ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: Leviticus

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

We talked last time about Davidโ€™s โ€œretirementโ€, as he pulls back from the administration of his kingdom to focus on preparing the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ and writing ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื. Part of that was centralizing the ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืณ in the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, and four chapters of ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื are dedicated to describing that. As is typical for ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, there are a lot of names here, and we will not go through the lists in detail.

ื ื•ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื–ืงืŸ ื•ืฉื‘ืข ื™ืžื™ื; ื•ื™ืžืœืš ืืช ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ ื‘ ื•ื™ืืกืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื™ืืƒ ื’ ื•ื™ืกืคืจื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื ืžื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื•ืžืขืœื”; ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืžืกืคืจื ืœื’ืœื’ืœืชื ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืืœืฃืƒ ื“ ืžืืœื” ืœื ืฆื— ืขืœ ืžืœืื›ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืณ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืืœืฃ; ื•ืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืฉืช ืืœืคื™ืืƒ ื” ื•ืืจื‘ืขืช ืืœืคื™ื ืฉืขืจื™ื; ื•ืืจื‘ืขืช ืืœืคื™ื ืžื”ืœืœื™ื ืœื”ืณ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืœืœืƒ
ื• ื•ื™ื—ืœืงื ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช;
ืœื‘ื ื™ ืœื•ื™ ืœื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืงื”ืช ื•ืžืจืจื™ืƒโ€ฆ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื›ื’

As we said in Talking Kings and Successions, I assume David declares Shlomo his heir apparent when Shlomo is about 2 and David is 60. This census was part of that ceremony, ten years before his death. There are four different roles described here, ืœื ืฆื— ืขืœ ืžืœืื›ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืณ,โ€Ž ืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืคื˜ื™ื,โ€Ž ืฉืึนืขึฒืจึดื™ื, and ืžื”ืœืœื™ื. Weโ€™ll have to understand what those roles are, but first a detail about the census: David counts the ืœื•ื™ื from age 30. That is mandated in the Torah:

ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ืคืงื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืคืงื“ ืžืฉื” ื•ืื”ืจืŸ ื•ื ืฉื™ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื; ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื•ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ืชืืƒ ืžื– ืžื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื•ืžืขืœื” ื•ืขื“ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”; ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืœืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื“ืช ืขื‘ื“ื” ื•ืขื‘ื“ืช ืžืฉื ื‘ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ืƒ ืžื— ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืคืงื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืžื ืช ืืœืคื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื ื™ืืƒ ืžื˜ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืณ ืคืงื“ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื“ ืžืฉื” ืื™ืฉ ืื™ืฉ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื“ืชื• ื•ืขืœ ืžืฉืื•; ื•ืคืงื“ื™ื• ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื” ื”ืณ ืืช ืžืฉื”ืƒ

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืง ื“

But there is a contradiction:

ื›ื“ ื–ืืช ืืฉืจ ืœืœื•ื™ื; ืžื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉ ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ื•ืžืขืœื” ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœืฆื‘ื ืฆื‘ื ื‘ืขื‘ื“ืช ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ืƒ ื›ื” ื•ืžื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืฆื‘ื ื”ืขื‘ื“ื”; ื•ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืขื•ื“ืƒ ื›ื• ื•ืฉืจืช ืืช ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ืœืฉืžืจ ืžืฉืžืจืช ื•ืขื‘ื“ื” ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื“; ื›ื›ื” ืชืขืฉื” ืœืœื•ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืžืจืชืืƒ

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืง ื—

The gemara assumes that there was a five-year apprenticeship before the Leviim could actually work:

ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืื•ืžืจ ืžึดื‘ึผึถืŸ ื—ึธืžึตืฉื ื•ึฐืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื ืฉืึธื ึธื” ื•ึธืžึทืขึฐืœึธื” ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืื•ืžืจ ืžึดื‘ึผึถืŸ ืฉืึฐืœึนืฉืึดื™ื ืฉืึธื ึธื” ื•ึธืžึทืขึฐืœึธื”. ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืฉื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืืžืจ ื›ืดื”, ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืดื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืืžืจ ืฉืœืฉื™ื! ื”ื ื›ื™ืฆื“? ื›ืดื” ืœืœืžื•ื“, ื•ืฉืœืฉื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืžื›ืืŸ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉืœื ืจืื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™ืคื” ื‘ืžืฉื ืชื• ื”ืณ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื”.

ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื›ื“,ื

ื•ืืดื› ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ โ€ื™ื‘ื ืœืฆื‘ื•ื ืฆื‘ืโ€œ ืฉื™ื‘ื ืœื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ื ืงื”ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“, ืฉื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืขืžื”ื ื•ื™ืจืื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืžืขืฉื”. ื•ืœื›ืš ืœื ืืžืจ ื›ืืŸ โ€ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€œ.

ืจืžื‘ืดืŸ, ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื—:ื”

And there was a mandatory retirement at age 50:

ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ โ€ื•ื™ืกืคืจื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื ืžื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื•ืžืขืœื”โ€œ ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืขื“ ื—ืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืžื–.

ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘ืดืŸ ืขืœ ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื’:ื‘

The purpose of the census was not so much to count then Leviim but to assign them to the four roles, as we said: ืœื ืฆื—,โ€Ž ืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืคื˜ื™ื,โ€Ž ืฉืึนืขึฒืจึดื™ื and ืžื”ืœืœื™ื (called elsewhere ืžึฐืฉืื•ึนืจึฐืจึดื™ื). The ืžื”ืœืœื™ื, the singers and musicians, were part of the ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” itself. The other roles were administrative. There was a massive bureaucracy supporting the service in the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ.

[ื•ื’ื ืืช ืื—ื™ืš ืžื˜ื” ืœื•ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืื‘ื™ืš ื”ืงืจื‘ ืืชืš] ื•ื™ืœื•ื• ืขืœื™ืš ื•ื™ืฉืจืชื•ืš: ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ,ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื•ื›ื ื ื•ืฉื™ืžื ื• ืžื”ื ื’ื–ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืืžืจื›ืœื™ื [treasurers and administrators].

ืกืคืจื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืงื˜ืดื– ืขืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื—:ื‘

ืœื ืฆื— in ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื means to conduct (all those ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื dedicated ืœืžื ืฆื—), but here it refers to the ืืžืจื›ืœื™ื, the administrators.

ืœื ืฆื— ืขืœ ืžืœืื›ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืณ: ืจืดืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ืขืœ ืžืœืื›ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืณโ€ฆืขืœ ื”ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืœืฉื›ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื˜ื”ืจืช ื›ืœ ืงื“ืฉ ื•ืžืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืœืงื™ื, ืจืดืœ ืฉื”ื ื™ื ืงื• ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื• ื•ื™ืฉืžืจื•ื”ื• ืžื”ื˜ื•ืžืื”. ื•ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉืžืจื•ื ืฉืœื ื™ื˜ืžืื•. ื•ืขืœ ืžืœืื›ืช ืœื—ื ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ืกืœืช ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ืคื” ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืจืื•ื™ ื•ื”ืจืงื™ืงื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื‘ื™ื›ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืชื™ืŸ. ื•ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืžื” ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืฉื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืœื— ืื• ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉ ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืณ.

ืจืœื‘ืดื’, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื›ื’:ื“

The ืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืคื˜ื™ื were, in part, literally the Temple police, but also had a ceremonial role.

ื ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื”. ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืคื—ื“ ืžืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื ืžืœืกื˜ื™ื. ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจืชื• ืืœื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื•. ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืคืœื˜ืจื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื•ืžืจื™ืŸ ืœืคืœื˜ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื•ืžืจื™ืŸ

โ€ฆื— ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื? ืขืœ ื—ืžืฉื” ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื•ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืคื ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืชื•ื›ื•. ื•ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืคื ื•ืช ื”ืขื–ืจื” ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื–ืจื”. ื•ืขืœ ื—ืžืฉื” ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ืขื–ืจื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื–ืจื” ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืขืจ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ ื•ืขืœ ืฉืขืจ ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ. ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจ ืžืงื•ื.

ื˜ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืคืจื›ืช ื•ืื—ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ืคืจืช.

ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืžื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื. ื•ืื™ืฉ ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ื ืงืจื. ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืžืจ ื•ืžืฉืžืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ื•ืื‘ื•ืงื•ืช ื“ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ื•. ื•ื›ืœ ืžืฉืžืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืื™ืฉ ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ืš, ื ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืŸ; ื—ื•ื‘ื˜ื• ื‘ืžืงืœื•. ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœืฉืจืฃ ืืช ื›ืกื•ืชื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžื” ืงื•ืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจื”? ืงื•ืœ ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ืœื•ืงื”, ื•ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื• ื ืฉืจืคื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืจืชื•.

ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืคืจืง ื—

The ืฉืึนืขึฒืจึดื™ื, literally gatekeepers, referred to all the maintenance staff of the physical structure of the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ.โ€Ž ืคืจืง ื˜ describes the ืฉืขืจื™ื in the time of Ezra:

ื›ื‘ ื›ืœื ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉืขืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคื™ื ืžืืชื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ; ื”ืžื” ื‘ื—ืฆืจื™ื”ื ื”ืชื™ื—ืฉื ื”ืžื” ื™ืกื“ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ืจืื” ื‘ืืžื•ื ืชืืƒโ€ฆื›ื“ ืœืืจื‘ืข ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื; ืžื–ืจื— ื™ืžื” ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื•ื ื’ื‘ื”ืƒโ€ฆื›ื• ื›ื™ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžื” ืืจื‘ืขืช ื’ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ืœื•ื™ื; ื•ื”ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืœืฉื›ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ืืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืœืงื™ืืƒโ€ฆื›ื— ื•ืžื”ื ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”; ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื™ื‘ื™ืื•ื ื•ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื™ื•ืฆื™ืื•ืืƒ ื›ื˜ ื•ืžื”ื ืžืžื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉ; ื•ืขืœ ื”ืกืœืช ื•ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื•ื”ืœื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื‘ืฉืžื™ืืƒ.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื˜

Itโ€™s striking that of 38,000 Leviim, 24,000 (more than 60%) are administrative rather than ceremonial.


Then there is a second census of the ืœื•ื™ื in ืคืจืง ื›ื’, but now it is from age 20.

ื›ื“ ืืœื” ื‘ื ื™ ืœื•ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ืœืคืงื•ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื’ืœื’ืœืชื ืขืฉื” ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืœืขื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืณ ืžื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ื•ืžืขืœื”ืƒ ื›ื” ื›ื™ ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื”ื ื™ื— ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืขืžื•; ื•ื™ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืขื“ ืœืขื•ืœืืƒ ื›ื• ื•ื’ื ืœืœื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ื• ืœืขื‘ื“ืชื•ืƒ ื›ื– ื›ื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื” ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืœื•ื™ ืžื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ื•ืœืžืขืœื”ืƒ ื›ื— ื›ื™ ืžืขืžื“ื ืœื™ื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ืœืขื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืณ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ืœืฉื›ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื˜ื”ืจืช ืœื›ืœ ืงื“ืฉ ื•ืžืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืœืงื™ืืƒ ื›ื˜ ื•ืœืœื—ื ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ืœืกืœืช ืœืžื ื—ื” ื•ืœืจืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ืœืžื—ื‘ืช ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื›ืช; ื•ืœื›ืœ ืžืฉื•ืจื” ื•ืžื“ื”ืƒ ืœ ื•ืœืขืžื“ ื‘ื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ืงืจ ืœื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืœืœ ืœื”ืณ; ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขืจื‘ืƒ ืœื ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœื•ืช ืœื”ืณ ืœืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ืœื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืžืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณืƒ ืœื‘ ื•ืฉืžืจื• ืืช ืžืฉืžืจืช ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ื•ืืช ืžืฉืžืจืช ื”ืงื“ืฉ ื•ืžืฉืžืจืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ืื—ื™ื”ื ืœืขื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืณืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื›ื’

This is ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื” ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืœื•ื™ ืžื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื”. What changed? The answer is that this is ten years later, as the people are on the cusp of building the permanent ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. The Leviim had another role: carrying the ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. With the establishment of the permanent location of those ื›ืœื™ื, that role was no longer relevant. And so the age rules changed.

ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืฃ ื‘ืฉื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื [ืจืฉืดื™: ื™ื”ื• ื ืคืกืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื]? ื›ืŸ ืชืดืœ [ืžึดื‘ึผึถืŸ ืฉืึฐืœึนืฉืึดื™ื ืฉืึธื ึธื” ื•ึธืžึทืขึฐืœึธื” ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ื—ึฒืžึดืฉืึผึดื™ื ืฉืึธื ึธื” ื›ึผื‡ืœ ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื] ืœึทืขึฒื‘ึนื“ ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึทืช ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธื” ื•ึทืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึทืช ืžึทืฉื‚ึผึธื. ืœื ืืžืจืชื™ ืืœื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืชืฃ.

ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื›ื“,ื

ืืœื ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืคืงื•ื“ืชื ื‘ืžืฉื ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื•ืขื“ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืžื ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืœืฉื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™ื ืืœื ื‘ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžืฉืโ€ฆื•ื“ืจืฉื• ื‘ืฉื—ื™ื˜ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ: โ€ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืฃ ื‘ืฉื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื ื›ืŸ? ืชืดืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžืฉื; ืœื ืืžืจืชื™ ืืœื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืชืฃโ€œ ื•ื”ืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืจโ€ฆืืดื› ืืฃ ืœืฉื™ืจ ื ืคืกืœื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืชืฃโ€ฆื›ื™ ืขื“ ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืžืฉื ื‘ื›ืชืฃ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืžื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืืœื ื‘ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžืฉื ืื‘ืœ ื—ื–ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืžื ื•ืชื ืžื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืฉื ื‘ื ื”.

ืจืžื‘ืดืŸ, ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื—:ื›ื“

Changing the age limits symbolized the fact that ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืชืฃ will never be needed again. This was the start of a new era.


Now, 38,000 sounds like a lot of people for managing one building, and in fact, the Leviim worked in shifts, one week at a time:

ื•ืื—ื™ื”ื ื‘ื—ืฆืจื™ื”ื ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืžืขืช ืืœ ืขืช ืขื ืืœื”ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื˜:ื›ื”

And that division was based on the division of the ื›ื”ื ื™ื into week-long โ€œืžืฉืžืจื•ืชโ€:

ื’ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช. ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืืœืขื–ืจ. ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืื™ืชืžืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื. ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื—ืœืงื ื”ื•ื ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืจ. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืžืจ ื•ืžืฉืžืจ ืจืืฉ ืื—ื“ ืžืžื ื”. ื•ืขื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืจ ืœื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืชื—ืœืคื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ื•ื”ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ื• ื ื›ื ืก. ืขื“ ืฉื™ื’ืžืจื• ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ืŸ ื—ืœื™ืœื”.

โ€ฆื™ื ื›ืœ ืจืืฉ ืžืฉืžืจ ื•ืžืฉืžืจ ืžื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžืจื• ืœื‘ืชื™ ืื‘ื•ืช. ืขื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ื”ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•. ื•ื”ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•. ื•ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ ื•ืื‘ ืจืืฉ ืื—ื“ ืžืžื ื” ืขืœื™ื•.

ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•, ืคืจืง ื“

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ืจื•ืื” ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช. ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืฉืžืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ื›ืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืžืฉืžืจ ืžื—ืœืง ืื•ืชื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ืœื‘ืชื™ ืื‘ื•ืช. ื•ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื. ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ืœืงื™ืŸ ืืœื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืื™ืฉ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•.

ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•, ืคืจืง ื’:ื˜

[A]lthough the Levites had mishmaros just as the Kohanim did, the make-up of these groupings was quite different. While the Kohanic mishmaros were family-based, the Levite mishmaros were grouped together on the basis of the various skills which were required. Family did not enter into consideration.

Rabbi Moshe Eisemann, [Divrei Hayamim I](http://www.artscroll.com/Books/9780899060910.html, p. 488

In a sense, these Levite mishmaros would not have an independent status at all but would quite literally be subsidiary to the Kohanim and be organized in a way which would make their service the most efficient as determined by the requirements.

This would explain the structure of ch. 23. David counted the Levites (v. 3), determined the number required for each particular service (vs. 4-5), and from this formed the required number of mishmaros.

