Weโve been dealing with the service that David set up when he brought the ืืจืื to Jerusalem, and the ืชืืืืื that were said there. Part of that service was the singing of the ืืืืื, under the leadership of Asaf:
ืืืขืื ืฉื ืืคื ื ืืจืื ืืจืืช ืืณ ืืืกืฃ ืืืืืื; ืืฉืจืช ืืคื ื ืืืจืื ืชืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืืื
Who was Asaf? There were three leaders of the Levites, one from each of Leviโs sons:
ืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืฉืืจ ืืืช ืืณ; ืืื ืื ืืืจืืื
ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืชืื ืืคื ื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืืขื ืืฉืืจ ืขื ืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืช ืืืช ืืณ ืืืจืืฉืื; ืืืขืืื ืืืฉืคืื ืขื ืขืืืืชืื
ืื ืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืื ืืื; ืืื ื ืืงืืชื ืืืื ืืืฉืืจืจ ืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืืืืื
ืื ืื ืืืงื ื ืื ืืจืื ืื ืืืืื ืื ืชืืื
ื ืื ืฆืืฃ (ืฆืืฃ) ืื ืืืงื ื ืื ืืืช ืื ืขืืฉืื
ืื ืื ืืืงื ื ืื ืืืื ืื ืขืืจืื ืื ืฆืคื ืืื
ืื ืื ืชืืช ืื ืืกืืจ ืื ืืืืกืฃ ืื ืงืจืื
ืื ืื ืืฆืืจ ืื ืงืืช ืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจืืื
ืื ืืืืื ืืกืฃ ืืขืื ืขื ืืืื ื ืืกืฃ ืื ืืจืืืื ืื ืฉืืขืื
ืื ืื ืืืืื ืื ืืขืฉืื ืื ืืืืืื
ืื ืื ืืชื ื ืื ืืจื ืื ืขืืืื
ืื ืื ืืืชื ืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืขืื
ืื ืื ืืืช ืื ืืจืฉื ืื ืืืื
ืื ืืื ื ืืจืจื ืืืืื ืขื ืืฉืืืื ืืืชื ืื ืงืืฉื ืื ืขืืื ืื ืืืืื
ื ืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืฆืื ืื ืืืงืืื
ืื ืื ืืืฆื ืื ืื ื ืื ืฉืืจื
ืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืฉื ืื ืืจืจื ืื ืืืื
Weโre going to look at the roles of these three, ืืกืฃ, โ ืืืื and ืืืชื (who is probably called ืืืืชืื in later chapters of ืืืจื ืืืืื; weโll deal with that later). They were more than just singers; they wrote ืชืืืืื as well:
ืืื ืืชื ืกืคืจ ืชืืืื ืขืดื ืขืฉืจื ืืงื ืื: ืขืดื ืืื ืืจืืฉืื, ืขื ืืื ืืืื ืฆืืง, ืืขื ืืื ืืืจืื, ืืขืดื ืืฉื, ืืขื ืืื ืืืื, ืืขืดื ืืืืชืื, ืืขื ืืื ืืกืฃ, ืืขื ืืื ืฉืืฉื ืื ื ืงืจื.
ืขืฉืจื ืื ื ืืื ืืืจื ืกืคืจ ืชืืืื, ืืื ืืจืืฉืื, ืืืืจืื, ืืฉื, ืืืื, ืืฉืืื, ืขื ืืืืื ืืืฉื ืื ืืืชืคืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืฉื ืืืจื ืืืชื ืืื ืืื ืื, ืจื ืืจืื ืืืื ื, ืจื ืืืจ ืืกืฃ ืืืืื ืืืืืชืื ืืฉืืฉื ืื ื ืงืจื ืืขืืจื, ืจืณ ืืืื ื ืืืจ ืืกืฃ ืืืืื ืืืืืชืื ืืื, ืืฉืืฉื ืื ื ืงืจื ืืื, ืืขืืจื. ืขื ืืขืช ืจื ืืื ืืกืฃ ืืืื ืื ื ืงืจื, ืขื ืืขืช ืจืณ ืืืื ื ืืื ืืกืฃ ืืืื ืืื ืืกืฃ ืืชืื, ืืื ืขื ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืชืืจื ืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืจื ืขื ืืืื, ืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืจื ืืคื ื ืขืฆืืโฆ
Note that ืจืณ ืืืื ื canโt claim that ืืกืฃ was literally one of ืื ื ืงืจื but ืืืืื ืืกืฃ ืืขืื ืขื ืืืื ื (which isnโt literal either). He was one of the three โsinging Levitesโ, called ืื ื ืงืจื. And he was one of the most prolific. 73 chapters of ืชืืืืื are attributed ืืืื; the next most common is the 12 chapters attributed ืืืกืฃ. Whether they were all written by him or dedicated to him, we will have to deal with later.
