We’ve looked at David’s final instructions to Shlomo:
But what is involved in היית לאיש? What would David say is the right way for a person to live? What is the good life?
But we are not Conan. For us, being a mensch means something different. There are three פרקי תהילים that I think represent the Psalmist’s answer to that question.
The question of מי יגור באהלך is very similar to the question in the שיר של יום ליום ראשון, which we are all familiar with:
But that is an abbreviated version of our perek. The gemara sees our perek as David’s summary of all the mitzvot:
It’s notable that these eleven principles are mostly בין אדם לחברו. These are the things that are “best in life”, not to crush our enemies but to elevate them.
The gemara goes on to give examples of each:
הולך תמים means to have the serenity to accept whatever happens.
פועל צדק doesn’t mean “to act with justice”, but “to be a just, honest, worker”.
We use the expression דובר אמת בלבבו in davening:
which has the sense of “don’t be a hypocrite with G-d”. But the gemara says it means “don’t be a hypocrite with people”.
That is פשט. Don’t say לשון הרע. We have seen so many פרקי תהילים focusing on the evils of לשון הרע.
עשה לרעהו רעה refers specifically to unfair competition. Honesty in business is more than being honest with customers and suppliers; it means being honest with competitors.
These two are about modesty. Virtue signaling is no virtue.
This is the one that is mentioned in פרק כד.
Keep your word, even if you will have to pay a price for it.
This פרק isn’t about explicit sins. We know that we shouldn’t take interest. David is adding here that interest is problematic even when it is legal.
The psalmist sees ריבית, interest, as a moral failing rather a financial tort. The halacha clearly thinks that it is, because it is forbidden even if both parties agree, and both parties are liable for violating it. I can agree to overpay for an item, but I cannot agree to overpay for a loan.
The problem is that it represents a dangerous attitude about money. Money should be a tool for accomplishing goals, not a goal into itself. Paying for things is how the world works; paying for money means I’m interested in some number that makes me better than others. I think Aristotle said it best:
These are all about our relationship with other people, treating other people with respect.
Since the perek sets a standard that is far too high for any human being to reach, the gemara reassures us that achieving any of these is a good thing:
There is another perek with a very similar theme.
אתהלך בתם לבבי is the הולך תמים of the perek above. But here David is talking about himself, not the abstract “מי ישכן בהר קדשך”. And he is talking about his everyday existence, in his own home: בקרב ביתי. The way to achieve this דרך תמים is to remove all the distractions that are keeping me from reaching my potential.
He wants simply to practice being good, but that’s hard when he has to deal with real-world politics.
עֲשֹׂה־סֵטִים means “being distracted”. David says he hates that.
This is something only possible after his retirement. As king, there is not getting away from בני אדם, ודיניהם וריבם.
The perek then repeats the theme of פרק טו but in the negative: these are the people who I don’t want in my house. It has a chiastic structure, centered around the same הלך בדרך תמים.
אצמית is usually translated “cut off” (Koren) or “destroy” (JPS) but the Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon connects it to the Arabic “صَمَتَ”, samat, “silence”. I think that fits the context here better, because I think this description of מלשני בסתר רעהו and the sinners is metaphoric. David is looking at himself and trying to suppress his own יצר הרע to לשון הרע and שקר, because he wants to end up in a state of (תהלים כז:ד) שִׁבְתִּי בְּבֵית ה׳ כָּל יְמֵי חַיַּי.
So he will silence the source of evil לבקרים, which means “every morning”, in the sense that every day is a new start.
Every morning is a chance to get things right or to mess them up again. This perek is David’s version of Groundhog Day.
The conclusion, the goal of David’s התבודדו והבדלו is the final half-verse: להכרית מעיר ה׳ כל פעלי און. That is what is “best in life”.
Metaphorically, David is a little piece of אדם הראשון, living a normal life ((תהלים צ:י) יְמֵי שְׁנוֹתֵינוּ בָהֶם שִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה). He is everyman, and תהילים is meant to be the story of everyone. This perek is a נצח about the purpose of human existence.
ארחי ורבעי: דרכי ורבצי סבבת וגדרת להם חוק וגבול ולא יעבור.
מצודת דוד, תהילים קלט:ג
This is more than ה׳ watching; זרית means “you encircled me”; (שמות כה:יא) ועשית עליו זר זהב סביב. Your knowledge of me limits me. We know this as a philosophical problem:
But the
message here is not about predestination and free will, but the fact that I cannot hide from You and that awareness keeps me in control.
אחור וקדם, ”future and past“ means that ה׳ is omniscient in time as well as space. Now David is talking does realize that this limits his free will (תשת עלי כפכה) but that is a dialectic that he will never understand; פליאה דעת ממני. But I can’t escape it.
But what that all leads to is that I cannot escape the consequences of my own actions. אשא כנפי שחר; אשכנה באחרית ים refers to the furthest east and west. ולילה אור בעדני means “the night will provide me with darkness”; in an unfortunate irony, אור in Aramaic means “night”.
This has halachic implications.
Then we have the volta: from ה׳'s omniscience about my deepest thoughts to the fact that I cannot begrudge You that; You made me.
גלמי means literally, “my golem”, my inert body before I was born. David then gets back to the predestination/free will dialectic:
The כתיב-קרי of ולא-ולו we’ve seen before:
And here it has a similar double meaning: Rashi’s “You know me as though you already created the days of my life, even though they don’t exist yet” and “You created the days of my life and You own every one of them”.
The perek started with בנתה לרעי, ”You know my thoughts“, and ends with ולי מה יקרו רעיך: ”Your thoughts are too deep for me“.
Then David turns to a prayer: You know everything. Punish sinners; I may be aware of their evil but I cannot do anything to them. That is on you.
And the perek ends with a prayer that echoes the beginning: it started with ה׳ חקרתני and now,
I do my best, but I can’t predict the future. Only you know אם דרך עצב בי. Help me make the right choices, because human ethics is by definition impossible.