ืคืจืง ื combines the two metaphors of the previous perek. That perek started with the image of parents lecturing their child: ืฉืืข ืื ื ืืืกืจ ืืืื; ืืื ืชืืฉ ืชืืจืช ืืืื, and then switched to the image of Wisdom, as a woman shouting on the street corner as no one listens: ืืืืืช ืืืืฅ ืชืจื ื; ืืจืืืืช ืชืชื ืงืืื. Now, we have the image of the parents telling their child to go listen to that woman out there:
ื ืื ื ืื ืชืงื ืืืจื; ืืืฆืืชื ืชืฆืคื ืืชืื
ื ืืืงืฉืื ืืืืื ืืื ื; ืชืื ืืื ืืชืืื ืื
ื ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชืงืจื; ืืชืืื ื ืชืชื ืงืืืื
ื ืื ืชืืงืฉื ื ืืืกืฃ; ืืืืืืื ืื ืชืืคืฉื ืื
ื ืื ืชืืื ืืจืืช ืืณ; ืืืขืช ืืืงืื ืชืืฆืื
ื ืื ืืณ ืืชื ืืืื; ืืคืื ืืขืช ืืชืืื ืื
The logic at the end seems perverse: if you listen to ืืืื, then you will understand ืืจืืช ืืณ, because ืืณ will give you ืืืื. The Maharal analyzes this perek, as an ever-increasing series of levels of seeking wisdom.
ืฉืืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืฉืืื ืจืฆื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืขืฆืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืคื ื ืื ืืืจืื ืืืจืื, ืืขื ืื ืืืจ โืืืงืฉืื ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืชืื ืืื ืืชืืื ืโ. ืืืืจ ืื ืืืจ โืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชืงืจืโ, ืจืฆื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื [ื]ืืฉืชืืงืง ืืืื, ืื ืืื ืืื ืงืื ื ืืืืื ืจืง ืื ืืฉืชืืงืง ืืืื, ืืื ืื ืฉืงืจื ืื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืงืืจื ืืืื, ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืืชื ืืืคืฅ ืื. ืืืื ืฉืืืจ โืื ืืืื ื ืชืงืจืโ, ืฉืืชื ืงืืจื ืื, ืืืคืฅ ืืืฉืชืืงืง ืื. โืืืชืืื ื ืชืชื ืงืืืโ, ืฉืืืื ืืืจืื ืขืฆืื ืืืืืข ืืืื, ืื ื ืชืื ืช ืงืื ืฆืจืื ืืืจื. ืืืืชืจ ืขื ืื ืืืจ โืื ืชืืงืฉื ื ืืืกืฃ ืืืืืืื ืืโ, ืืืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืจืื ืขืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืื. ืื ืชืืื ืฆืจืื ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืขืฆืื ืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืคื ื ืื ืขืกืงืื. ืืืืจ ืื ืืฉืชืืงืงืืช ืื ืืืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืจื (ืืฉื ื ืืืืช ื:ื) โืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืโ, ืืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืงืจื โืืืโ ืจืง ืื ืืฉืชืืงืง ืื, ืืืคืฅ ืืืืื ืืื ืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืจื ื ืืืงืืื.
The key is how the Maharal understands the Mishna:
ืื ืืืื ืืืืจ: ืืืืื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืื ืืื.
If you truly want to learn wisdom, you have to be willing to learn it from everyone, not just ืืืืื, and even not just from Jews, but everyone. Rambam makes the same point in the introduction to his commentary on ืคืจืงื ืืืืช:
ืืืข ืฉืืืืจืื ืฉืืืืจื ืืืื ืืคืจืงืื, ืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืคืืจืืฉ ืืื ื ืขื ืื ืื ืืืืชืื ืื ื ืืขืฆืื, ืืื ืคืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืืฉืชืื, ืืืื ื ืื ืขื ืื ืื ืืงืืชืื ืืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืฉืืช ืืืชืืืื ืืืืืชื ืืืืืจืืื, ืืืืืจื ืืคืืืืกืืคืื ืื ืื ืืงืืืืื ืืืืืฉืื, ืืืืืืจืื ืืจืื ืืื ื ืืื, ืืฉืืข ืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืืจื.