And Asaf was more than a singer and a poet:
ืืื ื ืืกืฃ ืืืืจ ืืืืกืฃ ืื ืชื ืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืื ื ืืกืฃ; ืขื ืื ืืกืฃ ืึทื ึผึดืึผึธื ืขื ืืื ืืืืื
ืื ืื: ืขื ืืกืฃ ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืชื ืื ืืจืืดืง ืขืดื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืฉืืจื ืื ืื ืืืื.
ืืืืืจ ืืืืงืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืณ ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืกืฃ ืืืื; ืืืืืื ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืชืืืื
And his role as a ื ืืื informed his role as an author of ืชืืืืื. A ื ืืื comes not to give new laws but to remind you of what you already knew:
ืืืืืง ืืฉื ื [ืฉื ืชืคืงืืื ืฉื ื ืืื], ืฉืืงืจื ืืขืืืืช ืืณ ืืืืืืจ ืขื ืชืืจืชื, ืืืฆืื ืื ื ืืื ืขื ืฉืืืจืช ืืชืืจื ืืื ืชืืกืคืช ืืื ืืจืขืื, ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืืืืื โืืืจื ืชืืจืช ืืฉื ืขืืื ืืฉืจ ืฆืืืชื ืืืชื ืืืืจื ืขื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืืงืื ืืืฉืคืืืโ. ืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืฉืืืจืื ืืขืื ืฉ ืืขืืืจืื ืขืืื ืืื ืฉืขืฉื ืืฉืขืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืงืื ืืืืืชื.
Thโ newspaper does ivrything fโr us. Itโฆcomforts thโ afflicted, afflicts th' comfortableโฆ
The primary social function of a religious society is to speak the truth to power.
Many Asafโs chapters of ืชืืืืื are written to comfort thโ afflicted and afflict thโ comfortable. We looked at ืชืืืืื ืขื a while ago, which had an implicit warning to ืืืืืช ืืื. I want to look at a perek that is very familiar to us, the ืฉืืจ ืฉื ืืื for Tuesday:
ื ืืืืืจ ืืืกืฃ;
ืืืงืื ื ืฆื ืืขืืช ืื; ืืงืจื ืืืืื ืืฉืคืื
ื ืขื ืืชื ืชืฉืคืื ืขืื; ืืคื ื ืจืฉืขืื ืชืฉืื ืกืืื
ื ืฉืคืื ืื ืืืชืื; ืขื ื ืืจืฉ ืืฆืืืงืื
ื ืคืืื ืื ืืืืืื; ืืื ืจืฉืขืื ืืฆืืืื
ื ืื ืืืขื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืฉืื ืืชืืืื;
ืืืืื ืื ืืืกืื ืืจืฅื
ื ืื ื ืืืจืชื ืืืืื ืืชื; ืืื ื ืขืืืื ืืืืื
ื ืืื ืืืื ืชืืืชืื; ืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืชืคืืื
ื ืงืืื ืืืงืื ืฉืคืื ืืืจืฅ; ืื ืืชื ืชื ืื ืืื ืืืืืื
ืขืืช ืื could be โin the community of G-dโ or โcommunity of the powerfulโ, but the parallel ืงืจื ืืืืื has to be the latter. Assuming itโs not an endorsement of idolatry, we have to translate ืืืืื as judges. Itโs an example of antanaclasis (โWe must, indeed, all hang together or, most assuredly, we shall all hang separatelyโ):
ื ืื ืืชื ืืืฉ ืื ืจืขืื ืืกืฃ ืื ืืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืื ื ืืืืช ืืืืฉ ืื ืืืฆื ืืื ื ืืฉืื ืฉื ืืื
ื ืื ืื ืืืฆื ืืื ื ืื ืงืจื ืืขื ืืืืช ืื ืืืืืื; ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืจืขืืื
ื ืขื ืื ืืืจ ืคืฉืข ืขื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืืืืจ ืขื ืฉื ืขื ืฉืืื ืขื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืื ืขื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืฉื ืืื; ืืฉืจ ืืจืฉืืขื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืฉื ืื ืืจืขืืื
ื ืืืจืื ืื ื ืืืืืื ืืช ืื ืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืช ืื ื; ืืืงืื ืืื ื ืฉืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืื
ื ืืืืืจ ืืณ ืื ืืืื ืจืืื ืืืื ืืขืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืฉืจ; ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืขืฉืจืื ืฉื ืื
ื ืื ืคืืื ืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ื ืืืืืื ืื ืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื; ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืืื ืื ืฉื ืืฉืื
ืื ื ืืืืืื: ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืืคืืื.
