This week I want to look at two other ืชืืืืื by ืืกืฃ, but ones that are very different from what weโve seen before. These are not rebuking Israel but prayers for its salvation. The first is ืชืืืืื ืคืจืง ืคื, which we say in times of trouble in modern Israel:
ื ืฉืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืกืฃื
ื ืืืงืื ืื ืืื ืื; ืื ืชืืจืฉ ืืื ืชืฉืงื ืึพืื
ื ืื ืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื; ืืืฉื ืืื ื ืฉืื ืจืืฉื
ื ืขื ืขืื ืืขืจืืื ืกืื; ืืืชืืขืฆื ืขื ืฆืคืื ืืื
ื ืืืจื ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืื; ืืื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืขืืื
ื ืื ื ืืขืฆื ืื ืืืื; ืขืืื ืืจืืช ืืืจืชืื
ื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืขืืืื; ืืืื ืืืืจืืื
ื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืขืืืง; ืคืืฉืช ืขื ืืฉืื ืฆืืจื
ื ืื ืืฉืืจ ื ืืื ืขืื; ืืื ืืจืืข ืืื ื ืืื ืกืืื
This is what I would call a โsuspiciously specificโ perek. By naming each individual nation, he clearly has some actual incident in mind. What incident is harder to tell. It has to be before the time that Assyria was an all-conquering empire, because it describes Assyria as only mercenaries for ืื ื ืืื, who presumably are the main antagonists here. It would have to be after the time of David and Solomon, because during their reigns the Phonecians (ืืื and ืฆืืจ) were allied with Israel.
The ืืคืืจืฉืื find a likely incident in ืืืจื ืืืืื:
ืืืืืืจ ื ืืืจ ืขื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืชื ืืืื ืืืืฉืคื ืืฉืืื ืขืืื ืื ื ืฉืขืืจ ืืขืืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืืืื (ื ื:ื).
ื ืืกื ืืดื ืืืื ืืืืฉืคื ืฉืืื ืขืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืื ื ืขืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืื ืืืื ืจื ืืืืืฉืคื ืืชืคืื ืืงืจื ืฆืื, ืืืืืืื ืื ืื ื ืืกืฃ ืืืชื ืขืืื ืจืื ืืณ ืืชืื ืืงืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืชืืจืื ืืืืณ.
The Kings of the Kingdom of Judah
Based on http://www.seder-olam.info/index.html
Year | BCE | King |
---|---|---|
2699 | 1060 | Saul |
2701 | 1058 | David and Ish Boshet civil war |
2708 | 1051 | David |
2741 | 1018 | Solomon |
2781 | 978 | Rehoboam |
2798 | 961 | Abijam |
2801 | 958 | Asa |
2842 | 917 | Jehoshaphat; peace with Israel |
2865 | 894 | Jehoram |
2872 | 887 | Ahaziah |
2873 | 886 | Athaliah mother of Ahaziah |
2879 | 880 | Joash; Athaliah executed |
2915 | 844 | Amaziah |
2956 | 803 | Azariah |
3006 | 753 | Jotham |
3022 | 737 | Ahaz |
3035 | 724 | Hezekiah; fall of Israel |
3064 | 695 | Manasseh |
3119 | 640 | Amon |
3121 | 638 | Josiah |
3152 | 607 | Jehoahaz named king by Pharaoh Necoh |
3163 | 596 | Jehoiachin |
3163 | 596 | Zedekiah named king by Nebuchadnezzar |
3173 | 586 | Zedekiah prisoner; Temple destroyed |
ื ืืืื ืืืจื ืื ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืื ื ืขืืื ืืขืืื ืืืขืืื ืื ืขื ืืืืฉืคื ืืืืืืื
ื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืฉืคื ืืืืจ ืื ืขืืื ืืืื ืจื ืืขืืจ ืืื ืืืจื; ืืื ื ืืืฆืฆืื ืชืืจ ืืื ืขืื ืืืื
ื ืืืจื ืืืชื ืืืืฉืคื ืืช ืคื ืื ืืืจืืฉ ืืืณ; ืืืงืจื ืฆืื ืขื ืื ืืืืืื
ื ืืืงืืฆื ืืืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืืณ; ืื ืืื ืขืจื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืช ืืณื
ื ืืืขืื ืืืืฉืคื ืืงืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืื ืืืืช ืืณ; ืืคื ื ืืืฆืจ ืืืืฉืื
ื ืืืืืจ ืืณ ืืืงื ืืืชืื ื ืืื ืืชื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืื; ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืขืื ืืืชืืฆืื
ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืงืื ื ืืืจืฉืช ืืช ืืฉืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืืช ืืืคื ื ืขืื ืืฉืจืื; ืืชืชื ื ืืืจืข ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืขืืืื
ื ืืืฉืื ืื; ืืืื ื ืื ืื ืืงืืฉ ืืฉืื ืืืืจื
ื ืื ืชืืื ืขืืื ื ืจืขื ืืจื ืฉืคืื ืืืืจ ืืจืขื ื ืขืืื ืืคื ื ืืืืช ืืื ืืืคื ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืช ืืื; ืื ืืขืง ืืืื ืืฆืจืชื ื ืืชืฉืืข ืืชืืฉืืขื
ื ืืขืชื ืื ื ืื ื ืขืืื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืขืืจ ืืฉืจ ืื ื ืชืชื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฆืจืื; ืื ืกืจื ืืขืืืื ืืื ืืฉืืืืืื
ืื ืืื ื ืื ืืืืื ืขืืื ื; ืืืื ืืืจืฉื ื ืืืจืฉืชื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืฉืชื ืื