It makes sense to be willing to learn from ืื ืืื in matters of math and hard science; those focus on facts that should be independent of ideology. But this is more radical. Rambam is talking about ืคืจืงื ืืืืช, the book of ืืจื ืืจืฅ, and Maharal is talking about ืกืคืจ ืืฉืื; both are concerned with ethical behavior. And that we can learn from ืื ืืื.โ ืืจื ืืจืฅ applies to all human beings and so, even though the basis of our thought is in Torah and the word of G-d, other human thinkers may have something to teach us.
ืชื ื ืจืื ื: ืืจืืืโฆืืืื ืืืืืช ืืขืืื, ืืืืจ โืืจืื ืฉื ืชื ืืืืืชื ืืืฉืจ ืืืโ.
ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืจืื ืื ืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืืืช, ืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืชืืจื. ืฉืืจื ืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืื ืื ืื ืืฉื ืืชืืจื, ืฉืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืชื ืืชืืจื.
โฆืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืขื ืืืฆืืืืช ืืกืืจ ืืขืืื, ืืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืโฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืกืืื ืืขืืืช ืื ืื ืืืืช ืืชืืจื.
ืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืื: ืืฉ ืืืื ืืืืืโืชืืืโฆ ืืฉ ืชืืจื ืืืืืโืื ืชืืื.
The context of Maharalโs ืืฆืืืืช ืืกืืจ ืืขืืื isnโt about physics, but about the social world we live in.
Simeon the Just [circa 2o0 B.C.E.] said: Upon three things the world stands: upon Torah; upon the temple worship service; and upon deeds of kindness [Mishnah Avot 1:2].
The โworldโ of which Simeon the Just spoke was the nomos, the normative universe. Three hundred years later, after the destruction of the Temple whose worship service was one of the pillars upon which the โworldโ of Simeon the Just stood, Rabbi Simeon ben Gamaliel said, โUpon three things the world [continues to] exist[]: upon justice, upon truth, and upon peaceโ [Mishnah Avot 1:18].
ืืืดื make the distinction between ืืจื ืืจืฅ and ืชืืจื:
ืขืฉืจืื ืืฉืฉื ืืืจืืช ืงืืื ืืจื ืืจืฅ ืืช ืืชืืจื.
But they are connected.
ืจืื ืืืขืืจ ืื ืขืืจืื ืืืืจ: ืื ืืื ืชืืจื, ืืื ืืจื ืืจืฅ. ืื ืืื ืืจื ืืจืฅ, ืืื ืชืืจื. ืื ืืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืจืื. ืื ืืื ืืจืื, ืืื ืืืื..
ืชืืจื, as revealed by ืืงืืดื, and ืืจื ืืจืฅ, which may be developed by human beings, are intertwined into what ืืฉืื calls ืืืื. And that is intertwined with ืืจืืช ืืณ.
ืื ืชืืื ืืจืืช ืืณ:โฆืื ืื ืฉืืืจื "ืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืโ, ืืขืื ืืืจื โืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืืโ. ืืฉืืืืื ืขื ืื, ืื ืื ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืืืฆื ืืื ืืื; ืฉืืืจืื ืชืืืื ืืืืื, ืฉืฆืจืืื ืฉืชืืื ืืืืื ืงืืืืช, ืฉืืจื ืืืจื โืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืืโ. ืืื ืฆืจืื ืฉืชืืื ืืืจืื ืงืืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืจื โืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืโ, ืื ืื ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืฆื. ืืืืจื ื ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืงืฆืช ืืื ืืจืื, ืฉืฆืจืื ืฉืชืืื ืงืืืืช ืืืืื ืงืฆืช. ืืื ืืื ืืจืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืขืืืื ื, ืื ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืงื ืืช ืืืืื ืืขืืืื ื, ืื ืื ืฉืงืื ืืืจืื. ืืืคืืื ืืืจ โืื ืชืืื ืืจืืช ืืืงืืโ, ืืืืฉืจ ืืฉ ืื ืืจืืช ืืืงืื, ืื ืชืืืข ืื ืืขืช ืงืืืฉืื, ืฉืืื ืขื ืืื.
ืืฉืื is describing a virtuous cycle: ืืืื ืงืฆืช can lead to ืืจืื, and ืืจืื leads to ever greater ืืืื. It is not a perverse logic; it is the only way to grow. And that leads to higher levels of understanding.