Rabbi Moshe Eisemann, [Divrei Hayamim I](http://www.artscroll.com/Books/9780899060910.html, p. 492

The description of the ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช of the ื›ื”ื ื™ื comes in the next perek:

ื ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ืžื—ืœืงื•ืชื; ื‘ื ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ื ื“ื‘ ื•ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืืœืขื–ืจ ื•ืื™ืชืžืจืƒ ื‘ ื•ื™ืžืช ื ื“ื‘ ื•ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ืื‘ื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื; ื•ื™ื›ื”ื ื• ืืœืขื–ืจ ื•ืื™ืชืžืจืƒ ื’ ื•ื™ื—ืœืงื ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื•ืฆื“ื•ืง ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื•ืื—ื™ืžืœืš ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ; ืœืคืงื“ืชื ื‘ืขื‘ื“ืชืืƒ ื“ ื•ื™ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืจืืฉื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ ื•ื™ื—ืœืงื•ื; ืœื‘ื ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืจืืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืช ืฉืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื ืฉืžื•ื ื”ืƒ ื” ื•ื™ื—ืœืงื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ืจืœื•ืช ืืœื” ืขื ืืœื”; ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืจื™ ืงื“ืฉ ื•ืฉืจื™ ื”ืืœืงื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืชืžืจืƒ

ื• ื•ื™ื›ืชื‘ื ืฉืžืขื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื ืชื ืืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ืื—ื™ืžืœืš ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ืชืจ ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืœืœื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ ืื—ื“ ืื—ื– ืœืืœืขื–ืจ ื•ืื—ื– ืื—ื– ืœืื™ืชืžืจืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื›ื“

The role of the ื›ื”ื ื™ื is to be ืฉืจื™ ืงื“ืฉ ื•ืฉืจื™ ื”ืืœืงื™ื, which in the ืคืฉื˜ is a hendiadys, โ€œsaintly men of G-dโ€ but the midrash makes a different point. โ€œOfficers of G-dโ€ would be ืฉืจื™ ืืœืงื™ื; this is ืฉืจื™ ื”ืืœื”ื™ื in the sense of ืืœืงื™ ื”ืืœื”ื™ื:

ื›ื™ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื›ื ื”ื•ื ืืœืงื™ ื”ืืœื”ื™ื ื•ืื“ื ึพื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื; ื”ืึพืœ ื”ื’ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื ื•ืจื ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ืฉื ืคื ื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ืงื— ืฉื—ื“ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™:ื™ื–

ื›ื™ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื›ื ื”ื•ื ืืœืงื™ ื”ืืœื”ื™ื: ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืงื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ืœ. ื•โ€ืื“ื ึพื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ืโ€œ, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืงื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ืœ.

ืžืกื›ืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื“:ื•

ื›ื™ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื›ื ื”ื•ื ืืœืงื™ ื”ืืœื”ื™ื: ืืœื• ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื.

ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™:ื™ื– ืคืจืฉืช ืขืงื‘

ื•ืจื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืŸ ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืฉื‚ึธืจึตื™ ืงึนื“ึถืฉื ื•ึฐืฉื‚ึธืจึตื™ ื”ึธืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื, ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ.

ืคืกื™ืงืชื ื“ืจื‘ ื›ื”ื ื ื™ื‘:ื”

ื– ื›ื” ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืฆื‘ืื•ึพืช ืื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ืชืœืš ื•ืื ืืช ืžืฉืžืจืชื™ ืชืฉืžืจ ื•ื’ื ืืชื” ืชื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื•ื’ื ืชืฉืžืจ ืืช ื—ืฆืจื™ ื•ื ืชืชื™ ืœืš ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”ืƒ ื— ืฉืžืข ื ื ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืชื” ื•ืจืขื™ืš ื”ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ืš ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ืžื•ืคืช ื”ืžื”; ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ ืฆืžื—ืƒ

ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ืคืจืง ื’

ื•ื ืชืชื™ ืœืš ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”: ืจืดืœ ืฉื”ื’ื ืฉื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืžื“ืจื’ืชื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉืคืœื” ืžืžื“ืจื’ืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื, ื™ืฆื ืžืžืš ื—ื•ื˜ืจ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื ืฉื™ืฉืžืฉื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ืชืงื“ืฉื• ื›ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณ ื•ื™ืชื”ืœื›ื• ืขืžื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื’:ื–

The ื›ื”ื ื™ื serving in the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ are to be more than ืฉืจื™ ืงื“ืฉ,โ€œofficers over the holy placeโ€, but ืฉืจื™ ื”ืืœื”ื™ื, โ€œofficers over the other powers of the universeโ€. The ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ is where ื”ืณโ€˜s presence in the world is most palpable, and the ื›ื”ื ื™ื are literally ื”ืณโ€™s angels, messengers, on earth.


