ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

Weโ€™ve been dealing with the service that David set up when he brought the ืืจื•ืŸ to Jerusalem, and the ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื that were said there. Part of that service was the singing of the ืœื•ื™ื™ื, under the leadership of Asaf:

ื•ื™ืขื–ื‘ ืฉื ืœืคื ื™ ืืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืณ ืœืืกืฃ ื•ืœืื—ื™ื•; ืœืฉืจืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื•ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื˜ื–:ืœื–

Who was Asaf? There were three leaders of the Levites, one from each of Leviโ€™s sons:

ื˜ื– ื•ืืœื” ืืฉืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืณ; ืžืžื ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืŸืƒ ื™ื– ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืขื“ ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืณ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื; ื•ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื›ืžืฉืคื˜ื ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชืืƒ ื™ื— ื•ืืœื” ื”ืขืžื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื; ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ืชื™ ื”ื™ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœืƒ ื™ื˜ ื‘ืŸ ืืœืงื ื” ื‘ืŸ ื™ืจื—ื ื‘ืŸ ืืœื™ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ืชื•ื—ืƒ ื› ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ืฃ (ืฆื•ืฃ) ื‘ืŸ ืืœืงื ื” ื‘ืŸ ืžื—ืช ื‘ืŸ ืขืžืฉื™ืƒ ื›ื ื‘ืŸ ืืœืงื ื” ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืฆืคื ื™ื”ืƒ ื›ื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืชื—ืช ื‘ืŸ ืืกื™ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืงืจื—ืƒ ื›ื’ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฆื”ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืงื”ืช ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ

ื›ื“ ื•ืื—ื™ื• ืืกืฃ ื”ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืขืืƒ ื›ื” ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืžืœื›ื™ื”ืƒ ื›ื• ื‘ืŸ ืืชื ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื–ืจื— ื‘ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื”ืƒ ื›ื– ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ืžื” ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืขื™ืƒ ื›ื— ื‘ืŸ ื™ื—ืช ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจืฉื ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืƒ

ื›ื˜ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืจืจื™ ืื—ื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžืื•ืœ ืื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืžืœื•ืšืƒ ืœ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืืžืฆื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ื”ืƒ ืœื ื‘ืŸ ืืžืฆื™ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืจืƒ ืœื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืžื—ืœื™ ื‘ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืŸ ืžืจืจื™ ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื•

Weโ€™re going to look at the roles of these three, ืืกืฃ, โ€Ž ื”ื™ืžืŸ and ืื™ืชืŸ (who is probably called ื™ื“ื•ืชื•ืŸ in later chapters of ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื; weโ€™ll deal with that later). They were more than just singers; they wrote ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื as well:

ื“ื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื ืขืดื™ ืขืฉืจื” ื–ืงื ื™ื: ืขืดื™ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืœื›ื™ ืฆื“ืง, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื•ืขืดื™ ืžืฉื”, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืŸ, ื•ืขืดื™ ื™ื“ื•ืชื•ืŸ, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืกืฃ, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ ืงืจื—.

ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ื™ื“,ื‘-ื˜ื•,ื

ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืืžืจื• ืกืคืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื, ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื, ืžืฉื”, ื•ื“ื•ื“, ื•ืฉืœืžื”, ืขืœ ืื™ืœื™ืŸ ื—ืžืฉื” ืœื ืื™ืชืคืœื’ื•ืŸ. ืื™ืœื™ืŸ ื—ืžืฉื” ืื—ืจื ื™ื™ืชื ืžืืŸ ืื™ื ื•ืŸ, ืจื‘ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ, ืจื‘ ืืžืจ ืืกืฃ ื•ื”ื™ืžืŸ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืชื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืœืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ ืงืจื— ื•ืขื–ืจื, ืจืณ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืืžืจ ืืกืฃ ื•ื”ื™ืžืŸ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืชื•ืŸ ืื—ื“, ื•ืฉืœืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ ืงืจื— ืื—ื“, ื•ืขื–ืจื. ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืืกืฃ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืงืจื—, ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ืจืณ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืืกืฃ ื“ื”ื›ื ื”ื•ื ืืกืฃ ื“ืชืžืŸ, ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื–ื›ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืจื” ืขื ืื—ื™ื•, ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•โ€ฆ

ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื” (ื•ื™ืœื ื) ืคืจืฉื” ื“:ื“

Note that ืจืณ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ canโ€™t claim that ืืกืฃ was literally one of ื‘ื ื™ ืงืจื— but ื•ืื—ื™ื• ืืกืฃ ื”ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื• (which isnโ€™t literal either). He was one of the three โ€œsinging Levitesโ€, called ื‘ื ื™ ืงืจื—. And he was one of the most prolific. 73 chapters of ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื are attributed ืœื“ื•ื“; the next most common is the 12 chapters attributed ืœืืกืฃ. Whether they were all written by him or dedicated to him, we will have to deal with later.