ืื ืืืงืื ื ืืื ืชืฉืคื ืื ืื ืืื ืื ื ืื ืืคื ื ืืืืื ืืจื ืืื ืืื ืขืืื ื; ืืื ืื ื ืื ื ืืข ืื ื ืขืฉื ืื ืขืืื ืขืื ืื ืื
ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืคื ื ืืณ; ืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืื
ืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืื ืื ืื ืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืชื ืื ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืืกืฃ; ืืืชื ืขืืื ืจืื ืืณ ืืชืื ืืงืืื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืืงืฉืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉืคื; ืื ืืืจ ืืณ ืืื ืืชื ืื ืชืืจืื ืืื ืชืืชื ืืคื ื ืืืืื ืืจื ืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืงืืื
ืื ืืืจ ืจืื ืขืืืื ืื ื ืขืืื ืืืขืื ืืฆืืฅ; ืืืฆืืชื ืืชื ืืกืืฃ ืื ืื ืคื ื ืืืืจ ืืจืืืื
ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืช; ืืชืืฆืื ืขืืื ืืจืื ืืช ืืฉืืขืช ืืณ ืขืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืื ืื ืชืืจืื ืืื ืชืืชื ืืืจ ืฆืื ืืคื ืืื ืืืณ ืขืืืื
ืื ืืืงื ืืืืฉืคื ืืคืื ืืจืฆื; ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืคืื ืืคื ื ืืณ ืืืฉืชืืืช ืืืณื
ืื ืืืงืื ืืืืื ืื ืื ื ืืงืืชืื ืืื ืื ื ืืงืจืืื ืืืื ืืืณ ืืืงื ืืฉืจืื ืืงืื ืืืื ืืืขืืื
ื ืืืฉืืืื ืืืงืจ ืืืฆืื ืืืืืจ ืชืงืืข; ืืืฆืืชื ืขืื ืืืืฉืคื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืขืื ื ืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืืืณ ืืืงืืื ืืชืืื ื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืืืื ืืืฆืืืืื
ืื ืืืืขืฅ ืื ืืขื ืืืขืื ืืฉืจืจืื ืืืณ ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืช ืงืืฉ ืืฆืืช ืืคื ื ืืืืืฅ ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืณ ืื ืืขืืื ืืกืืื
ืื ืืืขืช ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืชืืื ื ืชื ืืณ ืืืจืืื ืขื ืื ื ืขืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืขืืจ ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืคืื
ืื ืืืขืืื ืื ื ืขืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืฉืื ืืจ ืฉืขืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืืฉืืื; ืืืืืืชื ืืืืฉืื ืฉืขืืจ ืขืืจื ืืืฉ ืืจืขืื ืืืฉืืืชื
ืื ืืืืืื ืื ืขื ืืืฆืคื ืืืืืจ; ืืืคื ื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ื ืคืืจืื ื ืคืืื ืืจืฆื ืืืื ืคืืืืื
ืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืคื ืืขืื ืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืฆืื ืืื ืืจื ืืจืืืฉ ืืคืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืฆืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉื; ืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืช ืืฉืื ืื ืจื ืืืื
ืื ืืืืื ืืจืืขื ื ืงืืื ืืขืืง ืืจืื ืื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืช ืืณ; ืขื ืื ืงืจืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืงืื ืืืื ืขืืง ืืจืื ืขื ืืืืื
ืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืื ืืืืืฉืคื ืืจืืฉื ืืฉืื ืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืฉืืื; ืื ืฉืืื ืืณ ืืืืืืืืื
ืื ืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืจืืช ืืืืฆืฆืจืืช ืื ืืืช ืืณื
ืื ืืืื ืคืื ืืืงืื ืขื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืฆืืช; ืืฉืืขื ืื ื ืืื ืืณ ืขื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืืื
ื ืืชืฉืงื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืคื; ืืื ื ืื ืืืงืื ืืกืืืื
Thatโs the story, and there are two things that make Radak and Malbim connect it to our perek. First is the ื ืืื:โ ืืืจืืืโฆืื ืื ื ืืกืฃ. If weโre attributing this to the time of ืืืืฉืคื, then it canโt be literally written by ืืกืฃ himself, but we could say that this perek is a prayer of the ื ืืื of the time and ืืืืืจ ืืืกืฃ is a dedication to his ancestor. Second is the nature of the war, and the fight against ืื ื ืขืืื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืขืืจ fits with the mention of all those nations in ืชืืืืื ืคืจืง ืคื.
Letโs look at the perek in more detail.
ืื ืืื ืื; ืื ืชืืจืฉ ืืื ืชืฉืงื
The Malbim points out that the three terms ืืื, โ ืชืืจืฉ and ืชืฉืงื are different. ืืื is used in the sense of inanimate, the opposite of ืืืื.โ ืืจืฉ means mute, unspeaking. ืฉืงื in ืชื ืดื doesnโt mean silent, but quiet in the sense of still, peaceful (ืืชืฉืงื ืืืจืฅ ืืจืืขืื ืฉื ื doesnโt mean that nobody spoke). So the sense of the pasuk is and escalating plea: ืืณ donโt be ืืื; feel something! Donโt be ืืจืฉ; say something! And donโt be ืฉืงื; do something!
