itโs not so simple. A ืืืจืืช ืฉืขื should not be recorded in ืชื ืดื:
ืืืชื ืื ืืจืื ื ืืืืื ืขืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืคืืื ืืืืฆืื ืืฆืจืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืฉืืืฆืจืื ืืืืจืืช ื ืืชืื ืืฉืื ืืืฆืจืื ืื ื ืืชืื.
A ืืืจืืช ืฉืขื is by definition ืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืืืจืืช.
But thatโs clearly not true, since we do have prophetic ืืืจืืืช ืฉืขื recorded:
ืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืณ; ื ืขืฆืจื ื ื ืืืชื ืื ืขืฉื ืืคื ืื ืืื ืขืืืื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืณ ืื ืื ืื ืื ืชืขืฆืจื ื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืชืขืฉื ืขืื ืืืณ ืชืขืื ื; ืื ืื ืืืข ืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืณ ืืืื
โฆ
ืื ืืืงื ืื ืื ืืช ืืื ืืขืืื ืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืขื ืขื ืืฆืืจ ืืืณ; ืืืคืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืื ืื ืืืฉืชื ืจืืืื
ื ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืฉื ืื ืืขื ืืืื; ืืืจืคื ืืช ืืืื ืืณ ืืืจืืกื
โฆืื ืืืขืจื ืืช ืืขืฆืื; ืืื ืชื ืืช ืืคืจ ืืืฉื ืขื ืืขืฆืืื
โฆ
ืื ืืชืคื ืืฉ ืืณ ืืชืืื ืืช ืืขืื ืืืช ืืขืฆืื ืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืช ืืขืคืจ; ืืืช ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืชืขืื ืืืืื
ืื ืืืจื ืื ืืขื ืืืคืื ืขื ืคื ืืื; ืืืืืจื ืืณ ืืื ืืืืงืื ืืณ ืืื ืืืืงืืื
In both these cases, ืืืืช (altars outside the ืืฉืื/ืืงืืฉ) are forbidden, but the ื ืืื says to make one, so it is allowed. The common factor in the instances of a prophetic ืืืจืืช ืฉืขื in ืชื ืดื is that they are related to the sacrifices and the ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ. And this is a specific law of the ืืงืืฉ:
ืืฉืจ ืืขืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืชื ืืงืจืื ืขื ืคื ื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืืจืื.
Rashi makes this law, of ืืงืจืื ืขื ืคื ื ืืื, part of the sugya of ืืืืืช ืืืงืืฉ, not ืืืืืช ื ืืื.
Inherent in the halachot of ืขืืืื is the involvement of the ื ืืื. This manifests in a number of ways. The Chasam Sofer comments:
ืืืจ ืืชืืชื ืืืงืื ืืืจ ืฉื ืชืงืฉืืชื ืขื ืื ืื ืื ื ืืืงืืฉืืช, ืืจืืฉืื ืืืฉื ื ืืืฉืืืฉื
ืืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืฉืืื ืืณ ืืืื ืืืืืจื, ืืืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืณ ืขืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืณ ืืงืฉื ืืื
ืื ืืื ืจืฉืื ืืืืฉ ืืืื ืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืืช ืืฆืจ ืืืฉืื ืืืืืจ. ืืฉื ืืืจืชื, ืฉืืื
ืคืืจืืฉ ืืคืกืืง ืืคืณ ืชืจืืื (ืื:ื) โืืื ืืฉืจ ืื ื ืืจืื ืืืชื ืืช ืชืื ืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืช
ืชืื ืืช ืื ืืืื ืืื ืชืขืฉืโ, ืืืจืฉืื ื ืคืดื ืืฉืืืขืืช (ืื,ื) โืืื ืชืขืฉื ืืืืจืืชโ, ืืืคืขืดื
ืงืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืื ื ืืจืื ืืืชื ืื ืชืขืฉื ืืืืจืืช, ืฉืืขืืื ืื ื ืืจืื ืืชืื ืชืื ืืช
ืืื ืื ืืืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืงืืดื ืืชื ื ืืชืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืฉืจ ืื ื ืืจืื ืืดื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืฉ
ืฉืืืืฉ ืื ืืื.