And Asaf was more than a singer and a poet:

ืœื‘ื ื™ ืืกืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื ืชื ื™ื” ื•ืืฉืจืืœื” ื‘ื ื™ ืืกืฃ; ืขืœ ื™ื“ ืืกืฃ ื”ึทื ึผึดื‘ึผึธื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœืšืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื›ื”:ื‘

ื”ื ื‘ื: ืขืœ ืืกืฃ ื™ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืชื ื‘ื ื‘ืจื”ืดืง ืขืดื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื™ืฉื™ืจื• ืืœ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื”.

ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ื“, ืฉื

ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœืœื•ื™ื ืœื”ืœืœ ืœื”ืณ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื•ืืกืฃ ื”ื—ื–ื”; ื•ื™ื”ืœืœื• ืขื“ ืœืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื™ืงื“ื• ื•ื™ืฉืชื—ื•ื•ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ ื›ื˜:ืœ

And his role as a ื ื‘ื™ื informed his role as an author of ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื. A ื ื‘ื™ื comes not to give new laws but to remind you of what you already knew:

ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ [ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื™ื], ืฉื™ืงืจื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืณ ื•ื™ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืชื•ืจืชื•, ื•ื™ืฆื•ื” ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืขืœ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื™ ืชื•ืกืคืช ื•ืœื ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื โ€ื–ื›ืจื• ืชื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” ืขื‘ื“ื™ ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ืงื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืโ€œ. ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืžืจื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ ืœืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื• ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื•ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื•ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื•ื–ื•ืœืชื.

ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืจืžื‘ืดื ืœืžืฉื ื”

Thโ€˜ newspaper does ivrything fโ€™r us. Itโ€ฆcomforts thโ€™ afflicted, afflicts th' comfortableโ€ฆ

Finley Peter Dunne (as Mr. Dooley)

The primary social function of a religious society is to speak the truth to power.

Bayard Rustin

Many Asafโ€™s chapters of ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื are written to comfort thโ€˜ afflicted and afflict thโ€™ comfortable. We looked at ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืขื— a while ago, which had an implicit warning to ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื“ื•ื“. I want to look at a perek that is very familiar to us, the ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื for Tuesday:

ื ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืœืืกืฃ;
ืืœืงื™ื ื ืฆื‘ ื‘ืขื“ืช ืืœ; ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืืœื”ื™ื ื™ืฉืคื˜ืƒ
ื‘ ืขื“ ืžืชื™ ืชืฉืคื˜ื• ืขื•ืœ; ื•ืคื ื™ ืจืฉืขื™ื ืชืฉืื• ืกืœื”ืƒ
ื’ ืฉืคื˜ื• ื“ืœ ื•ื™ืชื•ื; ืขื ื™ ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื•ืƒ
ื“ ืคืœื˜ื• ื“ืœ ื•ืื‘ื™ื•ืŸ; ืžื™ื“ ืจืฉืขื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืƒ
ื” ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื•ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื” ื™ืชื”ืœื›ื•;
ื™ืžื•ื˜ื• ื›ืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื™ ืืจืฅืƒ
ื• ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™ ืืœื”ื™ื ืืชื; ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืืƒ
ื– ืื›ืŸ ื›ืื“ื ืชืžื•ืชื•ืŸ; ื•ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืชืคืœื•ืƒ
ื— ืงื•ืžื” ืืœืงื™ื ืฉืคื˜ื” ื”ืืจืฅ; ื›ื™ ืืชื” ืชื ื—ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ืืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืคื‘

ืขื“ืช ืืœ could be โ€œin the community of G-dโ€ or โ€œcommunity of the powerfulโ€, but the parallel ืงืจื‘ ืืœื”ื™ื has to be the latter. Assuming itโ€™s not an endorsement of idolatry, we have to translate ืืœื”ื™ื as judges. Itโ€™s an example of antanaclasis (โ€œWe must, indeed, all hang together or, most assuredly, we shall all hang separatelyโ€):

ื• ื›ื™ ื™ืชืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืืœ ืจืขื”ื• ื›ืกืฃ ืื• ื›ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืจ ื•ื’ื ื‘ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ืื ื™ืžืฆื ื”ื’ื ื‘ ื™ืฉืœื ืฉื ื™ืืƒ ื– ืื ืœื ื™ืžืฆื ื”ื’ื ื‘ ื•ื ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ื”ืืœื”ื™ื; ืื ืœื ืฉืœื— ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ืจืขื”ื•ืƒ ื— ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉืข ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื” ืขืœ ืฉืœืžื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื‘ื“ื” ืืฉืจ ื™ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืขื“ ื”ืืœื”ื™ื ื™ื‘ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื”ื; ืืฉืจ ื™ืจืฉื™ืขืŸ ืืœื”ื™ื ื™ืฉืœื ืฉื ื™ื ืœืจืขื”ื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื›ื‘

ื‘ ื•ื™ืจืื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืืœื”ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื›ื™ ื˜ื‘ืช ื”ื ื”; ื•ื™ืงื—ื• ืœื”ื ื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืจื•ืƒ ื’ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื™ ื‘ืื“ื ืœืขืœื ื‘ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉืจ; ื•ื”ื™ื• ื™ืžื™ื• ืžืื” ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื”ืƒ ื“ ื”ื ืคืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื ื•ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ืื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืืœื”ื™ื ืืœ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื• ืœื”ื; ื”ืžื” ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืขื•ืœื ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฉืืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืง ื•

ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืืœื”ื™ื: ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื.