ืืจืืช ืืณ ืจืืฉืืช ืืขืชโฆื
And then the mishna intertwines ืืื ื and ืืขืช.โ ืืื ื is the intellectual analytic understanding. ืืขืช the emotional, felt understanding; (ืืจืืฉืืช ื:ื)โ ืืืืื ืืืข ืืช ืืื ืืฉืชื. Both are elaborations of ืืืื.
ืจืื ืืืขืืจ ืื ืขืืจืื ืืืืจ:โฆืื ืืื ืืขืช, ืืื ืืื ื.
This section ends with ืื ืืณ ืืชื ืืืื; ืืคืื ืืขืช ืืชืืื ื. The Midrash notes the difference between ืืณ ืืชื and ืืคืื.
(ืฉืืืช ืื:ืื) ืืืชื ืื ืืฉื: ืืื ืืื ืืืชืื: ืึผึดื ืืณ ืึดืชึผึตื ืืืึฐืึธื ืึดืคึผึดืื ืึผึทืขึทืช ืึผืชึฐืืึผื ึธื. ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืืืขืช ืืชืืื ื, ืืื: ืึผึดื ืืณ ืึดืชึผึตื ืืืึฐืึธื, ืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื, ืึดืคึผึดืื ืึผึทืขึทืช ืึผืชึฐืืึผื ึธื. ืจืื ืืฆืืงโฆืืืจ: ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื? ืืขืฉืืจ ืฉืืื ืื ืื ืื ืื ื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืฆื ืชืืืื ืืคื ื ืืืื, ื ืื ืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืช ืื ืชื ื ืื. ืื ืขืฉื ืื ื? ืืืจ ืื: ืืื ื ืืืงืฉ ืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืื ืคืื. ืื ืขืฉื? ื ืชื ื ืื. ืืืื? ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืื ืืชืื ืคืื. ืืื: ืึผึดื ืืณ ืึดืชึผึตื ืืืึฐืึธื, ืืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืจ, ืึดืคึผึดืื ืึผึทืขึทืช ืึผืชึฐืืึผื ึธื.
ืจืฆื ืืืืจ ืื ืื ืืืจ ืฉืืฉืื ื ืงืจื ืืืื, ืืืคืืื ืื ืืชืื ืจืง ืึผึดื ืืณ ืึดืชึผึตื ืืืึฐืึธื. ืืื ืืฆื ืืืขืช ืืืืื ื, ืฉืืื ืฉืื ืขืืืื ืฉืื ืืืงื ื ืืื ืืืืจื, ื ืืืจ ืึดืคึผึดืื ืึผึทืขึทืช ืึผืชึฐืืึผื ึธื, ืื ืืคื ื ืื ืืืขืช ืืืชืืื ื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืงื ืืืืจื ืืืจ โืืคืืโ, ืื ืขื ืืื ืืขืช ืืชืืื ื ืืืืืง ืื ืืชืืจื ืืืืจื ืคื ืื ืคื, ืืฉื ื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืงืื ืคื ืื ืคื ืื ืืืืืง ืืืืืจ. ืืืื ืชืืข ืื ืืืขืช ืืืชืืื ื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืขืืืื ืื ืืืืื, ืื ืืืจ ืื ืืื ืฉืื ื ืืื ืืืืจื, ืื ืืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืืื ืืืืจื, ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืคื ืื ืคื ืื ืืฉื ืืชืืจื.
Shlomo continues by describing the importance of combining ืืจื ืืจืฅ and ืชืืจื.
ื ืืฆืคื ืืืฉืจืื ืชืืฉืื; ืืื ืืืืื ืชืื
ื ืื ืฆืจ ืืจืืืช ืืฉืคื; ืืืจื ืืกืืื ืืฉืืจื
ื ืื ืชืืื ืฆืืง ืืืฉืคื; ืืืืฉืจืื ืื ืืขืื ืืืื
ื ืื ืชืืื ืืืื ืืืื; ืืืขืช ืื ืคืฉื ืื ืขืื
ืื ืืืื ืชืฉืืจ ืขืืื; ืชืืื ื ืชื ืฆืจืืื
Shlomo started the perek with ืืืฆืืชื ืชืฆืคื ืืชื and now we have ืืฆืคื ืืืฉืจืื ืชืืฉืื; if you treasure the ืืฆืืืช, then the ืชืืฉืื will be your treasure. ืชืืฉืื is an uncommon word that generally appears in context with ืขืฆื. So it means something like โcounselโ or โadviceโ. The ืชืจืืื ืืฉืื translates it as ืฉืึดืึฐืืึนืจ, โsplendorโ, โlightโ. The ืืคืจืฉืื assume the root is โืืฉโ, reality, and it is a synonym for the Torah:
ืชืืฉืื: ืืชืืจื ื ืงืจืืช ืชืืฉืื ืืืฉืื ืืฉ, ืื ืืฉื ื ืืขืืื ืืื ืชืฉืื ืืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืจืื ืฉืืขืืื.