And the description of the next Temple in ืืืืงืื is nothing like the laws outlined in the Torah. The Rambam explains:
ืื ืื ืฉืืขืืจื ืื ืกืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืงืื ืืื ืืื ืืืชื ืืงืจืื ืืช ืืกืืจื ืืขืืืื ืืืชืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ื ื ืืืืื ืืืืจืืช; ืืื ืื ืืื ืฆืืืื ืืคืืจืฉ ืืืฆื ืืืื ืืงืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืขื ืื ืืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืื ื ืืืช ืฉืืืฉืื
ืื ืืืฉื ืฉืืงืจืืื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืจืืช ืืืงืจืืื ืืฉืืช ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืงืจืื ืื ืืืชื ืืฉืืช ืืขืชืื ืืืฉืจ ืืคืืจืฉ ืฉืื
ืื ืืื ืงืจืื ืืช ืฉืืงืจืืื ืืืื ืขืืจื ืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืจืืช. ืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืืช ืื ืืืจื ืชืืจื ืฉืคืืจืฉื ื ืืื ืฉืืขืชืืงื ืืคื ืืฉื ืจืื ื; ืืื ืืืืกืืฃ ืขืืืื ืืื ืืืจืืขื
And Rav Hutner explains that this ืืืจืืช ืฉืขื in the inauguration of the ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ is necessary:
ื ืืชืืืจ ืื ื ืื ืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืงืจืื ืงืจืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืจืืช ืฉืขืโฆ
ืโฆืฉืืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืืคืขื ืฉื ืขืงืืจืช ืืืจ ืื ืืชืืจื ืืืืื ืฉื ื ืืืื, ืขื ืืื ืืงืจืืช ืงืจืื ืืช ืฉืืืืจืขื ืืื ืชืื โืืฉืืืโ ืืืงื.
ืโฆืืื ืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ื ืืืื, ืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืงืจืื ืืช ืฉื ืขืงืืจืช ืืืจ ืื ืืชืืจื, ืืจืโฆืืชืงืืืืช ืขื ืืื ืฉืืชืงืืืช ืขืืืื ืืช ืฉืื ืื ืืืข ืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืขืงืืจืช ืืืจ ืื ืืชืืจืโฆ
Rav Kook summarizes:
ืืขื ืื ื ืืืื, ืื ืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืื ืขื ืื ื ืชืื ืืช ืืืงืืฉ ืืื ืื ื,
ืืื ืืกืืจ ืื ืืื ืื ืืืจืืฉ ืืื ื ืฉืืืืืข ืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืื, ืืืื ืื ื ืื ืก ืืื ืืืืื ืฉื
โืืื ืืืฆืืชโ ืืื ื ืืื ืจืฉืื ืืืืฉ ืืืจ ืืขืชื, ืืื ืืืื ืฉื โืื ืืฉืืื ืืืโ.
But why? Why does ืขืืืื need ื ืืืื? We donโt know the ืืขืื ืืืฆืืืช, but I would suggest that ืขืืืื is the aspect of Judaism that brings G-d into our lives. There are three prongs to our religion (ืืฉื ื ืืืืช ื:ื): โ ืขื ืฉืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืขืืื ืขืืื, ืขื ืืชืืจื ืืขื ืืขืืืื ืืขื ืืืืืืช ืืกืืื. When we learn Torah, we explicitly exclude ืืณโs involvement. ืืณ gave us the Torah 3500 years ago, and now it is up to us to understand and internalize it:
ืืืืจ ืฉืขืืื ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืจ ืกืื ื, ืืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืง ืืืืืื ืจืฆืื ืืณ ืืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืื ืืืื, ืืฉืจ ืขืืื ื ืืืจ โืื ืืฉืืื ืืืโ.
And when we do ืืืืืืช ืืกืืื, we also exclude ืืณโs involvement. Thereโs a famous saying attributed to the Baal Shem Tov:
ืืฉืืื ืืืืขืฉืดื ืืดื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืื
ืงื,ื: ืื ืื ืืืกืจ ืฉืจื ืื ืืืโฆืืืืื
ืืืคื ืืืชืจ ืืคืืจื? ืืืฉืื ืืฆืืงื ืื ืชืืืจ ืืขื ื ืฉืืืื
ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืืจ ืื ืืณ; ืจืง ืชืืื ืืืคืจ ืืืืชื
ืฉืขื, ืืชืขืฉื ืื ืื ืื ืฉืืืืโฆ
So our ืขืืืื is where we invite ืืณ into our lives, where we can feel a personal connection to ืืงืืดื. For us today, this is in our ืชืคืืื, but the ideal is the service of the ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ, and the halacha recognizes this by making the voice of ืืณ an active part of the establishment of the ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ.