ื ืืขืฆื ืื ืืืื
Why? Because all the surrounding nations are conspiring together. We have no earthly allies. ื ืืืื means extinct; they are trying to eliminate Israel as a people.
ืืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืขืืืื
And who are these surrounding nations? The author lists just about everyone, from the well-known to the most obscure. He starts with ืืืื and ืืฉืืขืื, the people most closely related to us (ืืขืงืโs and ืืฆืืงโs brothers, respectively), who would be hoped to be more sympathetic. Instead, they are leading the camp. ืืืื,โ ืขืืื,โ ืขืืืง and ืคืืฉืช we know. ืฆืืจ is a Phoenician city; in ืชื ืดื the Phoenicians are considered allies of the Philistines. ืืื is mentioned one other time in ืชื ืดื, in ืืืืงืื ืื:ื as one of the Phoenician cities. It is usually identified as Byblos in northern Lebanon. ืืืจืื is more of a mystery (itโs โHagritesโ, not โthe Grimโ, by the way). Presumably they are the ืืืจืืืื mentioned in ืืืจื ืืืืื:
ืื ืื ื ืจืืืื ืืืื ืืืฆื ืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืื ืื ื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืจืื ืงืฉืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืขืื ืืืจืืขื ืืืฃ ืืฉืืข ืืืืช ืืฉืฉืื ืืฆืื ืฆืืื
ืื ืืืขืฉื ืืืืื ืขื ืืืืจืืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืคืืฉ ืื ืืืื
ื ืืืขืืจื ืขืืืื ืืื ืชื ื ืืืื ืืืืจืืืื ืืื ืฉืขืืื; ืื ืืืืืื ืืขืงื ืืืืืื ืื ืขืชืืจ ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื
Which would put them in modern eastern Jordan. It is usually assumed that they were descended from Hagar, Avrahamโs wife. If she is identified with Keturah, then we have a list of nations besides Ishmael:
ื ืืืกืฃ ืืืจืื ืืืงื ืืฉื ืืฉืื ืงืืืจืื
ื ืืชืื ืื ืืช ืืืจื ืืืช ืืงืฉื ืืืช ืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืืฉืืง ืืืช ืฉืืื
ื ืืืงืฉื ืืื ืืช ืฉืื ืืืช ืืื; ืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืจื ืืืืืฉื ืืืืืืื
ืื ืืฉืืจ ื ืืื ืขืื
Assyria at this time (even in the time of ืืืืฉืคื) was not the world-dominating empire it would become. Here they are just mercenaries for the other enemies of Israel. Rashi points out that the last time ืืฉืืจ was mentioned, they were good guys:
ื ืืืืฉ ืืื ืืช ื ืืจื; ืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืจ ืืืจืฅื
ื ืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืฆืื ืืคื ื ืืณ; ืขื ืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืจื ืืืืจ ืฆืื ืืคื ื ืืณื
ื ืืชืื ืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืชื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืจืฅ ืฉื ืขืจื
ืื ืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืื ืืฆื ืืฉืืจ; ืืืื ืืช ื ืื ืื ืืืช ืจืืืช ืขืืจ ืืืช ืืืื
ืืฃ ืืฉืืจ ืฉืืื ื ืืืจ ืขื ืืืื ืืฉืืจ ืขืฆื ืกืืื ืืื ืืชืืืจ ืขื ืืจืขืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืจ (ืืจืืฉืืช ื) ืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืื ืืฆื ืืฉืืจ ืฉืืฆื ืืขืฆืช ืืืจ ืืคืืื, ืืื ื ืืื ืขืื ืืขืืจื ืืจืขื.
One nation that is strikingly missing is Aram, the major enemy of Israel throughout the early first Temple period; this goes with the story of Jehoshaphat where the enemy comes from the area of Aram but Aram itself is not mentioned.
The question that weโve avoided is how could this be a prayer for a war in the time of ืืืืฉืคื if ืกืคืจ ืชืืืืื was written by David? We know the gemara:
ืืื ืืชื ืกืคืจ ืชืืืื ืขืดื ืขืฉืจื ืืงื ืื: ืขืดื ืืื ืืจืืฉืื, ืขื ืืื ืืืื ืฆืืง, ืืขื ืืื ืืืจืื, ืืขืดื ืืฉื, ืืขื ืืื ืืืื, ืืขืดื ืืืืชืื, ืืขื ืืื ืืกืฃ, ืืขื ืืื ืฉืืฉื ืื ื ืงืจื.
But weโve mentioned the ืฉืืจ ืืฉืืจืื ืจืื that puts a much later date on the final composition of ืชืืืืื:
ืขืฉืจื ืื ื ืืื ืืืจื ืกืคืจ ืชืืืื, ืืื ืืจืืฉืื, ืืืืจืื, ืืฉื, ืืืื, ืืฉืืื, ืขื ืืืืื ืืืฉื ืื ืืืชืคืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืฉื ืืืจื ืืืชื ืืื ืืื ืื?โฆืจื ืืืจ ืืกืฃ ืืืืื ืืืืืชืื ืืฉืืฉื ืื ื ืงืจื ืืขืืจื.