The perek continues to list the names of the heads of the ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช:

ื– ื•ื™ืฆื ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื™ื”ื•ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืœื™ื“ืขื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ืƒโ€ฆื™ื— ืœื“ืœื™ื”ื• ืฉืœืฉื” ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ืœืžืขื–ื™ื”ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ื•ืขืฉืจื™ืืƒ

ื™ื˜ ืืœื” ืคืงื“ืชื ืœืขื‘ื“ืชื ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืณ ื›ืžืฉืคื˜ื ื‘ื™ื“ ืื”ืจืŸ ืื‘ื™ื”ื; ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื”ื• ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื›ื“

The division into ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช that would cycle through the ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” is implied in the Torah, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื”ื• ื”ืณ:

ื• ื•ื›ื™ ื™ื‘ื ื”ืœื•ื™ ืžืื—ื“ ืฉืขืจื™ืš ืžื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจ ืฉื; ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืช ื ืคืฉื• ืืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืณืƒ ื– ื•ืฉืจืช ื‘ืฉื ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื• ื›ื›ืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื ื”ืขืžื“ื™ื ืฉื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณืƒ ื— ื—ืœืง ื›ื—ืœืง ื™ืื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื“ ืžืžื›ืจื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืชืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ื™ื—

ืœื‘ื“ ืžืžื›ืจื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช: ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžื” ืฉืžื›ืจื• ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ื”ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื•ืžื›ืจื• ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ื˜ืœ ืืชื” ืฉื‘ืชืš ื•ืื ื™ ืื˜ืœ ืฉื‘ืชื™.

ืจืฉืดื™, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—:ื—

The Torah is obviously not referring to ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ; Rashi is talking about the final division.

ืืžืจ ืจื‘: ืžืฉื” ืชื™ืงืŸ ืœื”ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช, ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืืœืขื–ืจ ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืื™ืชืžืจ. ื‘ื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืฉ ืขืฉืจื”, ื‘ื ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ [ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื–ืœืฅ: ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืชื•ืืจื• ื›ืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื] (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื›ื•:ืœื): ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐื ึทืช ื”ึธืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึดื™ื ืœึฐืžึทืœึฐื›ื•ึผืช ื“ึผึธื•ึดื™ื“ ื ึดื“ึฐืจึธืฉืื•ึผ ื•ึทื™ึผึดืžึผึธืฆึตื ื‘ึธื”ึถื ื’ึผึดื‘ึผื•ึนืจึตื™ ื—ึทื™ึดืœ ื‘ึผึฐื™ึทืขึฐื–ึตื™ืจ ื’ึผึดืœึฐืขึธื“.

ืชืขื ื™ืช ื›ื–,ื

ืคืจืง ื›ื’ described how the Leviim were assigned to specific roles in the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ.โ€Ž ืคืจืง ื›ื“ continues with the description of how they were assigned to the twenty four ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช, so that each ืžืฉืžืจ of ื›ื”ื ื™ื has a specific group of ืœื•ื™ื™ื to work with.

ื› ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ืœื•ื™ ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื; ืœื‘ื ื™ ืขืžืจื ืฉื•ื‘ืืœ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืฉื•ื‘ืืœ ื™ื—ื“ื™ื”ื•ืƒโ€ฆืœื ื•ื™ืคื™ืœื• ื’ื ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืœื•ืช ืœืขืžืช ืื—ื™ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ืฆื“ื•ืง ื•ืื—ื™ืžืœืš ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืœืœื•ื™ื; ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉ ืœืขืžืช ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืงื˜ืŸืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื›ื“

ื•ื™ืคื™ืœื• ื’ื ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืœื•ืช ื•ื’ื•ืณ: ืจืดืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืœืงื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื™ื ืœืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืฉืจืช ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืงื“ื ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื.

ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืงื˜ืŸ: ืจืดืœ ืฉืื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ืœืฉืจืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื•, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืœื•ื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืžื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ืื‘ ืžื”ืœื•ื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืื‘ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื”ื•ื. ื•ื”ื ื” ืงืจืื• ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืฉืจืืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืจืืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช.

ืจืœื‘ืดื’, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื›ื“:ืœื

To summarize, there were 24 ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช of both ื›ื”ื ื™ื and ืœื•ื™ื that serve for a week, and within each ืžืฉืžืจ there were seven families, one for each day of the week. 24 ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช meant that everyone served at least twice a year, and the cycle was not calibrated with the calendar year, so everyoneโ€™s week changed from year to year.


As weโ€™ve said, the Leviim had two very different roles in the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ritual (the ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื) and administrative (the ืžืฉื•ืขืจื™ื). We looked at the three leaders of the ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื,โ€Ž ืืกืฃ ื•ื”ื™ืžืŸ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืชื•ืŸ, in Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes. ืคืจืง ื›ื” lists them by name.

ื ื•ื™ื‘ื“ืœ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื•ืฉืจื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืœืขื‘ื“ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ืืกืฃ ื•ื”ื™ืžืŸ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืฆืœืชื™ื; ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืžืกืคืจื ืื ืฉื™ ืžืœืื›ื” ืœืขื‘ื“ืชืืƒโ€ฆื• ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืณ ื‘ืžืฆืœืชื™ื ื ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื›ื ืจื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืœืงื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ืืกืฃ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืชื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ืžืŸืƒ ื– ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืžืกืคืจื ืขื ืื—ื™ื”ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจ ืœื”ืณ; ื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืืชื™ื ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื”ืƒ ื— ื•ื™ืคื™ืœื• ื’ื•ืจืœื•ืช ืžืฉืžืจืช ืœืขืžืช ื›ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื ืชืœืžื™ื“ืƒ

ื˜ ื•ื™ืฆื ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืืกืฃ ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ; ื’ื“ืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื•ืื—ื™ื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจืƒโ€ฆ ืœื ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ืœืจื•ืžืžืชื™ ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ืื—ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื›ื”

And ืคืจืง ื›ื• lists the leaders of the ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช of the ืžืฉื•ืขืจื™ื:

ื ืœืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืœืฉืขืจื™ื ืœืงืจื—ื™ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ืงืจื ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืืกืฃืƒโ€ฆื™ื‘ ืœืืœื” ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื ืœืจืืฉื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ืœืขืžืช ืื—ื™ื”ื; ืœืฉืจืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืณืƒ ื™ื’ ื•ื™ืคื™ืœื• ื’ื•ืจืœื•ืช ื›ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื ืœืฉืขืจ ื•ืฉืขืจืƒ

โ€ฆื› ื•ื”ืœื•ื™ื ืื—ื™ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืœืงื™ื ื•ืœืืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ืืƒโ€ฆื›ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื•ืื—ื™ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืจื™ ื”ืืœืคื™ื ื•ื”ืžืื•ืช ื•ืฉืจื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืืƒ ื›ื– ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืœืœ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื• ืœื—ื–ืง ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืณืƒ ื›ื— ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ืจืื” ื•ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ืฉ ื•ืื‘ื ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ ืฉืœืžื™ืช ื•ืื—ื™ื•ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื›ื•

ื•ื”ืœื•ื™ื: ืจืดืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืขืจื™ื, ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ืดื› ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืœืงื™ื.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื›ื•:ื›

And there were evidently some permanent staff among the ืœื•ื™ื™ื, but not in the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ:

ื›ื˜ ืœื™ืฆื”ืจื™ ื›ื ื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ืœืžืœืื›ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืœืฉืคื˜ื™ืืƒ ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื”ื• ื•ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื—ื™ืœ ืืœืฃ ื•ืฉื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืขืœ ืคืงื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ืจื“ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืณ ื•ืœืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืžืœืšืƒโ€ฆืœื‘ ื•ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื—ื™ืœ ืืœืคื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช; ื•ื™ืคืงื™ื“ื ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ืขืœ ื”ืจืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื•ื”ื’ื“ื™ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืžื ืฉื™ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืœืงื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืœืšืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื›ื•

ืœืžืœืื›ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื”: ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื™ืจ, ืœื—ื˜ื‘ ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืฆื‘ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื“ื•ืช ื•ื›ืจืžื™ื ื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื•ืคืจื“ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ืฉ; ื•ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื•ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ โ€ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€œ, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžืชื‘ื•ืื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืคึตืจื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืชื—ืชื™ื”ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื•ืœื›ื ืก ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืณ.