ืื ืืืืจ ืืฃ ืืณ ืืืฉื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืขืชื ืื ืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืื; ืืื ืื ื ืืื ืืฆื ืืงืจืืชื ืืจืื ืืฉืื ืืืืื
ืื ืืืืจืช ืืืื ืืฉืืช ืืช ืืืืจืื ืืคืื; ืืื ืื ืืืื ืขื ืคืื ืืขื ืคืืื ืืืืจืืชื ืืชืื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืชืขืฉืืื
ืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืื ืืขื; ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืคื ืืืชื ืชืืื ืื ืืืืืืื
At this point, it sounds like a good thing:
ืจืื ืืืคืชื ืืืฉ ืืคืจ ืื ื ืื ืืืืจ, ืขืฉืจื ืฉืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืขืืกืงืื ืืชืืจืโืฉืืื ื ืขืืืื, ืฉื ืืืจ โืืืืงืื ื ืืฆื ืืขืืช ืืโ (ืชืืืืื ืคื:ื)โฆืืื ืืื ืฉืืคืืื ืฉืืืฉื, ืฉื ืืืจ โืืงืจื ืืืืืื ืืฉืคืืโ (ืชืืืืื ืคื,ื).
But the judges that Asaf is addressing are getting it all wrong: they are ืชืฉืคืื ืขืื.
ืฉืคืื ืืืฆืืืงื
But the judges in the Torahโs view have a very specific role that has to balance two contradictory impulses: ืฉืคืื ืืืฆืืืงื, be both just and righteous.
ืืืืื ืืื ืขื ืื ืืฉืจืื; ืืืื ืืื ืขืฉื ืืฉืคื ืืฆืืงื ืืื ืขืืื
ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ (ืฉืืืื ื ื) ืืืื ืืื ืขืืฉื ืืฉืคื ืืฆืืงื. ืืืื ืื ืืงืื ืฉืืฉ ืืฉืคื ืืื ืฆืืงื, ืืฆืืงื ืืื ืืฉืคื? ืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืคื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืฆืืงื?โฆืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืจืื ืฉื ืชืืืื ืขื ื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืชืื ืืืชื. ืื ืืฉืคื ืืฆืืงื: ืืฉืคื ืืื ืืฆืืงื ืืื; ืืฉืคื ืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืฆืืงื ืืื ืฉืฉืืื ืื ืืชืื ืืืชื.
ืคืืื ืื ืืืืืื
And they have to go beyond simply judging the cases that happen to come before them. They have to seek out and uproot injustice:
ืคืืื: ืื ืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืฉืคื ืื ืขืฉืงืื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืขืื ืืจืืข, ืืืจ ืคืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืชื ืืื ืจืฉืขืื ืืืืื ืืขืฉืงื .
ืืืืื ืื ืืืกืื ืืจืฅ
But these judges are ignorant of their role and blind to the danger they pose to society as a whole. Asaf is saying that without justice, the whole world falters.
ืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืื ืืจืฅ; ืืืืฉ ืชืจืืืืช ืืืจืกื ืื
This is expressed in the Mishna:
ืจืื ืฉืืขืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจ, ืขื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืขืืื ืงืืืโืขื ืืืื, ืืขื ืืืืช, ืืขื ืืฉืืื, ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืืจืื ื) ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืฉืืื ืฉืคืื ืืฉืขืจืืื.
ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืฆืืง.
This mishna contrasts with the more famous one at the beginning of Avot:
ืฉืืขืื ืืฆืืืง ืืื ืืฉืืืจื ืื ืฉื ืื ืกืช ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ, ืขื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืขืืื ืขืืืโืขื ืืชืืจื, ืืขื ืืขืืืื, ืืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืกืืื.