So according to that view, thereโs no problem with dating ืคืจืง ืคื to the post-David era. The Malbim takes this view:
ืื ืขืื ืืชืืื ืจืื ืืณ ืืืจืฅ ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืขื ื ืืืืื ืืืืืืโฆืืืืจ ืื ืืฉืืจืจ ืืจืื ืืงืืฉ, ืฉืขืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืื ืื ืกืืืจื, ืื ืขืื ืืืกืืคื ืืงื ื ืืืจ ืืืจ ืืืื ืืกืืื ืชืืืืช ืืืืจืืช, ืืื ืฉืชืืื ืืื ืงืื, ืืื ืชืคืื ืืืฉื ืืืฉ ืืืืงืื, ืืื ืืืขื ืื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืจืื, ืฉืืจ ืืืขืืืช ืืฉืืืโฆืืืืืจ ืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืงืืื ืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืงื ืืืืชืื (ืชืืืืื ืกื), ืืื ืืืืื ืขื ื ืก ืกื ืืจืื, ื ืืื ืืช ืืกืฃ ืขื ื ืก ืื (ืชืืืืื ืขื)โฆืขื ืืชืคืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืกืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืขื ืฉืจืคืช ืืืงืืฉ ืืขื ืืืืืช, ืขื ืฉืื ืืณ ืืช ืฉืืืช ืฆืืื ืืืื ืืืจืฉ (ืชืืืืื ืงืื ืึพืคื).
However, he adds a very interesting footnote:
โฆืืชืืชื ืืืช ืืืื ืืขืืื ื ืืขื ืืช ืืืืขืืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืขืื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืชืงืคื ืืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืืืชื ืืขืื ืื ื ืืืจื ืืืืจื ืืืืจ ืฉืจื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืฆืืงืืืโฆืืืฉืืืชื ืขื ื ืืจืืช ืืื ืืงืืืชื ืืช ืืื ืืืช ืื ื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืขืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืฉืืขื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืขื ืืช; ืืขื ืื ืคืจืฉืชื ืืคื ืืคืฉื ืืกืชืื ืคื ืืืขืืจืจืืโฆืื ืื ืืคื ืืจื ืืคืฉื ืืฉืจ ืืืกืืชื ืืืื ื ืืคืืจืืฉื ื ืื ืืฉืจ ืฉืืชื ืื ืืืืจื ืืืื ื ืืฆื ื ืื ืืืงืช ืืืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืชื ืืืฉืคืื ืืืื ืืชืื ืงืืืฉ. ืืืื ืืฆืื ื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืฉืืขืื ืคื ืื ืืชืืจื ืืืคื ืืจื ืืืจืืฉ ืืืจืื ืืืงืืื, ืื ืืืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืฆืคื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉืืจืจืื ืื ื ืงืจื ืืืกืฃ ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืฆืคืื ืื ืืื ืื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืืจ ืืืจ ืขื ืขืช ืฉืืฆื ืืืืจ ืื ืืคืืขื ืืื ื ืืืจื ืืงืื ืจื ืขื ืืืืื ืื ืืืช ืืฉืขืชืโฆืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืืื ืืคื ืืคืฉื ืืืืืืฆื ืื ืืืจืข ืืืจืช ืืืชืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืกื ืืืชื ืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืืโฆืืื ืชืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืื, ืฉืชืืื ื ืืืจื ืืกืชืจ ืืืื ืงืื ืืืืจื ืืืกืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืกืจื ืืื ืขืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืงืืืฉืช ืืืชืืืื, ืืื ืืืขืจื ืื.
Malbimโs entire commentary takes the first approach. Which one he personally believed I do not pretend to know; Neither approach is ืืืคืจ ืืขืืงืจ, and I will not mind if you choose one or leave it undecided. For the purposes of this shiur I would assume that this perek is late, largely because it does not read like a ื ืืืื. A prophecy of the distant future should be a warning (โrepent or the temple will be destroyed!โ), not a ืชืคืื for salvation from something that has not yet happened.
I think thereโs a position between the two extremes. We say ืคืจืง ืคื for trouble in ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื, even though the names of the nations have changed. We take the names symbolically, and if we look carefully at the perek, only psukim 7-9 are โlocalizedโ. The rest of the perek would apply to any ืฆืจืืช in Israel. So we have an opening for an approach suggested by the Malbim:
ืืื ืฆื ืืืื;
ืืืจ ื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืงืื;
ืืฉืืืชื ืืชืขืืื ืขืืืื ืืื ืขืฉื ืืืื
ื ืืื ืฆื ืขื ืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืื
ื ืืืจ ื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืงืื;
ืืฉืืืชื ืืืชืขืืื ืขืื ืืื ืขืฉื ืืืื
ืืืืืจ ืื ืืืืคื ืืกืคืจ ืื (ื ืดื), ืขื ืงืฆืช ืฉืื ืื, ืืืชืืืจ ืืฆืื, ืฉืืืืืจ ืื ืืืจื ืืื ืขื ื ืก ืฉื ืขืฉื ืืโฆืืืืฉืจ ืื ื ืก ืกื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืงืื ืจืื ืฉืืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืื ืื ืขื ื ืก ืื ืืชืงื ืืื ืขื ืืืกืคื ืงืฆืช ืืืืกืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืชืงื ื
So ืคืจืง ื ื was based on an original psalm of David, adapted for the occasion, and still attributed to David. I would say the same thing about our perek. It may have been written by Asaf, without the section about the nations. You could insert the relevant names (like we do with ืื ืฉืืจื or ืึพื ืืื). This version was recorded for posterity because it resulted in a miracle:
With that, letโs conclude the perek.