So why does ื ืชื first give him the psak? Or better, why does ืืณ let ื ืชื make the error of answering without an explicit ื ืืืื?
I would say, based on the ืืฉืืฆืืช ืืื, that this was connected to Davidโs oath: ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืข ืืืณโฆืื ืืชื ืฉื ืช ืืขืื ืโฆืขื ืืืฆื ืืงืื ืืืณ. He swore never to sleep until the ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ was built (or at least founded). He was finally given the good news, and his oath would be fulfilled. The ืืฉืืฆืืช ืืื, citing the ืืชื ืกืืคืจ, says that David had ืืชืจืช ื ืืจืื after this, but I donโt think so. The gemara says he never really slept:
ืืืจ ืจืื ืืื ืืื ืงืืืจ [ืืื] ืืขืืื ืื ืขืืจ ืขืื ืืฆืืช ืืืื ืืฉืื ื. ืจืื ืืืจื ืืืจ ืขื ืืฆืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืชื ืื ื ืืกืืก ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืชืืืจ ืืืจื. ืจื ืืฉื ืืืจ ืขื ืืฆืืช ืืืื ืืื ืขืืกืง ืืืืจื ืชืืจื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืชืฉืืืืช.
So I think that ืืณ, knowing how David felt about the ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ and how he would respond to being denied the opportunity to build it, had pity on him. ืืณ said, ื ืขืืขื, let him get one good nightโs sleep. Give him the bad news in the morning.
The next question is, why not? Why does ืืณ tell David that he cannot build the ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ? We all know the obvious answer, that David tells Shlomo and the people:
ื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืฉืืื; ืื ื (ืื ื) ืื ื ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืช ืืฉื ืืณ ืืืงืื
ื ืืืื ืขืื ืืืจ ืืณ ืืืืจ ืื ืืจื ืฉืคืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืขืฉืืช; ืื ืชืื ื ืืืช ืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืจืืื ืฉืคืืช ืืจืฆื ืืคื ืื
ื ืื ื ืื ื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉ ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืชื ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืกืืื; ืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืฉืืื ืืฉืงื ืืชื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื
ื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืช ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ื ืื ืืื; ืืืืื ืืชื ืืกื ืืืืืชื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืขืืืื
ื ืืืงื ืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืจืืืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืขืื ื ืืื ืืขืื; ืื ื ืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืจืืช ืืณ ืืืืื ืจืืื ืืืงืื ื ืืืืื ืืชื ืืื ืืชื
ื ืืืืืงืื ืืืจ ืื ืื ืชืื ื ืืืช ืืฉืื; ืื ืืืฉ ืืืืืืช ืืชื ืืืืื ืฉืคืืชื
And thatโs how Shlomo saw it:
ืื ืืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืืืจื
ืื ืืชื ืืืขืช ืืช ืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืช ืืฉื ืืณ ืืืงืื ืืคื ื ืืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืกืืืื ืขื ืชืช ืืณ ืืชื ืชืืช ืืคืืช ืจืืื (ืจืืื)ื
ืื ืืขืชื ืื ืื ืืณ ืืืงื ืื ืืกืืื; ืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืคืืข ืจืขื
ืื ืืื ื ื ืืืจ ืืื ืืช ืืืช ืืฉื ืืณ ืืืงื; ืืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืณ ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืชืืชืื ืขื ืืกืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืืช ืืฉืืื
But note that the line about ืื ืืจื ืฉืคืืช isnโt actually in ื ืชื's statement to David; that seems to be Davidโs interpolation. ื ืชื doesnโt explicitly give a reason why David should not build a ืืืช to ืืณ, but simply says that ืืืืื ืื ืืณ ืื ืืืช ืึทืขึฒืฉืึถื ืึผึฐืึธ ืืณโ. ืืณ will build a ืืืช to David first.
Radak proposes two answers: one, that this was only in Davidโs mind, and the other is that the text of ืฉืืืื simply left that part out:
ืื ืืจืื ืฉืคืืช: ืื ืื ืืฆืื ื ืฉืืืจ ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืื ืืคื ื ืื ืื ืขืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืช ืืืืช, ืื ื ืชื ืื ืืื ืืืจ ืื ืื ืืืขืคืดื ืฉืื ื ืืชื ืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื ื ืืฆื ืืืืื ืจืืื ืืื โืืชืืืจื ื ืฉืืื ืื ืฉืืโ.