ืชืืจื,โ ืขืืืื and ืืืืืืช ืืืกืืื are the religious responsibilities of each individual. ืืื,โ ืืืช and ืฉืืื are the responsibilities of society and its leaders:
ืขื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืขืืื ืงืืื: ืคืืจืฉ ืืจืดื: ืืฉืืื ืฉื ืื ื ืืื ืืชืงืืื. ืืืชืืืฉื ืืื ืืคืืจืืฉ ืืื ืชืงืฉื ืืืชื ื ืืืฉื ื ืืณ ืฉืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืฉืขืืืื ืืขืืื ืขืืื. ืืืขืดืค ืฉืคืืจืฉ ืฉื ืืจืดื ืฉืืื ืขื ืืจืืืช ืืขืืื ืฉืืฉืืืื ื ืืจืโฆ.ืืคืืื ืืคืจืฉ ืืจืดื ืืื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืืฉืืื ืฉื ืื ื ืืื ื ืืืจื. ืืื ืขื ืกืืช ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืืืื. ืฉืืจื ืชืืจื ืืขืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืกืืื ืืืื ืืืชืงืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืขืดืค ืฉืืื ื ืืชืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืจืืื ืืฆื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืฉืืื.
ืื ื ืืืจืชื ืืืืื ืืชื
Perverting justice turns the powerful from the highest level that humanity can attain to the lowest:
ืื ื ืืืจืชื ืืืณ: ืืืืจืช ืจืื ืืงืืฉ ืืฉืื ืืชืืจื ืขื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืชื ืจืืืืื, ืื ื ืื ื ืืืจืชื ืืชืืจืชื ืขืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืชื ืืืืืจื โืขื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืฉื ืืืโ โืืฉืจ ืืจืฉืืขืื ืืืืืโ.
ืืฆืืืจ ืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืฆืจืื ืคืืขื ืืืงืื ืืืขืฉืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืืขืืื, ืื ืฆืจืื ืืฉืคื ืืฉืืคืืื ืืืขืืืช ืืืื ืืืขืืื ืืงืืืื, ืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืข ืืดื ืฉืื ืืงืจื ืืื ืืื ืจืืืื ืืืื ืื ืขืืฉืง ืืืืก ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืงืืืืฅ ืืืฉืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืืก ืืืฉืคื ืืฉืืคืืื, ืืืฆื ืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืฆืจื ืืขืืื, ืื ืื ืฉืืชืคืื ืขืื ืืื, ืฉืืื ืืจื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืื ืืืงืืืืื ืืืชื, ืืืืดืฉ ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืชื ื ืขืฉื ืฉืืชืฃ ืืืงืืดื ืืืขืฉื ืืจืืฉืืช.
ืืืื ืชืืืชืื
And their sin is as bad as the sin of the ืขืฅ ืืืขืช:
ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืืชื ื ืืืจืื ืื ืชืืืชื ืืื ืฉืืช ืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืขื ืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืืืฆืืชื.
ืงืืื ืฉืคืื ืืืจืฅ
But in the end justice depends only on ืืณ:
ืงืืื ืืืงืื: ืืกืฃ ืืชืืื ืืืชืคืื ืฉืืงืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืชื ืืืืื ืื ืืืงืืืงืืื ืืืฉืจืื.
ืื ืืชื: ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืคืื.
And he ends with the prayer that ืืณ judge our judges (and by extension, all of us) in light of human imperfection:
ืืฉืืื: ืื ืชืืื ืืฉืคืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืงื ืืคื ืืโฆืื ืงืืื ืืืงืื ืฉืคืื ืืืจืฅ ืืจื ืืืโฆืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืื, ืืชื ืชื ืื ืืืชื ืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืขืจืื ืืืืืกืื ืืื ืึตืจึธืึถื ืืจืืืชื ืืืโฆืื ืขื ืืื ืฉืชืฉืคืื ืืช ืืืื ืืื ืชืจืื ืืชืจืื ื, ืื ืืื ืืืืจ ื ืืืจ ืืื ืืชืื ืืืฉืโฆ
That world order can only be permanent if it is protected by the principles of law and order. Therefore, O G-d, we beg you to recognize human frailty which makes it almost impossible for man to judge with perfect fairness and precision. Therefore, involve Yourself in the dispensation of justice, so that truth and integrity will enable Your creation to flourish.