ื ืขืฉื ืืื ืืืืื; ืืกืืกืจื ืืืืื ืื ืื ืงืืฉืืื
ืื ื ืฉืืื ืืขืื ืืืจ; ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื
ืื ืฉืืชืื ื ืืืืืื ืืขืจื ืืืืื; ืืืืื ืืืฆืืื ืข ืื ื ืกืืืืืื
ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจื ื ืืจืฉื ืื ื ืืช ื ืืืช ืืืงืืื
ืื ืืืงื ืฉืืชืื ืืืืื; ืืงืฉ ืืคื ื ืจืืื
ืื ืืืฉ ืชืืขืจ ืืขืจ; ืืืืืื ืชืืื ืืจืืื
ืื ืื ืชืจืืคื ืืกืขืจื; ืืืกืืคืชื ืชืืืืื
ืื ืืื ืคื ืืื ืงืืื; ืืืืงืฉื ืฉืื ืืณื
ืื ืืืฉื ืืืืืื ืขืื ืขื; ืืืืคืจื ืืืืืืื
ืื ืืืืขื ืื ืืชื ืฉืื ืืณ ืืืื;
ืขืืืื ืขื ืื ืืืจืฅื
ืขืฉื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืกืืกืจื ืืืืื
The author then mentions the two previous miraculous battles, from ืกืคืจ ืฉืืคืืื. The battle of ืกืืกืจื and ืืืื in ื ืื ืงืืฉืื is the story of ืืืืจื:
ื ืืืืืจื ืืณ ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืขื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืฆืืจ; ืืฉืจ ืฆืืื ืกืืกืจื ืืืื ืืืฉื ืืืจืฉืช ืืืืืื
ื ืืืฆืขืงื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืณ; ืื ืชืฉืข ืืืืช ืจืื ืืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืืฅ ืืช ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืงื ืขืฉืจืื ืฉื ืื
โฆ
ืื ืืืื ืืณ ืืช ืกืืกืจื ืืืช ืื ืืจืื ืืืช ืื ืืืื ื ืืคื ืืจื ืืคื ื ืืจืง; ืืืจื ืกืืกืจื ืืขื ืืืจืืื ืืื ืก ืืจืืืืื
ืื ืืืจืง ืจืืฃ ืืืจื ืืจืื ืืืืจื ืืืื ื ืขื ืืจืฉืช ืืืืื; ืืืคื ืื ืืื ื ืกืืกืจื ืืคื ืืจื ืื ื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืืืื
The battle with ืืืื is less familiar. It is the story of ืืืขืื:
ืืืขืฉื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืจืข ืืขืื ื ืืณ; ืืืชื ื ืืณ ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืข ืฉื ืืื
ื ืืืฉืื ืืจืืขื ืืื ืืืขืื ืืื ืืขื ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืืืื ื ืขื ืขืื ืืจื; ืืืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืฆืคืื ืืืืขืช ืืืืจื ืืขืืงื
ื ืืืืืจ ืืณ ืื ืืืขืื ืจื ืืขื ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืืชืชื ืืช ืืืื ืืืื; ืคื ืืชืคืืจ ืขืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืฉืืขื ืืื
โฆ
ืื ืืืชืงืขื ืฉืืฉ ืืืืช ืืฉืืคืจืืช ืืืฉื ืืณ ืืช ืืจื ืืืฉ ืืจืขืื ืืืื ืืืื ื; ืืื ืก ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืช ืืฉืื ืฆืจืจืชื ืขื ืฉืคืช ืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืืชื
ืื ืืืฆืขืง ืืืฉ ืืฉืจืื ืื ืคืชืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืื ืื ืฉื; ืืืจืืคื ืืืจื ืืืืื
ื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืืงืื ืืช ืฉืจื ืืืื ืืช ืขืจื ืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืชื ืขืฉืืช ืืื; ืื ืจืคืชื ืจืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืจ ืืืื
ื ืืืื ืืืขืื ืืืจืื ื; ืขืืจ ืืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืืืช ืืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืขืืคืื ืืจืืคืืื
โฆืื ืืืขื ืืืขืื ืืจื ืืฉืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืงืื ืื ืื ืืืืืื; ืืื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืืื
ืื ืืื ืกื ืืื ืืฆืืื ืข ืืืจืืฃ ืืืจืืื; ืืืืื ืืช ืฉื ื ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืช ืฆืืื ืข ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืจืืื
Unfortunately, no one has any idea what ืขืื ืืืจ has to to with either battle (itโs a city in the north of Israel, between the lands of ืื ืฉื and ืืฉืฉืืจ) Presumably that was the city where one of these battles took place; we just donโt have that information.
They (ืกืืกืจื and ืืืื) were destroyed when they tried to conquer ื ืืืช ืืืงืื. Artscroll translates ื ืืืช as โpleasant habitationsโ, a portmanteau word from ื ืื, pleasant, and ื ืื, sanctuary. Itโs a term used in ืชื ืดื for the ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ.
