We talked last time about David’s “retirement”, as he pulls back from the administration of his kingdom to focus on preparing the בית המקדש and writing תהילים. Part of that was centralizing the עבודת ה׳ in the בית המקדש, and four chapters of דברי הימים are dedicated to describing that. As is typical for דברי הימים, there are a lot of names here, and we will not go through the lists in detail.
As we said in Talking Kings and Successions, I assume David declares Shlomo his heir apparent when Shlomo is about 2 and David is 60. This census was part of that ceremony, ten years before his death. There are four different roles described here, לנצח על מלאכת בית ה׳, שטרים ושפטים, שֹׁעֲרִים, and מהללים. We’ll have to understand what those roles are, but first a detail about the census: David counts the לוים from age 30. That is mandated in the Torah:
But there is a contradiction:
The gemara assumes that there was a five-year apprenticeship before the Leviim could actually work:
And there was a mandatory retirement at age 50:
The purpose of the census was not so much to count then Leviim but to assign them to the four roles, as we said: לנצח, שטרים ושפטים, שֹׁעֲרִים and מהללים (called elsewhere מְשׁוֹרְרִים). The מהללים, the singers and musicians, were part of the עבודה itself. The other roles were administrative. There was a massive bureaucracy supporting the service in the בית המקדש.
לנצח in תהילים means to conduct (all those תהילים dedicated למנצח), but here it refers to the אמרכלים, the administrators.
The שטרים ושפטים were, in part, literally the Temple police, but also had a ceremonial role.
The שֹׁעֲרִים, literally gatekeepers, referred to all the maintenance staff of the physical structure of the בית המקדש. פרק ט describes the שערים in the time of Ezra:
It’s striking that of 38,000 Leviim, 24,000 (more than 60%) are administrative rather than ceremonial.
Then there is a second census of the לוים in פרק כג, but now it is from age 20.
This is דברי דויד האחרונים המה מספר בני לוי מבן עשרים שנה. What changed? The answer is that this is ten years later, as the people are on the cusp of building the permanent בית המקדש. The Leviim had another role: carrying the כלי המקדש. With the establishment of the permanent location of those כלים, that role was no longer relevant. And so the age rules changed.
Changing the age limits symbolized the fact that עבודה בכתף will never be needed again. This was the start of a new era.
Now, 38,000 sounds like a lot of people for managing one building, and in fact, the Leviim worked in shifts, one week at a time:
And that division was based on the division of the כהנים into week-long “משמרות”:
The description of the משמרות of the כהנים comes in the next perek:
The role of the כהנים is to be שרי קדש ושרי האלקים, which in the פשט is a hendiadys, “saintly men of G-d” but the midrash makes a different point. “Officers of G-d” would be שרי אלקים; this is שרי האלהים in the sense of אלקי האלהים:
The כהנים serving in the בית המקדש are to be more than שרי קדש,“officers over the holy place”, but שרי האלהים, “officers over the other powers of the universe”. The בית המקדש is where ה׳‘s presence in the world is most palpable, and the כהנים are literally ה׳’s angels, messengers, on earth.
The perek continues to list the names of the heads of the משמרות:
The division into משמרות that would cycle through the עבודה is implied in the Torah, כאשר צוהו ה׳:
The Torah is obviously not referring to בימי דוד ושמואל; Rashi is talking about the final division.
פרק כג described how the Leviim were assigned to specific roles in the בית המקדש. פרק כד continues with the description of how they were assigned to the twenty four משמרות, so that each משמר of כהנים has a specific group of לויים to work with.
To summarize, there were
24 משמרות of both כהנים and לוים that serve for a week, and within each משמר there were seven families, one for each day of the week. 24 משמרות meant that everyone served at least twice a year, and the cycle was not calibrated with the calendar year, so everyone’s week changed from year to year.
As we’ve said, the Leviim had two very different roles in the בית המקדש, ritual (the משוררים) and administrative (the משוערים).
We looked at the three leaders of the משוררים, אסף והימן וידותון, in Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes. פרק כה lists them by name.
And פרק כו lists the leaders of the משמרות of the משוערים:
And there were evidently some permanent staff among the לויים, but not in the בית המקדש:
So why have משמרות? Why have the Leviim work for only one week at a time? I think that for the משוררים, it makes sense; we want to give everyone a chance to be part of עבודת ה׳. Even the ישראלים had their equivalent of the משמרות, called מעמדות:
But why the משוערים? Why not have a permanent administrative staff, not one-week shifts? I haven’t found any commentator who deals with this, but I think the answer is Pournelle’s Iron Law of Bureaucracy:
and that leads to Conquest’s second law:
Perhaps by keeping a constant influx of newcomers they could avert this “iron law”. That is the משמרת that is the real role of the לויים.