The idea that ืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื left out the key part of ื ืชื's prophecy seems unlikely. We will have to understand what David means by ืื ืืจืื ืฉืคืืช, and why he felt that disqualified him from building the ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ.
I would agree with Radakโs first interpretation. I would assume the โrealโ reason is implied somehow in the prophecy. It would seem that David (and ื ืชื) mis-read the pasuk. ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืกืืื ืืืฉืืชื ืืื are two different conditions. David was at the point of ืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืกืืื but still could not claim to be ืืฉืืชื ืืื; that would not be until Shlomo:
ืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืืฉ ืชืืช ืืคื ื ืืชืืช ืชืื ืชื ืืื ืืขื ืืืจ ืฉืืข ืื ืืื ืฉืืืื
Building the ืืืช ืืงืืฉ requires a ืืื:
ืชื ืื ืจืื ืืืกื ืืืืจ: ืฉืืฉ ืืฆืืช ื ืฆืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืกืชื ืืืจืฅ: ืืืขืืื ืืื ืืื, ืืืืืจืืช ืืจืขื ืฉื ืขืืืง, ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืช ืืืืืจื. ืืืื ื ืืืืข ืืืื ืืื ืชืืืื. ืืฉืืื ืืืืจ (ืฉืืืช ืื) โืื ืื ืขื ืืก ืึพื ืืืืื ืืืณ ืืขืืืงโ, ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืขืืื ืืื ืืื ืชืืืื ืืืื ืืกื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืื) โืืืฉื ืฉืืื ืขื ืืกื ืืณ ืืืืโ. ืืขืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืข ืื ืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืช ืืืืืจื ืชืืื ืื ืืืืจืืช ืืจืขื ืฉื ืขืืืง ืชืืื; ืืฉืืื ืืืืจ (ืืืจืื ืื) โืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืณ ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืืณ ืืืืณโ, ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืจืืช ืืจืขื ืฉื ืขืืืง ืชืืื.
What makes a ืืื different from a ืฉืืคื is that a ืฉืืคื is ad hoc. ืืื means a procedure for peacefully transferring power. It implies as John Adams said, โa government of laws and not of menโ. But you canโt be sure that the law is real until it happens. Shlomo becoming king after David designated him as such proved that David was a ืืื,not a ืฉืืคื:
ืกืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืจืืื
ืืื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ื ืงืืื
ืืืช ืืืณ, ืืื ืืืคื: ืงืืื
ืืื ื ืืณ ืืืช ืืืื, ืืืื,
ืืจืง ืืืจ ืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืช
ืืืณ. ืืืืืจ ืฉืืืืฉื ืืืช
ืืืืื ืจืืืื ืื ืจืง ืื ืืฉ
ืฉื ื ืืืืื ืืคืืืช ืืืืชื
ืฉืืฉืืช, ื ืืฆื ืฉืจืง ืืืื
ืฉืืื ืืงืื ืืืื ืืืช
ืืืืื.
But it is clearly not literally true that building the ืืืช ืืงืืฉ requires a king; the second ืืืช ืืงืืฉ was built under Persian rule when there was no king. And the Ramban adds a fascinating point:
ืืื ื ืืืืจ ืืืจื ืกืืจื ืฉืืื ืขืื ืฉ ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืชืืืจ ืื ืื ืืืช ืืืืืจื ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืจืฅ ืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืชืขืืจืจืื ืืืืจ ื ืืจืืฉ ืืช ืืณ ืื ืื ื ืืืืช ืืฉืื ืืขื ืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืืจืื ืื:ื) โืืฉืื ื ืชืืจืฉื ืืืืช ืฉืืโ ืขื ืฉื ืชืขืืจืจ ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืจืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืโฆืืื ื ืืื ืื ืขื ืืฉื ืืชืืจืโฆืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืคืฆืื ืืืืจ ืื ืชืขืืจืจื ืื ืืชืืื ืืื ื ืขืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืืคืืื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืชืขืืจืจืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืโฆ
I would say that building a ืืืช ืืงืืฉ requires not a ืืื, but a ืืืืื, a stable society with just laws, of which it can be said, ืืฉืืชื ืืื.