ืฉืืชืื ืืืืื
So to may our current enemies be destroyed. ืืืืืช, wheel, in this context means โtumbleweedโ, like straw scattered in the wind to be consumed in the fire that destroys entire mountains.
ืืืฉื ืืืืืื
Rav Hirsch translates ืึนืืึตืืึผ not as โthey will be lostโ but as a consequence of ืึทืึฐืคึผึฐืจืึผ, their shame, they will feel lost, as their hopes go down in flames.
Thereโs a sense of anticlimax here, as we go from ืืฉ and ืืืื to ืกืขืจื and ืกืืคื to ืงืืื to ืืืฉื. I think that is intentional, and itโs something we see throughout ืชืืืืืโ. The author is trying to de-escalate our emotions. Weโre not supposed to read this perek and be fired up to rush out and riot with torches and pitchforks. We look to ืืณ for help. Reacting in anger only makes the situation worse.
ืืืืขื ืื ืืชื ืฉืื ืืณ
Because the goal is not the destruction of our enemies but their conversion to allies, in a world where ืืณ is acknowledged as ืขืืืื ืขื ืื ืืืจืฅ.
The second perek of ืืืืืจ ืืืกืฃ is clearly about an event far in the future of the historical ืืกืฃ:
ื ืืืืืจ ืืืกืฃ;
ืืืงืื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืงืืฉื;
ืฉืื ืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืืขืืืื
ื ื ืชื ื ืืช ื ืืืช ืขืืืื ืืืื ืืขืืฃ ืืฉืืื;
ืืฉืจ ืืกืืืื ืืืืชื ืืจืฅื
ื ืฉืคืื ืืื ืืืื ืกืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืื; ืืืื ืงืืืจื
ื ืืืื ื ืืจืคื ืืฉืื ืื ื; ืืขื ืืงืืก ืืกืืืืืชืื ืื
ื ืขื ืื ืืณ ืชืื ืฃ ืื ืฆื; ืชืืขืจ ืืื ืืฉ ืงื ืืชืื
ื ืฉืคื ืืืชื ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืืขืื;
ืืขื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืฉืื ืื ืงืจืืื
ื ืื ืืื ืืช ืืขืงื; ืืืช ื ืืื ืืฉืืื
ื ืื ืชืืืจ ืื ื ืขืื ืช ืจืืฉื ืื;
ืืืจ ืืงืืืื ื ืจืืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืื
ื ืขืืจื ื ืืืงื ืืฉืขื ื ืขื ืืืจ ืืืื ืฉืื;
ืืืฆืืื ื ืืืคืจ ืขื ืืืืชืื ื ืืืขื ืฉืืื
ื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืงืืื;
ืืืืข ืืืืื (ืืืืื) ืืขืื ืื ื; ื ืงืืช ืื ืขืืืื ืืฉืคืืื
ืื ืชืืื ืืคื ืื ืื ืงืช ืืกืืจ; ืืืื ืืจืืขื ืืืชืจ ืื ื ืชืืืชืื
ืื ืืืฉื ืืฉืื ืื ื ืฉืืขืชืื ืื ืืืงื;
ืืจืคืชื ืืฉืจ ืืจืคืื ืึพืื ืื
ืื ืืื ืื ื ืขืื ืืฆืื ืืจืขืืชื ื ืืื ืื ืืขืืื;
ืืืืจ ืืืจ ื ืกืคืจ ืชืืืชืื
ืืชืื (ืชืืืื ืขื) ืืืืืจ ืืืกืฃ ืืืงืื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืชื, ืื ืืื ืงืจื ืฆืจืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืกืฃ ื ืื ืืืกืฃ ืงืื ื ืืืกืฃ, ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืกืฃ, ืืื ืืฉื ืืืื ืฉืขืฉื ืืืช ืืืคื ืืื ื ืืกืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืืจื ืืืฆื ืื ื ืืชืจืืืช ืจืขื, ืืื ืขืื ืืืื ืืืืคื ืืงืจืข ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืฉืืืจ ืืช ืืงื ืื ืื ืื ืคืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืงื ืื ืืืื ืืืืจ, ืืืจื ืื ืืืื ืืคื ืืืคืชื ืฉื ืื ื ืืืช ืืืฉื ืืืืืจ, ืืืจ ืืื ืืืืจ ืื ื ืฉืืคื ืืืคืชื ืฉื ืื ื ืืื ืฉืคื ืืืชื ืขื ืื ื, ืื ืืืจื ืืืกืฃ ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืงืืฉ ืืืชื ืืืฉื ืืืืืจ, ืืืจ ืืื ืืืืจ ืื ื ืฉืฉืคื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืชื ืขื ืืขืฆืื ืืขื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืคื ืืืชื ืขื ืืฉืจืื.
The idea of ื ืชื ื ืืช ื ืืืช ืขืืืื ืืืื ืืขืืฃ ืืฉืืื is from the ืชืืืื:
ืืืืชื ื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืืื ืขืืฃ ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืฅ; ืืืื ืืืจืืื
ืืกืฃ sees the ืืืจืื as a fulfillment of ืืณ's word. While he laments the reality, he canโt claim it is a surprise. But the extent of the cruelty of the enemy makes all of Israel martyrs:
ืชืืข ืืืชืื (ืชืืืืื ืขื) โืืืืืจ ืืืกืฃ ืืืงืื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืงืืฉื [ืืืืณ] ื ืชื ื ืืช ื ืืืช ืขืืืื ืืืื ืืขืืฃ ืืฉืืื ืืฉืจ ืืกืืืื ืืืืชื ืืจืฅโ ืืื ืขืืืื ืืืื ืืกืืืื ืืื ืืกืืืื ืืกืืืื ืืืฉ ืขืืืื ืื ื ืืืืืืื ืืื ื ืืืขืืงืจื ืืืืื ืืืืงืืื ืงืจื ืืื ืขืืืื.