And this returns to the theme of the first pasuk, but now asking that ืืณ remain ืืขืืช ืื and ืืงืจื ืืืืื:
ืืืงืื ื ืฆื ืืขืืช ืื; ืืงืจื ืืืืื ืืฉืคื
The next perek by ืืกืฃ that I want to look at is a criticism of ืื ื ืืฉืจืื's religious failings, their ืืื ืืื ืืืงืื:
ื ืืืืืจ ืืืกืฃ;
ืึพื ืืืงืื ืืณ ืืืจ ืืืงืจื ืืจืฅ;
ืืืืจื ืฉืืฉ ืขื ืืืืื
ื ืืฆืืื ืืืื ืืคื ืืืงืื ืืืคืืขื
ื ืืื ืืืงืื ื ืืื ืืืจืฉ;
ืืฉ ืืคื ืื ืชืืื; ืืกืืืืื ื ืฉืขืจื ืืืื
ื ืืงืจื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืขื; ืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืื ืขืืื
ื ืืกืคื ืื ืืกืืื ืืจืชื ืืจืืชื ืขืื ืืืื
ื ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืฆืืงื; ืื ืืืงืื ืฉืคื ืืื ืกืืื
ื ืฉืืขื ืขืื ืืืืืจื ืืฉืจืื ืืืขืืื ืื;
ืืืงืื ืืืงืื ืื ืืื
ื ืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืืืื; ืืขืืืชืื ืื ืืื ืชืืืื
ื ืื ืืงื ืืืืชื ืคืจ; ืืืืืืชืื ืขืชืืืืื
ื ืื ืื ืื ืืืชื ืืขืจ; ืืืืืช ืืืจืจื ืืืฃื
ืื ืืืขืชื ืื ืขืืฃ ืืจืื; ืืืื ืฉืื ืขืืืื
ืื ืื ืืจืขื ืื ืืืจ ืื; ืื ืื ืชืื ืืืืืื
ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืจืื; ืืื ืขืชืืืื ืืฉืชืื
ืื ืืื ืืืืงืื ืชืืื; ืืฉืื ืืขืืืื ื ืืจืืื
ืื ืืงืจืื ื ืืืื ืฆืจื; ืืืืฆื ืืชืืืื ืื
ืื ืืืจืฉืข ืืืจ ืืืงืื ืื ืื ืืกืคืจ ืืงื; ืืชืฉื ืืจืืชื ืขืื ืคืืื
ืื ืืืชื ืฉื ืืช ืืืกืจ; ืืชืฉืื ืืืจื ืืืจืืื
ืื ืื ืจืืืช ืื ื ืืชืจืฅ ืขืื; ืืขื ืื ืืคืื ืืืงืื
ืื ืคืื ืฉืืืช ืืจืขื; ืืืฉืื ื ืชืฆืืื ืืจืืื
ื ืชืฉื ืืืืื ืชืืืจ; ืืื ืืื ืชืชื ืืคืื
ืื ืืื ืขืฉืืช ืืืืจืฉืชื ืืืืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืื;
ืืืืืื ืืืขืจืื ืืขืื ืืื
ืื ืืื ื ื ื ืืืช ืฉืืื ืึพืืื; ืคื ืืืจืฃ ืืืื ืืฆืืื
ืื ืืื ืชืืื ืืืืื ื ื; ืืฉื ืืจื ืืจืื ื ืืืฉืข ืืืงืืื
This psalm starts with a declaration that ืืณ is the All-mighty judge (ืึพื ืืืงืื) Who appears out of Jerusalem (ืฆืืื ืืืื ืืคื) to manifest over all the earth. ืืืืจื ืฉืืฉ ืขื ืืืื is a merism meaning everywhere, โfrom east to westโ; not โfrom dawn to sunsetโ, meaning at all times. The terms are similar to Mosheโs language in describing ืืขืื ืืจ ืกืื ื:
ืืืืืจ ืืณ ืืกืื ื ืื ืืืจื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืื ืืืคืืข ืืืจ ืคืืจื ืืืชื ืืจืืืช ืงืืฉ; ืืืืื ื ืืฉืืช (ืืฉ ืืช) ืืืื
And the language calling the heaven and earth as witnesses is similar:
ืืืืื ื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืจื; ืืชืฉืืข ืืืจืฅ ืืืจื ืคืื
Why? ืืืื ืขืื. The commentators almost universally translate this as โjudge on behalf of His peopleโ:
ืืืื ืขืื: ืื ืงืื ื ืงืืช ืขืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืขืื ืืื ืขืืืื ืืงืื
But the sense of the rest of the perek is โjudge His peopleโ; this is a psalm of rebuke, a list of the things Israel has done wrong. The gemara sees it this way as well:
ืืดืจ ืืื ืืชืื (ืชืืืืื ื :ื) โืืกืืืืื ื ืฉืขืจื ืืืืโ ืืืงืืง ืขืืื ืืืื ืืฉืขืจื. ืืดืจ ืืืกื (ืืจ ืืืื) ืื ืืืขื ืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืชืื (ืชืืืืื ืคื:ื) โืื ืืจื ืืื ืขื ืื ืกืืืืืโ ืืืจืื ืขื ืืงืจืืืื ืืืชืจ ืื ืืจืืืงืื.
And the call is to gather ืืกืืื, ืืจืชื ืืจืืชื. I would translate ืขืื ืืื as โabout the sacrificesโ. The image is of G-d as judge, in court, with Israel in front of Him. All we know is that the agenda involves ืืื.
Then, ืกืื, a musical pause, โhold that thoughtโ.
But ืืณ assures them, itโs not really about the sacrifices. ืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืืืื. The sacrifices are fine. Theyโre always there, ืขืืืชืื ืื ืืื ืชืืื. You keep offering Me animals.
But I donโt need animals; ืื ืื ืื ืืืชื ืืขืจ.
Thatโs the message of this perek: you are missing the point of the ืงืจืื ืืช.โืืณ doesnโt need dead animals; ืืณ wants ืชืืื, gratitude and acknowledgment; and ืฉืื ืืขืืืื ื ืืจืื, honesty; and ืงืจืื ื ืืืื ืฆืจื, sincere prayer.
This theme is found throughout the ื ืืืืื:
ืืืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืคืฅ ืืืณ ืืขืืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืืข ืืงืื ืืณ; ืื ื ืฉืืข ืืืื ืืื ืืืงืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืืื
ืื ืึธืึผึธื ืึผึดื ืจึนื ืึดืึฐืึตืืึถื ืึนืืึทืจ ืืณ ืฉืึธืึทืขึฐืชึผึดื ืขึนืืึนืช ืึตืืึดืื ืึฐืึตืึถื ืึฐืจึดืืึดืื; ืึฐืึทื ืคึผึธืจึดืื ืึผืึฐืึธืฉืึดืื ืึฐืขึทืชึผืึผืึดืื ืึนื ืึธืคึธืฆึฐืชึผึดืื
ืื ืึผึดื ืชึธืึนืืึผ ืึตืจึธืืึนืช ืคึผึธื ึธื ืึดื ืึดืงึผึตืฉื ืึนืืช ืึดืึผึถืึฐืึถื ืจึฐืึนืก ืึฒืฆึตืจึธืื
ืื ืึนื ืชืึนืกึดืืคืึผ ืึธืึดืื ืึดื ึฐืึทืช ืฉืึธืึฐื ืงึฐืึนืจึถืช ืชึผืึนืขึตืึธื ืึดืื ืึดื; ืึนืึถืฉื ืึฐืฉืึทืึผึธืช ืงึฐืจึนื ืึดืงึฐืจึธื ืึนื ืืึผืึทื ืึธืึถื ืึทืขึฒืฆึธืจึธืื
ืื ืึธืึฐืฉืึตืืึถื ืึผืืึนืขึฒืึตืืึถื ืฉืึธื ึฐืึธื ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึดื ืึธืืึผ ืขึธืึทื ืึธืึนืจึทื; ื ึดืึฐืึตืืชึดื ื ึฐืฉืึนืื
ืื ืึผืึฐืคึธืจึดืฉืึฐืึถื ืึผึทืคึผึตืืึถื ืึทืขึฐืึดืื ืขึตืื ึทื ืึดืึผึถื ืึผึทื ืึผึดื ืชึทืจึฐืึผืึผ ืชึฐืคึดืึผึธื ืึตืื ึถื ึผึดื ืฉืึนืึตืขึท; ืึฐืึตืืึถื ืึผึธืึดืื ืึธืึตืืึผื
ืื ืจึทืึฒืฆืึผ ืึดืึผึทืึผืึผ ืึธืกึดืืจืึผ ืจึนืขึท ืึทืขึทืึฐืึตืืึถื ืึดื ึผึถืึถื ืขึตืื ึธื; ืึดืึฐืืึผ ืึธืจึตืขึทื
ืื ืึดืึฐืืึผ ืึตืืึตื ืึผึดืจึฐืฉืืึผ ืึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื ืึทืฉึผืึฐืจืึผ ืึธืืึนืฅ; ืฉืึดืคึฐืืึผ ืึธืชืึนื ืจึดืืืึผ ืึทืึฐืึธื ึธืื
ื ืืื ืฆืื ื ืืื ืจืืืช ืขื ืื ื ื ืคืฉื ื ืืื ืชืืข; ืื ืืืื ืฆืืื ืชืืฆืื ืืคืฅ ืืื ืขืฆืืืื ืชื ืืฉืื
ื ืื ืืจืื ืืืฆื ืชืฆืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืฃ ืจืฉืข; ืื ืชืฆืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืืข ืืืจืื ืงืืืืื
ื ืืืื ืืืื ืฆืื ืืืืจืื ืืื ืขื ืืช ืืื ื ืคืฉื; ืืืืฃ ืืืืื ืจืืฉื ืืฉืง ืืืคืจ ืืฆืืข ืืืื ืชืงืจื ืฆืื ืืืื ืจืฆืื ืืืณื
ื ืืืื ืื ืฆืื ืืืืจืื ืคืชื ืืจืฆืืืช ืจืฉืข ืืชืจ ืืืืืช ืืืื; ืืฉืื ืจืฆืืฆืื ืืคืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืชื ืชืงืื
ื ืืืื ืคืจืก ืืจืขื ืืืื ืืขื ืืื ืืจืืืื ืชืืื ืืืช; ืื ืชืจืื ืขืจื ืืืกืืชื ืืืืฉืจื ืื ืชืชืขืืื
3 "Wherefore have we fasted and Thou seest not? Wherefore have we afflicted our soul and Thou takest no knowledge?โBehold in the day of your fast ye pursue your business and exact all your labours.
4 Behold ye fast for strife and contention and to smite with the fist of wickedness; ye fast not this day so as to make your voice to be heard on high.
5 Is such the fast that I have chosen? the day for a man to afflict his soul? Is it to bow down his head as a bulrush and to spread sackcloth and ashes under him? Wilt thou call this a fast and an acceptable day to the LORD?
6 Is not this the fast that I have chosen? to loose the fetters of wickedness to undo the bands of the yoke and to let the oppressed go free and that ye break every yoke?
7 Is it not to deal thy bread to the hungry and that thou bring the poor that are cast out to thy house? when thou seest the naked that thou cover him and that thou hide not thyself from thine own flesh?
ืขืฉื ืฆืืงื ืืืฉืคื ื ืืืจ ืืืณ ืืืืื
The hypocrisy of ืื ื ืืฉืจืื is the problem; you may be able ืืกืคืจ ืืงื and ืชืฉื ืืจืืชื but it is only ืขืื ืคืื. All the Torah learning in the world doesnโt matter if ืฉื ืืช ืืืกืจ.
ืื ืจืืืช ืื ื ืืชืจืฅ ืขืื: The Targum translates ืชืจืฅ as ืจึฐืึตืึฐืชึธื, running. You actually joined with the thieves in their sin. Radak says itโs more subtle (Artscroll translates ืชืจืฅ as โsanctionedโ):
ืืชืจืฅ: ืืื ืืชืจืฆื, ืขื ืื ืจืฆืื. ืืืืืจ, ืจืฆืืช ืืืืืช ืืื ืขืื
Again, Asaf is rebuking them for their hypocrisy. And it will grow until you find yourself slandering even ืืื ืืื ืชืชื ืืคื.
ืืื ืืื: ืฉืืื ืื ืืื ืืจืื ืขืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืจืฉ ืขืื.
ืืฉืดื (ืชืืืื ื ) โืชืฉื ืืืืื ืชืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืชืชื ืืืคืโ. ืืืจ ืจืณ ืืืื ื ืื ืืจืืืช ืืฉืื ื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืื ืืืืชื ืกืืฃ ืืื ืืืืชื ืชืชื ืืืคื.
ืื ืจืืื ืื ืฉื ืืณ (ืืืืืจ ืื) ืืืืืจ ืืขื ืืืืงืื ืืืืฉื, ืืื ืชืคืืื ื ืืจืืื ืขืื, ืืืืืจ ืืืฉื ืืฉืขืฉื ืืช ืืืฉืื. ืืืจ ืืฉื: ืืืืข ืื ื ืฉืืฉืจืื ืืืืคืช ืืื; ืืฉืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืชื, ืฉื ืืืจ (ืชืืืื ื ) โืชืฉื ืืืืื ืชืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืชืชื ืืืคืโโฆืืจืณ ืืืืฉืข ืืดื ืืืจ: ืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืืจืช ืืขืฉื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืกืืคื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืชื ืื ืืฉื; ืจืื ืฉื ืื ืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืจื ืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืขื ืืืืงืื ืืืืฉื, ืืืจ ืืฉื ืืืืข ืื ื ืฉืืฉืจืื ืจืืื ืื ืื; ืืจืื ื ืขืืฉื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืื, ืืชืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืฉืืื ืขืืื ืืื ืคืงืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ื ืืชื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืขื ืื ืืืจ ืืืืจ.
The fact that I (ืืณ) let you get away with this for so longโืืื ืขืฉืืช ืืืืจืฉืชื doesnโt mean that the punishment will not come.
ืืขื ืืืืจืฉืชื ืืขืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืจื ืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืฉืชื.
But your mistake was to think that I was like you, as hypocritical and ignorant as you:
ืืืืช: ืกืืืจ ืืชื ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืืชืจืฆืืช ืืืขืฉืื ืืจืขืื ืืืดื ืืืืช ืื ืืื ื ื ืืืืข ืื ืกืชืจืืช.
ืขืชื ืืืืืื ืืืขืจืื ืืขืื ืื ืื ืื ืฉืขืฉืืช ืฉืชืืข ืื ืื ื ืืืขืชื ืืื, ืืืขืคืดื ืฉืืืจืืชื ืื ืืขืื ืฉ ืขืชื ืชืืื ืืขืช ืืืขืจ ืืจืขืื ืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืจืขืื, ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืื ืืืืช ืืืืื (ื:ืื): ืืฉืืชื ืืจืืืชื ืืื ืฆืืืง ืืจืฉืข ืืื ืขืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืจ ืื ืขืืื .
Radak adds the point that once the hypocritical โืฆืืืงืืโ reach the point of ืืืืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืื, then they are ืฉื ืืช ืืืกืจ and will no longer accept rebuke. There is no point in ืืณ's mercy if there is no hope of ืชืฉืืื:
ืืฉืืขืชื ืื ืคืืจืืฉ ืืืจ ืืคื ืืงื ืืื, ืืืจ: ืืื ืขืฉืืช ืืืืจืฉืชื, ืืื ืืจืขืืช ืขืฉืืช ืืืืจืืชื ืื ืขืืืื, ืืื ืื ืฉืืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืฃ ืืืื, ืขื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืขืจืื ืืขืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืขืืช.
And the only hope of salvation is to truly honor ืืณ; more than ืืืืื ื, you must ืืืืื ื ื:
ืืืฃ ืืื ืืืจ (ืชืืืื ื ) ืืืื ืชืืื ืืืืื ื ื, ืืืืื ื ืืื ื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ื ื ืืณ ืคืขืืื ืืขืืดื ืืืขืืดื.
And how do you get to this point? ืืื ืชืืืโunderstood not as โa thanksgiving offeringโ but โoffering gratitude and acknowledgmentโ. And then ืืณ will help us return:
ืืฉื ืืจื:ืืฉื ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืฉื ืืจื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืื ื ืืจืื ื ืืืฉืืขืชื.
All I ask of the sinner is that he should make the first move towards repentanceโฆthen I will immediately respond and prepare the way for him to return to Me completely.
ื ืืฉืืช ืขื ืืณ ืืืงืื ืืฉืืขืช ืืงืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืื ืืฆืื ืืืื; ืืชื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืคืฉืื
ื ืืฉื ืืณ ืืืงืื ืืช ืฉืืืชื ืืจืืื; ืืฉื ืืงืืฆื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืฉืจ ืืคืืฆื ืืณ ืืืงืื ืฉืืื
ืื ืืืืจโืืกืืืขืื ืืืชื
And that is the purpose of a ื ืืื, and the message of ืืกืฃ ืึทื ึผึดืึผึธื ืขื ืืื ืืืื.