because the Torah is the basis of reality, and in term of ethics, the Torah determines reality:
ืงืืืฉื ืืจืื ืืื ืืกืชืื ืืืืจืืืชื ืืืจื ืขืืื; ืืจ ื ืฉ ืืกืชืื ืื ืืืืจืืืชื ืืืงืืื ืขืืื.
In Robert Coverโs terms, we maintain the normative universe with our behavior. This provides an answer to the Euthyphro dilemma:
Are morally good acts willed by G-d because they are morally good, or are they morally good because they are willed by G-d?
In Jewish terms, can reason lead to ืืจื ืืจืฅ, or must it be revealed by ืืงืืดื? Can I learn ืืจื ืืจืฅ from non-Jewish philosophers? Is what the philosophers call โNatural Lawโ possible? Rambam says it is, ืืืืจื ืืคืืืืกืืคืื. The Maharal says it is:
โฆืืจื ืืจืฅ, ืฉืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืจืืื ืืืื, ืืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืกืจ ืฉืื ืงืฉืื ืขื ืืืื ืจืง ืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืื ืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืืื, ืืื ื ืงืจืืื ืืจื ืืจืฅโฆืืื ืจืื ืื ืฉื ืงืจื ืืจื ืืจืฅ ืืื ืืจื ืขืืื, ืืคื ื ืื ืืืจืฅ ืืื ืืฉืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืื ืืืจื ืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืฉืืโฆ
ืืืื ื ืืื ืื ืืจื ืืจืฅ ืืกืื ืืชืืจื ืฉืืื ืืจื ืขืฅ ืืืืื, ืืืื ืืชืณ ืืชื ืืืงื ื ืขื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืจื ืขืฅ ืืืืื.
Rav Hutner, after discussing the ืขืฉืจื ืืืืจืืช of creation that represent the (involuntary) laws of nature and the ืขืฉืจื ืืืจืืช of the Torah that represent the (voluntary) laws of behavior, discusses the idea that there is something in between:
ืืื ืจืฆืื-ืืชื-ืืืจื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืื ืจืฆืื-ืืชื-ืืจืืช ืืืืจืืช, ืืฉื ื ืจืฆืื ืืืืฆืข ืื ืืฆื ืืื ืืจืฆืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืจืฆืื ืืืืจืืช. ืืจืฆืื ืืืืืฆืข ืืื ืืื ืืจืฆืื ืฉื โืงืืื-ืืขืืืโ. ืื ืขื ืื ืืขืืื ืืืืคืืข ืืขืื ื ืืืื ืืืชื-ืืืจื, ืืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืจืืช ืืงืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืืืชืโฆืืชืืื ืช ืืืืฆืืข ืฉืืฉ ืืจืฆืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืฉืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืงืืืข ืื ืฉื ืืขืฆืื: โืืจื ืืจืฅโ. ืืืืื ื ืฉืืืจื ืืืืื ืื ืืืดื ืืืจืืช ืฉืขื ืืขืื ืืจ ืกืื ื ืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืจื ืืจืฅ ืงืืื ืืชืืจื. ืืืืืจ, ืืฉื ืฉืืจืฆืื ืฉื ืืจื ืืจืฅ ืืื ืืขืฆืืืืชื ืืืืฆืข ืืื ืืจืฆืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืจืฆืื ืืืืจืืช, ืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืขืืื ืืชืงืืคื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืจืืช ืฉื ืชืงืืคืช ืืจื ืืจืฅ.
In other words, the ethical laws of ืืจื ืืจืฅ can be derived by observing the created universe and the human beings that exist in it.
ืืจืฆืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืืืืื ืข ืืืฉืืชื, ืคืืขื ืืื ืืื ื ืืช ืคืขืืืชื ืืืจื ืืชื-ืืจืืช, ืฉืืจื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืืื ืื ืืืืืชื, ืืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืื ื ืืืข ืืื ืืจืฆืื ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืฉืื ืคืขืืืชื ืืื ืืจื ืืชื-ืืืจื.
There is an ethic inherent in creation, natural law exists, but it is only ethicalโit imposes a duty of behavior on usโbecause creation itself is commanded. G-d said that creation is Good ((ืืจืืฉืืช ื:ืื)โ ืืืจื ืืืงืื ืืช ืื ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื ืืื ื ืืื ืืื), and therefore we must act in a way to preserve it. As the Maharal said, ืื ืฉืืื ื ืืื ืืืจื ืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืฉืื.
Once I understand that, I can start reasoning as in ืคืกืืง ื:โ ืื ืชืืื ืฆืืง ืืืฉืคื ืืืืฉืจืื. We talked about those three aspects of interpersonal relationships: ืฆืืง as ืืืช ืืจืืืื,โ ืืฉืคื as ืืืช ืืืื, and ืืืฉืจืื as the compromise, the balance between them, in Middle of the Road. They represent the ideal that Rambam called the ืืืจื ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืช, the Golden Mean.
ืืืฉืจืื: ืืื ืืคืฉืจื ืืจื ืืืง ืืืืฉืืจ ืฉืื ืืื ืืืื.
And we can reach that ideal with the ืืขืื ืืื, the virtuous cycle we mentioned above, of ืืืื and ืืจืื.
But ืคืกืืงืื ื-ืื remind us that it is not easy to find that golden mean; it requires ืืืื, ืืขืช ืืชืืื ื.
And there is one more requirement for the virtuous cycle: it has to be fun: ืืืขืช ืื ืคืฉื ืื ืขื. It has to be ื ืขืื. That is what we pray as part of ืืจืืช ืืชืืจื:
ืึฐืึทืขึฒืจึถื ื ึธื ืืณ ืึฑืึนืงึตึฝืื ืึผ ืึถืช ืึผึดืึฐืจึตื ืชืึนืจึธืชึฐืึธ ืึผึฐืคึดึฝืื ืึผ
ืืืจ ืจืื: ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืชืืจื ืืื ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ืืคืฅ, ืฉื ืืืจ (ืชืืืื ื:ื) ืึผึดื ืึดื ืึผึฐืชืึนืจึทืช ืืณ ืึถืคึฐืฆืึน [ืึผืึฐืชืึนืจึธืชืึน ืึถืึฐืึผึถื ืืึนืึธื ืึธืึธืึฐืึธื].
ืืื ืืจืื ืฉืืขืื ืืจืื ืืชืื ืงืืื ืืจืื, ืืงื ืคืกืงื ืกืืืจื. ืกืืืง ืกืคืจื, ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืชื ืื ืืฉืื; ืจืดืฉ ืืจืื ืืืจ ืืืืชื ืื ืชืืืื. ืืคืืื ืืืื ืืืืืชื ืชืืืื. ืื ืืื ืืื: โืื ืื ืืชืืจืช ืืณ ืืคืฆืโ, ืคืจืืฉ ืจืื ืืืืจ: ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืชืืจื ืืื ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ืืคืฅ. ืืืจ ืืื: ืจืื, ื ืชืช ืื ื ืจืฉืืช ืืขืืื.
And in ืคืกืืง ืื Shlomo adds that it also requires ืืืื, mindfulness. You canโt just read and study; you need to intentionally seek the appropriate ืืฉืจืื.
And itโs important to get it right, or bad things happen:
ืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืจื ืจืข; ืืืืฉ ืืืืจ ืชืืคืืืชื
ืื ืืขืืืื ืืจืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืื
ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืจืข; ืืืืื ืืชืืคืืืช ืจืขื
ืื ืืฉืจ ืืจืืชืืื ืขืงืฉืื; ืื ืืืืื ืืืขืืืืชืื
ื ืืืืื ืืืขืืืืชื: those on the ืืจื ืจืข, the ืืืฉ ืืืืจ ืชืืคืืืช, get lost in their circles. They end up on a vicious cycle, getting more and more reinforcement from doing evil.
Turning and turning in the widening gyre The falcon cannot hear the falconer; Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned; The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity.