Why do we call them all kedoshim, when so many of them had been vehemently anti-religious and had helped destroy the foundations of Torah in Europe?
Consider, for example, the most ironic situation imaginable: a young Jew, born of Jewish mother and Catholic father, raised as a Catholic, is kneeling in a church, quietly murmuring his paternoster, perhaps even offering a prayer for the well-being of the brave German soldiers. In come two soldiers and drag him off to the death camps, while he protests all along that he is a good Catholic, and not a Jew. Is he also one of the six million kedoshim?
ืงืืก is an interesting word. It usually means โpraiseโ.
[E]ven as ืงืืก denotes the praiseโฆor glorification of another, it could also mean the glorification or praise of selfโฆWe became ืืขื and ืงืืก to them; they scorned us and exalted themselves. To them our degredation was a cause for self-praise. To deride the Jew was considered part of the glory of the nations.
ืชืื ืฃ ืื ืฆื
Again, ืืกืฃ assumes that what happens is due to ืืณ's anger at us. The assumption is that ืืณ cares, and the destruction is what we deserve. The prayer is that it eventually ends, and that ืืณ recognizes that the enemy has gone too far.
We donโt take revenge ourselves but ask that ืืณ do it. It is what we say at the seder every year when we open the door for Eliyahu. Rabbi Eli Baruch Shulman (Rabbi Shulmanโs brother) in ืืืื ืืฉืื ืื has an interesting explanation for why we quote these psukim:
We have to look at the seder as described in the Mishna:
ื ืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจ, ืื ืฉืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืคืกื, ืื ืืฆื ืืื ืืืืชื; ืืืื ืืโืคืกื, ืืฆื, ืืืจืืจืืโฆืืื ืืืจ ืืืืจ, ืืืื ืืื ืืจืืืช ืืช ืขืฆืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืืืฆืจืืื; ืืคืืื ืื ืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืคืืจ ืืืืจ ืืจืืื ืืืื ืื ืฆื ืืื ืฉืขืฉื ืื ื ืืช ืื ืื ืืกืื ืืืื, ืืืืฆืืื ื ืืขืืืืช ืืืืจืืช. ืื ืืืจ ืืคื ืื, ืืืืืึพื.
ืืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืจโืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืจืื, ืขื โืื ืืื ืื, ืฉืืืโ (ืชืืืืื ืงืื,ื); ืืืช ืืื ืืืืจืื, ืขื โืืืืืฉ, ืืืขืืื ื ืืืโ (ืชืืืืื ืงืื,ื). ืืืืชื ืืืืืืโฆืืจืื ืืชื ืืณ, ืืื ืืฉืจืื.
ื ืืืื ืื ืืืก ืฉืืืฉื, ืืืจื ืขื ืืืื ื; ืจืืืขื, ืืืืจ ืขืืื ืืช ืืืโฆ.
Why do we split ืืื up like this, part before ืืจืืช ืืืืื and part after? ืืื on the seder night is different from other times we say ืืื:
ืืื ืจืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืดื ืืชื ืืชืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืืืจืืื ืขื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืคืกืืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ื ืงืืจืืื ืืืชื ืืชืืจืช ืงืืจืื ืืื ืืชืืจืช ืืืืจ ืฉืืจื ืฉืื ืฉื ืื ื ืจืดื ืืืืจ ืืืืณ ืืืกืืคื ืืคืืื ืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืณ ืืคืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืฉืชืงืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ืืดื.
The fact that this ืืื is a ืฉืืจื means that it is supposed to be the spontaneous outpouring of emotion. ืืืื ืืื ืืจืืืช ืืช ืขืฆืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืืืฆืจืืื; ืืคืืื ืื ืื ื ืืืืืืโฆ[ื]ืืืจ ืืคื ืื ืืืืืึพื. It doesnโt have the limitations that the ritualized ืงืจืืืช ืืืื has. So weโre allowed to split it up. But why do it? Why not say all of it now?
ืืืจ ืจื ืืฉืื ืจืื ืืืื: ืืืืชื ืคืกืื, ืืืืืื ืคืงืข ืืืืจื.
ืืื ืืื? ืืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืจื ืืืืืจื! ืื; ืืืืื ืืืจืขื ืืืืจื ืืืืืจื.
In his recently published Haggadah Yesamach Av Rav Eliyahu B. Shulman offers a simple but fascinating historically-based explanationื The Gemara (Pesachim 85b-86a) says that in the time of the Temple Hallel split the roofs of Jerusalemื Even though people were not allowed to eat the Pesach sacrifice on their roofs they would eat the meal inside their homes and then go onto their roofs to sing Hallelื Imagine the entire city full of families singing on their roofs.