ืจื“ืดืง, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื›ื•:ื›ื˜

So why have ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช? Why have the Leviim work for only one week at a time? I think that for the ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื, it makes sense; we want to give everyone a chance to be part of ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืณ. Even the ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื had their equivalent of the ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช, called ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช:

ื•ื›ืืœื• ืื ืฉื™ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื•ื ืชื ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื ื”ื”ืชืขืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืื™ื ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืงื™ ืขืฆืžืŸ, ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ื“ืขืชื ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื ื‘ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช. ื•ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ืžืขืžื“, ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื ืžืื ืฉื™ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืขืžื“ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื, ื™ืขืœื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืขื ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉืžืจ. ื•ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžืชื›ื ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ื ื•ืžืชืคืœืœื™ืŸ ื•ืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ. ื•ื™ืชืขืกืงื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžืจืชื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ืฆื•ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื‘ืืจ.

ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœืจืžื‘ืดื, ืชืขื ื™ืช ื“:ื‘

But why the ืžืฉื•ืขืจื™ื? Why not have a permanent administrative staff, not one-week shifts? I havenโ€™t found any commentator who deals with this, but I think the answer is Pournelleโ€™s Iron Law of Bureaucracy:

Pournelleโ€™s Iron Law of Bureaucracy states that in any bureaucratic organization there will be two kinds of people:

First, there will be those who are devoted to the goals of the organization. Examples are dedicated classroom teachers in an educational bureaucracy, many of the engineers and launch technicians and scientists at NASA, even some agricultural scientists and advisors in the former Soviet Union collective farming administration.

Secondly, there will be those dedicated to the organization itself. Examples are many of the administrators in the education system, many professors of education, many teachers union officials, much of the NASA headquarters staff, etc.

The Iron Law states that in every case the second group will gain and keep control of the organization. It will write the rules, and control promotions within the organization.

Jerry Pournelle, The Iron Law of Bureaucracy

and that leads to Conquestโ€™s second law:

Every organisation behaves as if it is run by secret agents of its opponents.

Robert Conquest, cited in Martin Vogel, Tracking down Conquestโ€™s law on organisations

Perhaps by keeping a constant influx of newcomers they could avert this โ€œiron lawโ€. That is the ืžืฉืžืจืช that is the real role of the ืœื•ื™ื™ื.

ื•ื”ืœื•ื™ื ื™ื—ื ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืช ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืฃ ืขืœ ืขื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ืฉืžืจื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืžืจืช ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ืชืƒ

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื:ื ื’

ื’ ื›ื” ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืืœืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื›ื ื•ืžืขืœืœื™ื›ื; ื•ืืฉื›ื ื” ืืชื›ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”ืƒ ื“ ืืœ ืชื‘ื˜ื—ื• ืœื›ื ืืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉืงืจ ืœืืžืจ; ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืณ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืณ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืณ ื”ืžื”ืƒ ื” ื›ื™ ืื ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืชื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื›ื ื•ืืช ืžืขืœืœื™ื›ื; ืื ืขืฉื• ืชืขืฉื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืขื”ื•ืƒ ื• ื’ืจ ื™ืชื•ื ื•ืืœืžื ื” ืœื ืชืขืฉืงื• ื•ื“ื ื ืงื™ ืืœ ืชืฉืคื›ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”; ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืืœื”ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื ืชืœื›ื• ืœืจืข ืœื›ืืƒ ื– ื•ืฉื›ื ืชื™ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ื ืชืชื™ ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื›ื; ืœืžืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“ ืขื•ืœืืƒ

ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืคืจืง ื–