But the problem is deeper than than, because often those who are going in the wrong direction, ืืขืืืื ืืจืืืช ืืฉืจ, may think they are doing the right thing. Shlomo keeps coming back to the idea of a self-reinforcing cycle, the virtuous circle or the vicious circle. Starting even a little bit off gets worse and worse. We have quoted C. S. Lewis before:
Of all tyrannies, a tyranny sincerely exercised for the good of its victims may be the most oppressive. It would be better to live under robber barons than under omnipotent moral busybodies. The robber baronโs cruelty may sometimes sleep, his cupidity may at some point be satiated; but those who torment us for our own good will torment us without end for they do so with the approval of their own conscience. They may be more likely to go to Heaven yet at the same time likelier to make a Hell of earth.
So we need ืืจื ืืจืฅ to protect us from โmere anarchyโ, but getting the rules wrong lead to tyranny and misery. What can we do? Rav Wolbe discusses this idea. In the next perek, Shlomo says (ืืฉืื ื:ื)โ ืึฐึผืึธื ืึฐึผืจึธืึถืืึธ ืึธืขึตืืึผ ืึฐืืึผื ืึฐืึทืฉึตึผืืจ ืึนืจึฐืึนืชึถืืึธ. Imitatio dei needs to guide our decisions about ืืจื ืืจืฅ.
ื ืชืืื ื ื ืจืืข: ืื ืืืืื ืืืชื ื ืืืืืช ืืขืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืช? ืืื ืชืฉืืืืช ืืฉ ืืืืจ. ืืฉ ืฉืืืจื ืฉืืืื ืืื โืืฆืืจ ืืืจืชืโ, ืืื ื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืืืื ืืืชืงืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืคื ืืขืืื ืขื ืจืืื ืืื ืืชืืฉืืืช ืขื ืืืืชื; ืืื ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืืืช โืืืโ. ืืืคืืงืืจืกืื (ืืืืืจ ืืคืืงืืจ ืืืืื ื ืืชืืืืืื) ืืขื ื ืื ืืืืืช ืจืขืืช ืืคืจืืขืืช ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืื ืืขืืื, ืืืืื ืฉืจืื ืืชืขื ืื ืืืชื ืืืคืจืข ืชืืืืช ืืืืื, ืืจืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืชโฆืกืืงืจืืก ืืืจ, ืฉืืฉ ืื โืื ืชืืืืโ ืืืื ืขื ืืขืืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืืขืืื ืงืืจืืื ืืฆืคืื. ืืฉ ืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืื ื ืงืืืช ืืืช, ืืื ืืฃ ืืืช ืืื ื ืืกืคืืงื.
ืชืืจืชื ื ืืงืืืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืชื ื โืืืืช ืืืจืืืโ, ืืฆืืืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื. ืืฆืื ืื ืืืืืช ืื ืืจืื ืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืืคื ืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืืื, ืฉืืืื ืืืืขื ืืกืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืขืฉื ืืกื (โืืกื ืืืจ ืืืืจื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืกืืืโ ืืืจื ืืืดื ืึพืืจืืฉืืช ืจืื ื:ื).
ืืืจ ืจืื ืกืืืื: ืืฉืขื ืฉืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืืช ืืื ืืจืืฉืื, ื ืขืฉื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืช ืืชืื ืืชืื, ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืจืืช, ืืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืืืจื, ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืจื, ืืื ืืื ืืืชืื (ืชืืืื ืคื:ืื): ืึถืกึถื ืึถืึฑืึถืช ื ึดืคึฐืึผึธืฉืืึผโฆืืกื ืืืืจ ืืืจื, ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืกืืื. ืืืืช ืืืืจ ืื ืืืจื, ืฉืืื ืฉืงืจืืโฆ
ืืืืืืช ืืืืช ืืืืฉืคื ืืื ืืฆืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืจืืื, ืื ืืืื ืืฆื ืขืฆืื ืืืืขื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืืโฆ
And so ืื ืืื ืชืืจื, ืืื ืืจื ืืจืฅ. ืื ืืื ืืจื ืืจืฅ, ืืื ืชืืจื.