โฆ
On the one hand, we need to recite Hallel over the Pesach sacrifice, which was the meal. On the other hand, people wanted to say Hallel on the roofs. Therefore, we start Hallel before the meal, say a little, eat the meal, and then finish Hallel (in Temple times on the rooftops).
Rav Shulman quotes Rav Shmuel Baruch Eliezrov, who in his Devar Shmuel (Pesachim 86a) says that his grandfather, Rav Yosef Salant, used this historical practice to explain our current practice of opening our door for โPour out Your wrath.โ The Pesach sacrifice has to be eaten in the home, with the group. Therefore, people would close their doors to ensure that everyone ate the food in the correct place. After they finished eating, they opened their doors to go up to their roofs and sing Hallel. We open our doors in commemoration of the ancient practice of singing Hallel on the rooftops.
So that nicely explains the custom of opening the doors. But what about ืฉึฐืืคึนืึฐ ืึฒืึธืชึฐืึธ?
Rav Shulman adds that nowadays we open our doors and see that we are in exile, not Jerusalem, and in our grief ask God to avenge our plight.
This is when we sing ืืื ืฉื ืฉืืจื. If we are truly in the moment, we should feel it. We open our doors to join with the rest of ืื ื ืืฉืจืื in ืืจืืฉืืื, but then we look out and seeโฆSt. Louis. Weโve even poured the fifth cup, for the fifth ืืฉืื ืืืืื and we invoke ืืืืื, the harbinger of ืืืืื:
ืื ื ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืื ืืื ืืณ ืืืืื ืืื ืืจืื
But it does no good. Our anticipation of singing ืืื is dashed.
So we break out with this perek, the ืืืืืจ ืืืกืฃ that is the antithesis of ืืื, a song not of thanksgiving but of vengeance. We say four psukim and we get back under control and realize we still need to show ืืืจืช ืืืื to ืืณ (thatโs the meaning of ืืืื ื), and finish our ืืื.
ืื ืชืืืจ ืื ื ืขืื ืช ืจืืฉื ืื
ืืกืฃ asks ืืณ not to remember ืขืื ืช ืจืืฉื ืื. As weโve said before, we can be punished for the sins of our ancestors when they become part of our culture:
ืืื ืืื [ืืืืื ืคืจืืืื] ืจืง ืืืง ืงืื ืฉื ืืขืืืจืืช. ื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืื ืืฉ ืกืื ืืืจ ืฉื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืืชื ืื ื ืขืืืจ ืืืชื ืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืืืฉืืืช ืฉืื, ืืื ืืคื ื ืฉืื ืขืืฉืื ืืชืื ืืื ื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืื ื ื ืืืืชื ืืืืืชื.
ืืกืฃ is asking that we be spared this, ืื ืืืื ื ืืื. We canโt handle any more.
ื ืฉืึทื ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืืืืื
And the defense is something the ื ืืืืื have used before: destroying Israel would be a ืืืืื ืืณ:
ืื ืืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืคื ื ืืณ ืืืงืื; ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืณ ืืืจื ืืคื ืืขืื ืืฉืจ ืืืฆืืช ืืืจืฅ ืืฆืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืงืื
ืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืฆืจืื ืืืืจ ืืจืขื ืืืฆืืื ืืืจื ืืชื ืืืจืื ืืืืืชื ืืขื ืคื ื ืืืืื; ืฉืื ืืืจืื ืืคื ืืื ืื ืขื ืืจืขื ืืขืืื
ืื ืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืฆืืง ืืืืฉืจืื ืขืืืื ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืขืช ืืื ืื ืืชืืืจ ืืืื ืืจืื ืืช ืืจืขืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืื; ืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจืชื ืืชื ืืืจืขืื ืื ืืื ืืขืืื
ืื ืืื ืื ืืณ ืขื ืืจืขื ืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืขืฉืืช ืืขืืื
Note the pun of the ืงืจื/ืืชืื of ืืืืื (the arrogant) and ืืืืื (the nations). It is their arrogance in asking ืืื ืืืงืืื that is the ืืืืื ืืณ, that makes it critical that ืืณ should be acknowledged.
ืฉืืขืชืื
ืืกืฃ asks for ืืณ's vengeance specifically on ืฉืื ืื ื; all the nations of the Middle East were conquered by Babylon, so we hoped that they would be sympathetic. But instead they cheered as the Temple was destroyed:
ืืืจ ืืณ ืืื ื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืจืืฉืื;
ืืืืจืื ืขืจื ืขืจื ืขื ืืืกืื ืืื
โSevenfoldโ is a common expression for โa lotโ:
ืืืืืจ ืื ืืณ ืืื ืื ืืจื ืงืื ืฉืืขืชืื ืืงื; ืืืฉื ืืณ ืืงืื ืืืช ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืืชื ืื ืืฆืืื
ืึดืึฐืจืึนืช ืืณ ืึฒืึธืจืึนืช ืึฐืึนืจืึนืช;
ืึผึถืกึถืฃ ืฆึธืจืึผืฃ ืึผึทืขึฒืึดืื ืึธืึธืจึถืฅ; ืึฐืึปืงึผึธืง ืฉืึดืึฐืขึธืชึธืึดืื
ื ืืื ืื ืืขืืื
The Radak points out that the last pasuk is not conditional. We praise ืืณ whether or not we are saved.
ืืื ืื ื ืขืื, ืืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืฆืืชื ื ืืืืืืช ื ืืื ืื ืืขืืื