ืจืื ืื ื ืื ืกืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืจ, ืืื ืืชืคืื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืชโืฉืืืืื ืืืจืื, ืืืฉ ืืช ืจืืขืื ืืืื ืืืขื.
But why should specifically the ืืืช ืืงืืฉ be connected to ืืืืื? That is because the ืืืช ืืงืืฉ is different from the ืืฉืื: the ืืืช ืืงืืฉ is universal.
ืืืืืืืชืื ืื ืืจ ืงืืฉื ืืฉืืืชืื ืืืืช ืชืคืืชื ืขืืืชืืื ืืืืืืื ืืจืฆืื ืขื ืืืืื; ืื ืืืชื ืืืช ืชืคืื ืืงืจื ืืื ืืขืืืื
Note how Isaiah starts that perek:
ืื ืืืจ ืืณ ืฉืืจื ืืฉืคื ืืขืฉื ืฆืืงื; ืื ืงืจืืื ืืฉืืขืชื ืืืื ืืฆืืงืชื ืืืืืืชื
How can Am Yisraโel fulfill this mission? How can we inspire the world to realize that the One God, the God of the House of Yaโakov, is the source of all truth and righteousness and demands moral accountability from all of His creatures?
The answer seems painfully obviousโin order to teach the nations of the world, we need to be operating as a nation among nations, yet a nation distinct from all nations. We need to have the trappings of nationhoodโeconomic infrastructure, military prowess, points of social conflict etc.โall of which are approach through the sanctity of Torah. To find righteous, diligently studious and even saintly individuals may inspire other individualsโbut that will never motivate the nations.
โฆ
For Am Yisraโel to do our job, we need to be operating as a full-fledged nation, in our own land and with our own sovereignty. It is only at that point that we can even begin the job of drawing the nations near to God and bringing the Ribbono Shel Olam to the entire world. Thus was Avraham and his progeny consistently promised a nation which would carry on his missionโa nation which was first addressed by God as a โkingdom of Kohanim and a Goy Kadoshโ.
ื ืืขืชื ืื ืฉืืืข ืชืฉืืขื ืืงืื ืืฉืืจืชื ืืช ืืจืืชื ืืืืืชื ืื ืกืืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืจืฅื
ื ืืืชื ืชืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืื ืงืืืฉ; ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืชืืืจ ืื ืื ื ืืฉืจืืื
We need to be not only a ืืืืื, but a ืืืืืช ืืื ืื:
ืืืชื ืชืืื ืื ืืืืณ: ืืื ืืชื ืื ืฉืืืจืช ืชืืจื ืืขืืืื. ืืืืดื ืืดื ืืืืืช ืืฉืจืื. ืขืื ืชืืกืืคื ืืืืืช ืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืื. ืืืื ื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืื ืืคืจืชืื. ืืืืฉืจ ืื ืืื ื ืชืืจื ืืคืจืฉ ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืื. ืืื ืืื ืื ืขื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืงืื ืืืื ืฉืืื. ืขืดื ืืื ืืื ืชื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืง ืงืืืข. ืืื ืจืฆืื ืืณ ืืื.
ืืืื ืงืืืฉ: ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืชืงืืฉ ืืืืชืจ ืื ืืืืชืื ืงืืืฉืื ืชืืื ืืืืฉืดื ืืจืืืดื ืฉื. ืฉืืฆืื ืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืคืืื ืืืืชืจ. ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืชืืจื ืืคืจืฉ ืืื ืงืืืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืขืดื ืืื ื ืขืืงืจ ืืชื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืง ืงืืืข ืืื ืจืฆืื ืืณ ืืื.
Without that ืืืืืช ืืื ืื thereโs no point in a ืืืช ืืงืืฉ. If we just want a place for the Jews to pray and offer sacrifices, a ืืฉืื is fine.
So David could not build his ืืืช ืืงืืฉ. That would wait for a truly stable government. But what of Davidโs comment about ืื ืืจื ืฉืคืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืขืฉืืช? How is that relevant? I think that comes from the rhetorical question at the beginning of ื ืชื's ื ืืืื:โ ืืืชื ืชืื ื ืื ืืืช ืืฉืืชื. Understanding that will provide the focus for our study of the rest of ืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื. But that is still to come. Next we will have to look at how David responds to this news.