ืจืฉืดื™, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื•:ื‘

ื™ื“ ื•ื™ื—ืจ ืืฃ ื”ืณ ื‘ืžืฉื” ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืœื ืื”ืจืŸ ืื—ื™ืš ื”ืœื•ื™ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื›ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื; ื•ื’ื ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœืงืจืืชืš ื•ืจืืš ื•ืฉืžื— ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืƒ ื˜ื• ื•ื“ื‘ืจืช ืืœื™ื• ื•ืฉืžืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื•; ื•ืื ื›ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ืขื ืคื™ืš ื•ืขื ืคื™ื”ื• ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ืชื™ ืืชื›ื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืชืขืฉื•ืŸืƒ ื˜ื– ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืš ืืœ ื”ืขื; ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืœืคื” ื•ืืชื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœืืœื”ื™ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื“

At this point, it sounds like a good thing:

ืจื‘ื™ ื—ืœืคืชื ืื™ืฉ ื›ืคืจ ื—ื ื ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”โ€”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืขื™ืžื”ืŸ, ืฉื ืืžืจ โ€ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืขื“ืช ืืœโ€œ (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคื‘:ื)โ€ฆื•ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ โ€ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉืคื•ื˜โ€œ (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคื‘,ื).

ืžืฉื ื” ืื‘ื•ืช ื’:ื–

But the judges that Asaf is addressing are getting it all wrong: they are ืชืฉืคื˜ื• ืขื•ืœ.

ืฉืคื˜ื• ื•ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื•

But the judges in the Torahโ€™s view have a very specific role that has to balance two contradictory impulses: ืฉืคื˜ื• ื•ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื•, be both just and righteous.

ื•ื™ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืขืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื›ืœ ืขืžื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—:ื˜ื•

ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—) ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื”. ื•ื”ืœื ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื“ืงื”, ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜? ืืœื ืื™ื–ื”ื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฆื“ืงื”?โ€ฆื“ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ื–ื›ืื™ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื•ืจืื” ืฉื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขื ื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืœื ืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืชื•. ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื”: ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื–ื” ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื–ื”; ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื–ื” ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื• ืžืžื•ืŸ ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื–ื” ืฉืฉื™ืœื ืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืชื•.

ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื•,ื‘

ืคืœื˜ื• ื“ืœ ื•ืื‘ื™ื•ืŸ

And they have to go beyond simply judging the cases that happen to come before them. They have to seek out and uproot injustice:

ืคืœื˜ื•: ื•ื ื’ื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื ืขืฉืงื™ื ื•ื ื’ื–ืœื™ื ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื–ืจื•ืข, ืืžืจ ืคืœื˜ื• ื“ืœ ื•ืื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ื“ ืจืฉืขื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืขืฉืงื• .

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืชื”ืœื™ื ืคื‘:ื“

ื™ืžื•ื˜ื• ื›ืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื™ ืืจืฅ

But these judges are ignorant of their role and blind to the danger they pose to society as a whole. Asaf is saying that without justice, the whole world falters.

ืžืœืš ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ืขืžื™ื“ ืืจืฅ; ื•ืื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื”ืจืกื ื”ืƒ

ืžืฉืœื™ ื›ื˜:ื“

This is expressed in the Mishna:

ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืื•ืžืจ, ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ืงื™ื™ืโ€”ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื—) ืืžืช ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืคื˜ื• ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ื›ื.

ืžืฉื ื” ืื‘ื•ืช ื:ื™ื–

ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฆื“ืง.

ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœืจืžื‘ืดื ืžืกื›ืช ืื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืง ื ืžืฉื ื” ื™ื–

This mishna contrasts with the more famous one at the beginning of Avot:

ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื™ื™ืจื™ ืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ืžื“โ€”ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื“ื™ื.

ืžืฉื ื” ืื‘ื•ืช ื:ื‘

ืชื•ืจื”,โ€Ž ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” and ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื“ื™ื are the religious responsibilities of each individual. ื“ื™ืŸ,โ€Ž ืืžืช and ืฉืœื•ื are the responsibilities of society and its leaders:

ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ืงื™ื™ื: ืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ืจืดื‘: ื™ืฉื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื. ื•ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื“ืœื ืชืงืฉื” ืื“ืชื ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืณ ืฉืœืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ืžื“. ื•ืืขืดืค ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ ืฉื ื”ืจืดื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื ื‘ืจืโ€ฆ.ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืžืคืจืฉ ื”ืจืดื‘ ื“ื”ื ืš ื“ื”ื›ื ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ืืžืจื•. ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืกื‘ืช ื”ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืœืœื•. ืฉื”ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืกื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ืืขืดืค ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืžืฆื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืืžืช ื•ืฉืœื•ื.

ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื:ื™ื–

ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™ ืืœื”ื™ื ืืชื

Perverting justice turns the powerful from the highest level that humanity can attain to the lowest:

ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™ ื›ื•ืณ: ืื•ืžืจืช ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉืžื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื” ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื”ื™ื ืืชื ื›ืื•ืžืจื• โ€ืขื“ ื”ืืœื”ื™ื ื™ื‘ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื”ืโ€œ โ€ืืฉืจ ื™ืจืฉื™ืขื•ืŸ ืืœื”ื™ืโ€œ.

ืืœืฉื™ืš, ืชื”ืœื™ื ืคื‘:ื•

ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ืฉื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืคื•ืขืœ ืืœืงื™ื ื•ืžืขืฉื”ื• ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืงื™ื•ืžื, ื›ื™ ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืืดื ืฉืœื ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืขื•ืฉืง ื•ื—ืžืก ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื ืœื ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื ื™ืžื•ืก ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ื•ืžืฆื“ ื–ื” ื™ื“ืžื” ืื•ืชื ื›ืืœื• ื”ื ืืœื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืขืžื• ื‘ื–ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ื ื”ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื›ืžืดืฉ ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืืžืช ืœืืžืชื• ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืชื”ืœื™ื ืคื‘:ื•

ื›ืื“ื ืชืžื•ืชื•ืŸ

And their sin is as bad as the sin of the ืขืฅ ื”ื“ืขืช:

ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืชื ื ื–ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ื” ืชืžื•ืชื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืช ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืœื ื ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื•ืชื™.

ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ื“, ืชื”ืœื™ื ืคื‘:ื–

ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืคื˜ื” ื”ืืจืฅ

But in the end justice depends only on ื”ืณ:

ืงื•ืžื” ืืœืงื™ื: ืืกืฃ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื•ื™ื›ืจื™ืช ืื•ืชื ื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืœืงืœื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื›ื™ ืืชื”: ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื•ื—ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ืš ืœืฉืคื•ื˜.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืชื”ืœื™ื ืคื‘:ื—

And he ends with the prayer that ื”ืณ judge our judges (and by extension, all of us) in light of human imperfection:

ืžืฉื™ื‘ื”: ืืœ ืชื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื‘ื“ื ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืฆื“ืงื• ืœืคื ื™ืšโ€ฆืืš ืงื•ืžื” ืืœืงื™ื ืฉืคื˜ื” ื”ืืจืฅ ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœโ€ฆืื– ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืš ืืœ ื™ืชืจ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื—ื“, ืืชื” ืชื ื—ืœ ืื•ืชื ืœื ื—ืœื” ืœืš ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืจื›ื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ืกื“ื ื™ื—ื“ ื™ึตืจึธืึถื” ืžืจืื™ืชื ื˜ื•ื‘โ€ฆื›ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืชืฉืคื•ื˜ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื—ื“ ืชืจืื” ื™ืชืจื•ื ื, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืฉืšโ€ฆ

ืืœืฉื™ืš, ืชื”ืœื™ื ืคื‘:ื—

That world order can only be permanent if it is protected by the principles of law and order. Therefore, O G-d, we beg you to recognize human frailty which makes it almost impossible for man to judge with perfect fairness and precision. Therefore, involve Yourself in the dispensation of justice, so that truth and integrity will enable Your creation to flourish.

Artscroll Tehillim volume 1, p. 1040

And this returns to the theme of the first pasuk, but now asking that ื”ืณ remain ื‘ืขื“ืช ืืœ and ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืืœื”ื™ื:

ืืœืงื™ื ื ืฆื‘ ื‘ืขื“ืช ืืœ; ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืืœื”ื™ื ื™ืฉืคื˜

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคื‘:ื

The next perek by ืืกืฃ that I want to look at is a criticism of ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ's religious failings, their ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœืžืงื•ื:

ื ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืœืืกืฃ;
ืึพืœ ืืœืงื™ื ื”ืณ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืงืจื ืืจืฅ;
ืžืžื–ืจื— ืฉืžืฉ ืขื“ ืžื‘ืื•ืƒ
ื‘ ืžืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžื›ืœืœ ื™ืคื™ ืืœืงื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขืƒ
ื’ ื™ื‘ื ืืœืงื™ื ื• ื•ืืœ ื™ื—ืจืฉ;
ืืฉ ืœืคื ื™ื• ืชืื›ืœ; ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื• ื ืฉืขืจื” ืžืื“ืƒ
ื“ ื™ืงืจื ืืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืžืขืœ; ื•ืืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืขืžื•ืƒ
ื” ืืกืคื• ืœื™ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื›ืจืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืชื™ ืขืœื™ ื–ื‘ื—ืƒ
ื• ื•ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืฆื“ืงื•; ื›ื™ ืืœืงื™ื ืฉืคื˜ ื”ื•ื ืกืœื”ืƒ
ื– ืฉืžืขื” ืขืžื™ ื•ืื“ื‘ืจื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ืš;
ืืœืงื™ื ืืœืงื™ืš ืื ื›ื™ืƒ
ื— ืœื ืขืœ ื–ื‘ื—ื™ืš ืื•ื›ื™ื—ืš; ื•ืขื•ืœืชื™ืš ืœื ื’ื“ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ืƒ
ื˜ ืœื ืืงื— ืžื‘ื™ืชืš ืคืจ; ืžืžื›ืœืืชื™ืš ืขืชื•ื“ื™ืืƒ
ื™ ื›ื™ ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื—ื™ืชื• ื™ืขืจ; ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจืจื™ ืืœืฃืƒ
ื™ื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื›ืœ ืขื•ืฃ ื”ืจื™ื; ื•ื–ื™ื– ืฉื“ื™ ืขืžื“ื™ืƒ
ื™ื‘ ืื ืืจืขื‘ ืœื ืืžืจ ืœืš; ื›ื™ ืœื™ ืชื‘ืœ ื•ืžืœืื”ืƒ
ื™ื’ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื; ื•ื“ื ืขืชื•ื“ื™ื ืืฉืชื”ืƒ
ื™ื“ ื–ื‘ื— ืœืืœืงื™ื ืชื•ื“ื”; ื•ืฉืœื ืœืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื“ืจื™ืšืƒ
ื˜ื• ื•ืงืจืื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฆืจื”; ืื—ืœืฆืš ื•ืชื›ื‘ื“ื ื™ืƒ
ื˜ื– ื•ืœืจืฉืข ืืžืจ ืืœืงื™ื ืžื” ืœืš ืœืกืคืจ ื—ืงื™; ื•ืชืฉื ื‘ืจื™ืชื™ ืขืœื™ ืคื™ืšืƒ
ื™ื– ื•ืืชื” ืฉื ืืช ืžื•ืกืจ; ื•ืชืฉืœืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืื—ืจื™ืšืƒ
ื™ื— ืื ืจืื™ืช ื’ื ื‘ ื•ืชืจืฅ ืขืžื•; ื•ืขื ืžื ืืคื™ื ื—ืœืงืšืƒ
ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืš ืฉืœื—ืช ื‘ืจืขื”; ื•ืœืฉื•ื ืš ืชืฆืžื™ื“ ืžืจืžื”ืƒ
ื› ืชืฉื‘ ื‘ืื—ื™ืš ืชื“ื‘ืจ; ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืืžืš ืชืชืŸ ื“ืคื™ืƒ
ื›ื ืืœื” ืขืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ืจืฉืชื™ ื“ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืช ืื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื•ืš;
ืื•ื›ื™ื—ืš ื•ืืขืจื›ื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ืšืƒ
ื›ื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื• ื ื ื–ืืช ืฉื›ื—ื™ ืึพืœื•ื”; ืคืŸ ืื˜ืจืฃ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืœืƒ
ื›ื’ ื–ื‘ื— ืชื•ื“ื” ื™ื›ื‘ื“ื ื ื™; ื•ืฉื ื“ืจืš ืืจืื ื• ื‘ื™ืฉืข ืืœืงื™ืืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ื 

This psalm starts with a declaration that ื”ืณ is the All-mighty judge (ืึพืœ ืืœืงื™ื) Who appears out of Jerusalem (ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžื›ืœืœ ื™ืคื™) to manifest over all the earth. ืžืžื–ืจื— ืฉืžืฉ ืขื“ ืžื‘ืื• is a merism meaning everywhere, โ€œfrom east to westโ€; not โ€œfrom dawn to sunsetโ€, meaning at all times. The terms are similar to Mosheโ€™s language in describing ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™:

ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืžืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื–ืจื— ืžืฉืขื™ืจ ืœืžื• ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืžื”ืจ ืคืืจืŸ ื•ืืชื” ืžืจื‘ื‘ืช ืงื“ืฉ; ืžื™ืžื™ื ื• ืืฉื“ืช (ืืฉ ื“ืช) ืœืžื•ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’:ื‘

And the language calling the heaven and earth as witnesses is similar:

ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืื“ื‘ืจื”; ื•ืชืฉืžืข ื”ืืจืฅ ืืžืจื™ ืคื™ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘:ื

Why? ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืขืžื•. The commentators almost universally translate this as โ€œjudge on behalf of His peopleโ€:

ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืขืžื•: ืœื ืงื•ื ื ืงืžืช ืขืžื• ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืžื• ื•ื“ื ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ื™ืงื•ื

ืจืฉืดื™, ืชื”ืœื™ื ื :ื“

But the sense of the rest of the perek is โ€œjudge His peopleโ€; this is a psalm of rebuke, a list of the things Israel has done wrong. The gemara sees it this way as well:

ืืดืจ ืื—ื ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื :ื’) โ€ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื• ื ืฉืขืจื” ืžืื•ื“โ€œ ืžื“ืงื“ืง ืขืžื”ืŸ ื›ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉืขืจื”. ืืดืจ ื™ื•ืกื™ (ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื™ืŸ) ืœื ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื–ื” ืืœื ืžืŸ ืžื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคื˜:ื—) โ€ื•ื ื•ืจื ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื•โ€œ ืžื•ืจืื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื.

ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ื•ื™ืœื ื) ืžืกื›ืช ืฉืงืœื™ื ื”:ื

And the call is to gather ื—ืกื™ื“ื™, ื›ืจืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืชื™. I would translate ืขืœื™ ื–ื‘ื— as โ€œabout the sacrificesโ€. The image is of G-d as judge, in court, with Israel in front of Him. All we know is that the agenda involves ื–ื‘ื—.