So learning ethics is a self-reinforcing cycle. But if we start on the wrong path, we end up lost in the widening gyre, and the blood-dimmed tide is loosed; weโve spoken many times on the metaphor of water and drowning as chaos in ืกืคืจ ืชืืืืื. The world before the ืืืื was a world without rules or laws, a world โin the state of natureโ.
Life in the state of nature is โnasty, brutish and short.โ
The ืืืื was a response to that, literally turning the world into formless matter, returning it to ืชืืื ืืืืื, primordial chaos. ืืจื ืืจืฅ helps prevent that, by providing structure to society. But itโs too easy to fall into the vicious cycle, the widening gyre, that either leads to tyranny or a return to chaos.
Rav Wolbe gave one answer: ืชืืจืชื ื ืืงืืืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืชื ื ืืืืช ืืืจืืื. But we argued before that Shlomo teaches us that learning ืืืื means, as Rambam says, ืฉืืข ืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืืจื, learn ethical wisdom even from sources outside of Torah. To address this, Shlomo turns to the third metaphoric theme of ืกืคืจ ืืฉืื: the strange woman, the ืืฉื ืืจื. If the good woman is the ืืืื that you should listen to, the evil woman is the sort of ืืืื that you need to avoid.
ืืืฉื ืืจื: ืืื ืกืื ืฉื ืืคืืงืืจืกืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืชืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืจ ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืคืช ืืืฉ ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืชืืจื ืฉืืืจ ืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืฉื ืืจื ืืื ืืขืืืจื ืืืจืช ืืื ืื ืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืคืจืืงืช ืขืื ืฉื ืื ืืืฆืืช.
ืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืฉื ืืจื; ืื ืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืงืื
ืื ืืขืืืช ืืืืฃ ื ืขืืจืื; ืืืช ืืจืืช ืืืงืื ืฉืืืื
ืื ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืช ืืืชื; ืืื ืจืคืืื ืืขืืืชืืื
ืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืฉืืืื; ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืจืืืช ืืืืื
ื ืืืขื ืชืื ืืืจื ืืืืื; ืืืจืืืช ืฆืืืงืื ืชืฉืืจื
ืื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืื ื ืืจืฅ; ืืชืืืืื ืืืชืจื ืืื
ืื ืืจืฉืขืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืจืชื; ืืืืืืื ืืกืื ืืื ืื
And that is the problem. If ืืืืืช ืืืืฅ ืชืจื ื; ืืจืืืืช ืชืชื ืงืืื, there are a lot of ืืืืืช shouting to us from every street corner. We are supposed to ืฉืืข ืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืืจื; how can we tell what voice to learn from and what voice to shun? Who is the ืืฉื ืืจื? The Maharal offers some guidance:
ืืขืืื ืืืืจืื ื, ืื ืืฉ ืืขืืื ืืืืจืืื, ืฉืืืื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืืืจืืื ืืฉืืื, ืืื ืฉืืืจื ืืืืื. ืืื ืืืฆื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืืืืง ืืืืื ื, ืืงืื. ืื ืื ืฉื ืืฆื ืืืืจืืื ืืฃ ืืืจ ืงืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื, ืื [ืื ืื] ืืฉืจ ื ืืฆื ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืฃ ืืืจ ืงืืื, ืืก ืืฉืืื ืืฉืืืข ืืื. ืื ืืชืืื ื ืืฉืืื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืืืจืืื ืืคื ืฉืืื. ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืื ื ืคืฉื ืืืขืืื ืืืจ ืืืช, ืฉืืื ืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจื (ืืฉื ื ืืืืช ื:ื) โืืื ืฉืงืื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืชืฉืื ืืืคืืงืืจืกโ, ืืืื ืฉืคืจืฉื ื ืฉื. ืืืืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืืจ ืจืง ืขื ืคืืืืกืืคื ืืื, ืฉืืื ืืืงืจืื ืืืขืชื ืืืฉืืื, ืืฉืืืชื ืืงืืจื ืคืืืืกืืคืืช. ืืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืืื โืฉืงืืโ, ืืืืื ื ืืจืืืืช ืืชืืจื ืืฉืืื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืืืจืืื, ืืืืขืืื ืืช ืืืช. ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืจื ืขื ืืฆืืืงืื ืืื ืขืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืจืฆืื.
But that still relies on our own sense of what is ืื ืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. Shlomo in ืกืคืจ ืืฉืื will try to guide us further.