Then, ืกืœื”, a musical pause, โ€œhold that thoughtโ€.

But ื”ืณ assures them, itโ€™s not really about the sacrifices. ืœื ืขืœ ื–ื‘ื—ื™ืš ืื•ื›ื™ื—ืš. The sacrifices are fine. Theyโ€™re always there, ืขื•ืœืชื™ืš ืœื ื’ื“ื™ ืชืžื™ื“. You keep offering Me animals.

But I donโ€™t need animals; ื›ื™ ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื—ื™ืชื• ื™ืขืจ.

Thatโ€™s the message of this perek: you are missing the point of the ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช.โ€Žื”ืณ doesnโ€™t need dead animals; ื”ืณ wants ืชื•ื“ื”, gratitude and acknowledgment; and ืฉืœื ืœืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื“ืจื™ืš, honesty; and ืงืจืื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฆืจื”, sincere prayer.

This theme is found throughout the ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื:

ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ืœื”ืณ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื•ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ื›ืฉืžืข ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื”ืณ; ื”ื ื” ืฉืžืข ืžื–ื‘ื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืžื—ืœื‘ ืื™ืœื™ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื˜ื•:ื›ื‘

ื™ื ืœึธืžึผึธื” ืœึผึดื™ ืจึนื‘ ื–ึดื‘ึฐื—ึตื™ื›ึถื ื™ึนืืžึทืจ ื”ืณ ืฉื‚ึธื‘ึทืขึฐืชึผึดื™ ืขึนืœื•ึนืช ืึตื™ืœึดื™ื ื•ึฐื—ึตืœึถื‘ ืžึฐืจึดื™ืึดื™ื; ื•ึฐื“ึทื ืคึผึธืจึดื™ื ื•ึผื›ึฐื‘ึธืฉื‚ึดื™ื ื•ึฐืขึทืชึผื•ึผื“ึดื™ื ืœึนื ื—ึธืคึธืฆึฐืชึผึดื™ืƒ ื™ื‘ ื›ึผึดื™ ืชึธื‘ึนืื•ึผ ืœึตืจึธืื•ึนืช ืคึผึธื ึธื™ ืžึดื™ ื‘ึดืงึผึตืฉื ื–ึนืืช ืžึดื™ึผึถื“ึฐื›ึถื ืจึฐืžึนืก ื—ึฒืฆึตืจึธื™ืƒ ื™ื’ ืœึนื ืชื•ึนืกึดื™ืคื•ึผ ื”ึธื‘ึดื™ื ืžึดื ึฐื—ึทืช ืฉืึธื•ึฐื ืงึฐื˜ึนืจึถืช ืชึผื•ึนืขึตื‘ึธื” ื”ึดื™ื ืœึดื™; ื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื•ึฐืฉืึทื‘ึผึธืช ืงึฐืจึนื ืžึดืงึฐืจึธื ืœึนื ืื•ึผื›ึทืœ ืึธื•ึถืŸ ื•ึทืขึฒืฆึธืจึธื”ืƒ ื™ื“ ื—ึธื“ึฐืฉืึตื™ื›ึถื ื•ึผืžื•ึนืขึฒื“ึตื™ื›ึถื ืฉื‚ึธื ึฐืึธื” ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึดื™ ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืขึธืœึทื™ ืœึธื˜ึนืจึทื—; ื ึดืœึฐืึตื™ืชึดื™ ื ึฐืฉื‚ึนืืƒ ื˜ื• ื•ึผื‘ึฐืคึธืจึดืฉื‚ึฐื›ึถื ื›ึผึทืคึผึตื™ื›ึถื ืึทืขึฐืœึดื™ื ืขึตื™ื ึทื™ ืžึดื›ึผึถื ื’ึผึทื ื›ึผึดื™ ืชึทืจึฐื‘ึผื•ึผ ืชึฐืคึดืœึผึธื” ืึตื™ื ึถื ึผึดื™ ืฉืึนืžึตืขึท; ื™ึฐื“ึตื™ื›ึถื ื“ึผึธืžึดื™ื ืžึธืœึตืื•ึผืƒ ื˜ื– ืจึทื—ึฒืฆื•ึผ ื”ึดื–ึผึทื›ึผื•ึผ ื”ึธืกึดื™ืจื•ึผ ืจึนืขึท ืžึทืขึทืœึฐืœึตื™ื›ึถื ืžึดื ึผึถื’ึถื“ ืขึตื™ื ึธื™; ื—ึดื“ึฐืœื•ึผ ื”ึธืจึตืขึทืƒ ื™ื– ืœึดืžึฐื“ื•ึผ ื”ึตื™ื˜ึตื‘ ื“ึผึดืจึฐืฉืื•ึผ ืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื˜ ืึทืฉึผืึฐืจื•ึผ ื—ึธืžื•ึนืฅ; ืฉืึดืคึฐื˜ื•ึผ ื™ึธืชื•ึนื ืจึดื™ื‘ื•ึผ ืึทืœึฐืžึธื ึธื”ืƒ

ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืคืจืง ื

ื’ ืœืžื” ืฆืžื ื• ื•ืœื ืจืื™ืช ืขื ื™ื ื• ื ืคืฉื ื• ื•ืœื ืชื“ืข; ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฆืžื›ื ืชืžืฆืื• ื—ืคืฅ ื•ื›ืœ ืขืฆื‘ื™ื›ื ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืƒ ื“ ื”ืŸ ืœืจื™ื‘ ื•ืžืฆื” ืชืฆื•ืžื• ื•ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืื’ืจืฃ ืจืฉืข; ืœื ืชืฆื•ืžื• ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ื‘ืžืจื•ื ืงื•ืœื›ืืƒ ื” ื”ื›ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ื ืื‘ื—ืจื”ื• ื™ื•ื ืขื ื•ืช ืื“ื ื ืคืฉื•; ื”ืœื›ืฃ ื›ืื’ืžืŸ ืจืืฉื• ื•ืฉืง ื•ืืคืจ ื™ืฆื™ืข ื”ืœื–ื” ืชืงืจื ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืณืƒ ื• ื”ืœื•ื ื–ื” ืฆื•ื ืื‘ื—ืจื”ื• ืคืชื— ื—ืจืฆื‘ื•ืช ืจืฉืข ื”ืชืจ ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื”; ื•ืฉืœื— ืจืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื—ืคืฉื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืžื•ื˜ื” ืชื ืชืงื•ืƒ ื– ื”ืœื•ื ืคืจืก ืœืจืขื‘ ืœื—ืžืš ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื ืžืจื•ื“ื™ื ืชื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช; ื›ื™ ืชืจืื” ืขืจื ื•ื›ืกื™ืชื• ื•ืžื‘ืฉืจืš ืœื ืชืชืขืœืืƒ

3 "Wherefore have we fasted and Thou seest not? Wherefore have we afflicted our soul and Thou takest no knowledge?โ€”Behold in the day of your fast ye pursue your business and exact all your labours. 4 Behold ye fast for strife and contention and to smite with the fist of wickedness; ye fast not this day so as to make your voice to be heard on high. 5 Is such the fast that I have chosen? the day for a man to afflict his soul? Is it to bow down his head as a bulrush and to spread sackcloth and ashes under him? Wilt thou call this a fast and an acceptable day to the LORD? 6 Is not this the fast that I have chosen? to loose the fetters of wickedness to undo the bands of the yoke and to let the oppressed go free and that ye break every yoke? 7 Is it not to deal thy bread to the hungry and that thou bring the poor that are cast out to thy house? when thou seest the naked that thou cover him and that thou hide not thyself from thine own flesh?

ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืคืจืง ื ื—

ืขืฉื” ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืณ ืžื–ื‘ื—ืƒ

ืžืฉืœื™ ื›ื:ื’

The hypocrisy of ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ is the problem; you may be able ืœืกืคืจ ื—ืงื™ and ืชืฉื ื‘ืจื™ืชื™ but it is only ืขืœื™ ืคื™ืš. All the Torah learning in the world doesnโ€™t matter if ืฉื ืืช ืžื•ืกืจ.

ืื ืจืื™ืช ื’ื ื‘ ื•ืชืจืฅ ืขืžื•: The Targum translates ืชืจืฅ as ืจึฐื”ึตื˜ึฐืชึธื, running. You actually joined with the thieves in their sin. Radak says itโ€™s more subtle (Artscroll translates ืชืจืฅ as โ€œsanctionedโ€):

ื•ืชืจืฅ: ื›ืžื• ื•ืชืจืฆื”, ืขื ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื•ืŸ. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืจืฆื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื“ืš ืขืžื•

ืจื“ืดืง, ืชื”ืœื™ื ื :ื™ื—

Again, Asaf is rebuking them for their hypocrisy. And it will grow until you find yourself slandering even ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืืžืš ืชืชืŸ ื“ืคื™.

ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืืžืš: ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืจื™ื‘ ืขืžื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืจืฉ ืขืžืš.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืชื”ืœื™ื ื :ื›

ื–ืฉืดื” (ืชื”ืœื™ื ื ) โ€ืชืฉื‘ ื‘ืื—ื™ืš ืชื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืืžืš ืชืชืŸ ื“ื•ืคื™โ€œ. ืืžืจ ืจืณ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืื ื”ืจื’ืœืช ืœืฉื•ื ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื—ื™ืš ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืžืชืš ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืžืชืš ืชืชืŸ ื“ื•ืคื™.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื” (ื•ื™ืœื ื) ืคืจืฉืช ื›ื™ ืชืฆื ืคืจืฉื” ื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ื˜

ื”ื ืจื•ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื ืืณ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื) ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื ื‘ืืœืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉื”, ื”ื•ื™ ืชืคืœื˜ื ื™ ืžืจื™ื‘ื™ ืขืžื™, ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื” ื›ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ. ืืžืจ ืžืฉื”: ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื”ื; ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื—ื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ืืžื•ืชื, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ื ) โ€ืชืฉื‘ ื‘ืื—ื™ืš ืชื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืืžืš ืชืชืŸ ื“ื•ืคื™โ€œโ€ฆื•ืจืณ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืดืœ ืืžืจ: ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืื ื“ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืขืฉื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ื™ืš ืกื•ืคืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืžืชืš ื–ื” ืžืฉื”; ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืฉื“ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื ื‘ืืœืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉื”, ืืžืจ ืžืฉื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจื•ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื; ื”ืจื™ื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืขืžื”ื ืืœื” ืคืงื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื“ื‘ืจ.

ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื (ื•ืจืฉื) ืคืจืฉืช ืคืงื•ื“ื™ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื–

The fact that I (ื”ืณ) let you get away with this for so longโ€”ืืœื” ืขืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ืจืฉืชื™ doesnโ€™t mean that the punishment will not come.

ื˜ืขื ื•ื”ื—ืจืฉืชื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืืจืš ืืคื™ื ื•ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื—ืจืฉืชื™.

ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื, ืชื”ืœื™ื ื : ื›ื

But your mistake was to think that I was like you, as hypocritical and ignorant as you:

ื“ืžื™ืช: ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืืชื” ืฉืื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื•ืš ืœื”ืชืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ืš ื”ืจืขื™ื ื•ื™ืดืž ื“ืžื™ืช ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื ืกืชืจื•ืช.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืชื”ืœื™ื ื :ื›ื

ืขืชื” ืื•ื›ื™ื—ืš ื•ืืขืจื›ื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ืš ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืช ืฉืชื“ืข ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื•ืืขืคืดื™ ืฉื”ืืจื›ืชื™ ืœืš ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืชื” ืชื‘ื•ื ื”ืขืช ืœื‘ืขืจ ื”ืจืขื™ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืžื™ ื”ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื™ ื”ื ื”ืจืขื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืืช ืžืœืื›ื™ (ื’:ื™ื—): ื•ืฉื‘ืชื ื•ืจืื™ืชื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ื™ืง ืœืจืฉืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืœืงื™ื ืœืืฉืจ ืœื ืขื‘ื“ื• .

ืจื“ืดืง, ืชื”ืœื™ื ื :ื›ื

Radak adds the point that once the hypocritical โ€œืฆื“ื™ืงื™ืโ€ reach the point of ื“ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืช ืื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื•ืš, then they are ืฉื ืืช ืžื•ืกืจ and will no longer accept rebuke. There is no point in ื”ืณ's mercy if there is no hope of ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”:

ื•ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื‘ื• ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืžืคื™ ื–ืงืŸ ืื—ื“, ืืžืจ: ืืœื” ืขืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ืจืฉืชื™, ืืœื” ื”ืจืขื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืืจื›ืชื™ ืœืš ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื“ืžื™ืช ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืžื•ืš, ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื•ื›ื™ื—ืš ื•ืืขืจื›ื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ืš ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ืจืขื•ืช.

ืจื“ืดืง, ืชื”ืœื™ื ื :ื›ื

And the only hope of salvation is to truly honor ื”ืณ; more than ื™ื›ื‘ื“ื ื™, you must ื™ื›ื‘ื“ื ื ื™:

ื•ืืฃ ื“ื•ื“ ืืžืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ื ) ื–ื•ื‘ื— ืชื•ื“ื” ื™ื›ื‘ื“ื ื ื™, ื™ื›ื‘ื“ื ื™ ืื™ื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืืœื ื™ื›ื‘ื“ื ื ื™ ื‘ืณ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืขื”ืดื– ื•ื‘ืขื”ืดื‘.

ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื (ื•ืจืฉื) ืคืจืฉืช ืฆื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ื–

And how do you get to this point? ื–ื‘ื— ืชื•ื“ื”โ€”understood not as โ€œa thanksgiving offeringโ€ but โ€œoffering gratitude and acknowledgmentโ€. And then ื”ืณ will help us return:

ื•ืฉื ื“ืจืš:ื”ืฉื‘ ืืœื™ ืื ื™ ืžืœืžื“ ื•ืฉื ื“ืจืš ืœื—ื•ื˜ืื™ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืืœื™ ืื ื™ ืืจืื ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืขืชื™.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืชื”ืœื™ื ื :ื›ื’

All I ask of the sinner is that he should make the first move towards repentanceโ€ฆthen I will immediately respond and prepare the way for him to return to Me completely.

Artscroll Tehillim, volume 1, p. 648

ื‘ ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขื“ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ืš ื•ืฉืžืขืช ื‘ืงืœื• ื›ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืื ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ืš ื”ื™ื•ื; ืืชื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื‘ืš ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉืšืƒ ื’ ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ืš ืืช ืฉื‘ื•ืชืš ื•ืจื—ืžืš; ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืงื‘ืฆืš ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืคื™ืฆืš ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ืš ืฉืžื”ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ืœ

ื‘ื ืœื˜ื”ืจโ€”ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•

ื™ื•ืžื ืœื—,ื‘

And that is the purpose of a ื ื‘ื™ื, and the message of ืืกืฃ ื”ึทื ึผึดื‘ึผึธื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœืš.