ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: The Widening Gyre

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

ืคืจืง ื‘ combines the two metaphors of the previous perek. That perek started with the image of parents lecturing their child: ืฉืžืข ื‘ื ื™ ืžื•ืกืจ ืื‘ื™ืš; ื•ืืœ ืชื˜ืฉ ืชื•ืจืช ืืžืšืƒ, and then switched to the image of Wisdom, as a woman shouting on the street corner as no one listens: ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืชืจื ื”; ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืชืชืŸ ืงื•ืœื”. Now, we have the image of the parents telling their child to go listen to that woman out there:

ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื ืชืงื— ืืžืจื™; ื•ืžืฆื•ืชื™ ืชืฆืคืŸ ืืชืšืƒ
ื‘ ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื—ื›ืžื” ืื–ื ืš; ืชื˜ื” ืœื‘ืš ืœืชื‘ื•ื ื”ืƒ
ื’ ื›ื™ ืื ืœื‘ื™ื ื” ืชืงืจื; ืœืชื‘ื•ื ื” ืชืชืŸ ืงื•ืœืšืƒ
ื“ ืื ืชื‘ืงืฉื ื” ื›ื›ืกืฃ; ื•ื›ืžื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ืชื—ืคืฉื ื”ืƒ
ื” ืื– ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจืืช ื”ืณ; ื•ื“ืขืช ืืœืงื™ื ืชืžืฆืืƒ
ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืณ ื™ืชืŸ ื—ื›ืžื”; ืžืคื™ื• ื“ืขืช ื•ืชื‘ื•ื ื”ืƒ

ืžืฉืœื™ ืคืจืง ื‘

The logic at the end seems perverse: if you listen to ื—ื›ืžื”, then you will understand ื™ืจืืช ื”ืณ, because ื”ืณ will give you ื—ื›ืžื”. The Maharal analyzes this perek, as an ever-increasing series of levels of seeking wisdom.

ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื—ื›ืžื”, ื•ืœื ื™ืคื ื” ืืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืืžืจ โ€ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื—ื›ืžื” ืื–ื ื™ืš ืชื˜ื” ืœื‘ืš ืœืชื‘ื•ื ื”โ€œ. ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืืžืจ โ€ื›ื™ ืื ืœื‘ื™ื ื” ืชืงืจืโ€œ, ืจืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” [ื•]ืžืฉืชื•ืงืง ืืœื™ื”, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืงื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืจืง ืื ืžืฉืชื•ืงืง ืืœื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ืžื™ ืฉืงืจื ืืœ ืื—ื“, ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื•ืจื ืืœื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื•ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ื•. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจ โ€ืื ืœื‘ื™ื ื” ืชืงืจืโ€œ, ืฉืืชื” ืงื•ืจื ืœื”, ื•ื—ืคืฅ ื•ืžืฉืชื•ืงืง ืœื”. โ€ื•ืœืชื‘ื•ื ื” ืชืชืŸ ืงื•ืœืšโ€œ, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื— ืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”, ื›ื™ ื ืชื™ื ืช ืงื•ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ื˜ื•ืจื—. ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืืžืจ โ€ืื ืชื‘ืงืฉื ื” ื›ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื›ืžื˜ืžื•ื ื™ืโ€œ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื— ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“. ื›ื™ ืชื—ืœื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืืœ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ืคื ื” ืืœ ืขืกืงื™ื•. ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื—ื›ืžื”, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• (ืžืฉื ื” ืื‘ื•ืช ื“:ื) โ€ืื™ื–ื”ื• ื—ื›ื ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ืžื›ืœ ืื“ืโ€œ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืงืจื โ€ื—ื›ืโ€œ ืจืง ืื ืžืฉืชื•ืงืง ืœื”, ื•ื—ืคืฅ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืื“ื, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ืืจื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•.

ืžื”ืจืดืœ, ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื, ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื“

The key is how the Maharal understands the Mishna:

ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ืžื ืื•ืžืจ: ืื™ื–ื”ื• ื—ื›ื, ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ืžื›ืœ ืื“ื.

ืžืฉื ื” ืื‘ื•ืช ื“:ื

If you truly want to learn wisdom, you have to be willing to learn it from everyone, not just ื—ื›ืžื™ื, and even not just from Jews, but everyone. Rambam makes the same point in the introduction to his commentary on ืคืจืงื™ ืื‘ื•ืช:

ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื•ืžืจื ื‘ืืœื• ื”ืคืจืงื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื” ืฉื™ื‘ื ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื™ื ื ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืชื™ื ืื ื™ ืžืขืฆืžื™, ื•ืœื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื“ืฉืชื™ื, ื•ืืžื ื ื”ื ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืœืงื˜ืชื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ื–ื•ืœืชื• ืžื—ื‘ื•ืจื™ื”ื, ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ืžื—ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื•ืฉืžืข ื”ืืžืช ืžืžื™ ืฉืืžืจื•.

ืจืžื‘ืดื, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืคืจืงื™ื, ื”ืงื“ืžื”

It makes sense to be willing to learn from ื›ืœ ืื“ื in matters of math and hard science; those focus on facts that should be independent of ideology. But this is more radical. Rambam is talking about ืคืจืงื™ ืื‘ื•ืช, the book of ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ, and Maharal is talking about ืกืคืจ ืžืฉืœื™; both are concerned with ethical behavior. And that we can learn from ื›ืœ ืื“ื.โ€Ž ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ applies to all human beings and so, even though the basis of our thought is in Torah and the word of G-d, other human thinkers may have something to teach us.

ืชื ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ: ื”ืจื•ืื”โ€ฆื—ื›ืžื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืื•ืžืจ โ€ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื ืชืŸ ืžื—ื›ืžืชื• ืœื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ืโ€œ.

ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื—,ื

ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืžื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช, ื›ื™ ืœืžื” ืœื ื™ืœืžื“ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš. ืฉื”ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืžื—ื›ืžืชื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš.

โ€ฆื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“โ€ฆื›ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืœื ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื” ืืœ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

ืžื”ืจืดืœ, ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื, ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื“

ืื ื™ืืžืจ ืœืš ืื“ื: ื™ืฉ ื—ื›ืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ื™ืโ€”ืชืืžืŸโ€ฆ ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ื•ื™ืโ€”ืืœ ืชืืžืŸ.

ืื™ื›ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘:ื™ื’

The context of Maharalโ€™s ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื isnโ€™t about physics, but about the social world we live in.

Simeon the Just [circa 2o0 B.C.E.] said: Upon three things the world stands: upon Torah; upon the temple worship service; and upon deeds of kindness [Mishnah Avot 1:2].

The โ€œworldโ€ of which Simeon the Just spoke was the nomos, the normative universe. Three hundred years later, after the destruction of the Temple whose worship service was one of the pillars upon which the โ€œworldโ€ of Simeon the Just stood, Rabbi Simeon ben Gamaliel said, โ€œUpon three things the world [continues to] exist[]: upon justice, upon truth, and upon peaceโ€ [Mishnah Avot 1:18].

Robert Cover, Nomos and Narrative

ื—ื–ืดืœ make the distinction between ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ and ืชื•ืจื”:

ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืฉื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืงื“ืžื” ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

ื•ื™ืงืจื ืจื‘ื” ื˜:ื’

But they are connected.

ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ: ืื ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ. ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ, ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”. ืื ืื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื”, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจืื”. ืื ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจืื”, ืื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื”..

ืžืฉื ื” ืื‘ื•ืช ื’:ื™ื–

ืชื•ืจื”, as revealed by ื”ืงื‘ืดื”, and ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ, which may be developed by human beings, are intertwined into what ืžืฉืœื™ calls ื—ื›ืžื”. And that is intertwined with ื™ืจืืช ื”ืณ.

ืื– ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจืืช ื”ืณ:โ€ฆื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• "ืื ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจืื” ืื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื”โ€œ, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจื• โ€ืื ืื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื” ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจืื”โ€œ. ื•ืฉื•ืืœื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืื ื›ืŸ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžืฆื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื; ืฉื”ื™ืจืื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื›ืžื”, ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืืžืจื• โ€ืื ืื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื” ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจืื”โ€œ. ื•ื’ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืจืื” ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื—ื›ืžื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ โ€ืื ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจืื” ืื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื”โ€œ, ืื ื›ืŸ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื ืžืฆื. ื•ื‘ืืจื ื• ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืื ืื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื” ืงืฆืช ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจืื”, ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืงืฆืช. ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจืื”, ืื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ื›ื™ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ืื ืœื ืฉืงื“ื ื”ื™ืจืื”. ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืืžืจ โ€ืื– ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจืืช ืืœืงื™ืโ€œ, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื™ืจืืช ืืœืงื™ื, ืื– ืชื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื“ืขืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ.

ืžื”ืจืดืœ, ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื, ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื“

ืžืฉืœื™ is describing a virtuous cycle: ื—ื›ืžื” ืงืฆืช can lead to ื™ืจืื”, and ื™ืจืื” leads to ever greater ื—ื›ืžื”. It is not a perverse logic; it is the only way to grow. And that leads to higher levels of understanding.

ื™ืจืืช ื”ืณ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืขืชโ€ฆืƒ

ืžืฉืœื™ ื:ื–

And then the mishna intertwines ื‘ื™ื ื” and ื“ืขืช.โ€Ž ื‘ื™ื ื” is the intellectual analytic understanding. ื“ืขืช the emotional, felt understanding; (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“:ื)โ€Ž ื•ื”ืื“ื ื™ื“ืข ืืช ื—ื•ื” ืืฉืชื•. Both are elaborations of ื—ื›ืžื”.

ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ:โ€ฆืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื”.

ืžืฉื ื” ืื‘ื•ืช ื’:ื™ื–

This section ends with ื›ื™ ื”ืณ ื™ืชืŸ ื—ื›ืžื”; ืžืคื™ื• ื“ืขืช ื•ืชื‘ื•ื ื”. The Midrash notes the difference between ื”ืณ ื™ืชืŸ and ืžืคื™ื•.

(ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื:ื™ื—) ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืืœ ืžืฉื”: ื”ื“ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘: ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ืณ ื™ึดืชึผึตืŸ ื—ื‡ื›ึฐืžึธื” ืžึดืคึผึดื™ื• ื“ึผึทืขึทืช ื•ึผืชึฐื‘ื•ึผื ึธื”. ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืžื ื” ื”ื“ืขืช ื•ืชื‘ื•ื ื”, ื”ื•ื™: ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ืณ ื™ึดืชึผึตืŸ ื—ื‡ื›ึฐืžึธื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘, ืžึดืคึผึดื™ื• ื“ึผึทืขึทืช ื•ึผืชึฐื‘ื•ึผื ึธื”. ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืงโ€ฆืืžืจ: ืœืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื”? ืœืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื‘ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืฆื ืชืžื—ื•ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื ื˜ืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืื—ืช ื•ื ืชื ื” ืœื•. ืžื” ืขืฉื” ื‘ื ื•? ืืžืจ ืœื•: ืื™ื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืืœื ืžื–ื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ืคื™ืš. ืžื” ืขืฉื”? ื ืชื ื• ืœื•. ื•ืœืžื”? ืขืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื‘ื‘ื• ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ืคื™ื•. ื”ื•ื™: ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ืณ ื™ึดืชึผึตืŸ ื—ื‡ื›ึฐืžึธื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื‘ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžึดืคึผึดื™ื• ื“ึผึทืขึทืช ื•ึผืชึฐื‘ื•ึผื ึธื”.

ืฉืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžื:ื’

ืจืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื™ื’ ื ืงืจื ื—ื›ืžื”, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœื ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืจืง ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ืณ ื™ึดืชึผึตืŸ ื—ื‡ื›ึฐืžึธื”. ืื‘ืœ ืืฆืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืืœืงื™ ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื ืืžืจ ืžึดืคึผึดื™ื• ื“ึผึทืขึทืช ื•ึผืชึฐื‘ื•ึผื ึธื”, ื›ื™ ืžืคื ื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื“ืขืช ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืืœืงื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืžืจ โ€ืžืคื™ื•โ€œ, ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืขืช ื•ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืคื” ืืœ ืคื”, ื•ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฉืงื™ื ืคื” ืืœ ืคื” ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืง ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ. ื•ืžื–ื” ืชื“ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื“ืขืช ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื›ืžื”, ื›ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืœื’ืžืจื™, ืœื ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ื›ืžื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื›ืœ ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื” ืืœ ืคื” ืืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš.

ืžื”ืจืดืœ, ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื, ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื“

Shlomo continues by describing the importance of combining ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ and ืชื•ืจื”.

ื– ื™ืฆืคืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจื™ื ืชื•ืฉื™ื”; ืžื’ืŸ ืœื”ืœื›ื™ ืชืืƒ
ื— ืœื ืฆืจ ืืจื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜; ื•ื“ืจืš ื—ืกื™ื“ื• ื™ืฉืžืจืƒ
ื˜ ืื– ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ืง ื•ืžืฉืคื˜; ื•ืžื™ืฉืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืžืขื’ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ืƒ
ื™ ื›ื™ ืชื‘ื•ื ื—ื›ืžื” ื‘ืœื‘ืš; ื•ื“ืขืช ืœื ืคืฉืš ื™ื ืขืืƒ
ื™ื ืžื–ืžื” ืชืฉืžืจ ืขืœื™ืš; ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ืชื ืฆืจื›ื”ืƒ

ืžืฉืœื™ ืคืจืง ื‘

Shlomo started the perek with ื•ืžืฆื•ืชื™ ืชืฆืคืŸ ืืชืš and now we have ื™ืฆืคืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจื™ื ืชื•ืฉื™ื”; if you treasure the ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, then the ืชื•ืฉื™ื” will be your treasure. ืชื•ืฉื™ื” is an uncommon word that generally appears in context with ืขืฆื”. So it means something like โ€œcounselโ€ or โ€œadviceโ€. The ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืฉืœื™ translates it as ืฉืึดื‘ึฐื”ื•ึนืจ, โ€splendorโ€œ, โ€œlightโ€. The ืžืคืจืฉื™ื assume the root is โ€œื™ืฉโ€, reality, and it is a synonym for the Torah:

ืชื•ืฉื™ื”: ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ืงืจืืช ืชื•ืฉื™ื” ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ืชืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื.

ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืžืฉืœื™ ื‘:ื–

because the Torah is the basis of reality, and in term of ethics, the Torah determines reality:

ืงื•ื“ืฉื ื‘ืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ื•ื‘ืจื ืขืœืžื; ื‘ืจ ื ืฉ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ื•ืžืงื™ื™ื ืขืœืžื.

ื–ื”ืจ ื—ืœืง ื‘, ืชืจื•ืžื”, ืงืกื,ื‘

In Robert Coverโ€™s terms, we maintain the normative universe with our behavior. This provides an answer to the Euthyphro dilemma:

Are morally good acts willed by G-d because they are morally good, or are they morally good because they are willed by G-d?

The Euthyphro Dilemma

In Jewish terms, can reason lead to ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ, or must it be revealed by ื”ืงื‘ืดื”? Can I learn ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ from non-Jewish philosophers? Is what the philosophers call โ€œNatural Lawโ€ possible? Rambam says it is, ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื. The Maharal says it is:

โ€ฆื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื•ื™ ืœืื“ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉื”ื ืงืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืจืง ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื”ื ื“ืจืš ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅโ€ฆื•ื”ื ืจืื” ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ื•ืœื ื“ืจืš ืขื•ืœื, ืžืคื ื™ ื›ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘โ€ฆ

ื•ืžื–ื” ื ืœืžื“ ื›ื™ ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœืชื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ืขืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืชืณ ื™ืชืŸ ื—ืœืงื ื• ืขื ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืขืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.

ืžื”ืจืดืœ, ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื, ื ืชื™ื‘ ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ื

Rav Hutner, after discussing the ืขืฉืจื” ืžืืžืจื•ืช of creation that represent the (involuntary) laws of nature and the ืขืฉืจื” ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช of the Torah that represent the (voluntary) laws of behavior, discusses the idea that there is something in between:

ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื•ืŸ-ืžืชืŸ-ื”ื›ืจื— ื“ืžืืžืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื•ืŸ-ืžืชืŸ-ื—ืจื•ืช ื“ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื™ืฉื ื• ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื“ืžืืžืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื“ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช. ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ โ€ืงื™ื•ื-ื”ืขื•ืœืโ€œ. ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื›ืžืชืŸ-ื”ื›ืจื—, ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืจื•ืช ืœืงื™ื™ืžื• ื•ืœื ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•โ€ฆื•ืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืžื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื—ื“ื• ืœืจืฉื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ื•ืงื•ื‘ืข ืœื• ืฉื ืœืขืฆืžื•: โ€ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅโ€œ. ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืดื• ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืขื“ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ืงื“ืžื” ืœืชื•ืจื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฆืžื™ื•ืชื• ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื“ืžืืžืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื“ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืืžืจื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ.

ืคื—ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง, ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื–:ื–

In other words, the ethical laws of ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ can be derived by observing the created universe and the human beings that exist in it.

ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืœื”ืžื ืข ืœื”ืฉื—ืชื”, ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ืืžื ื ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืชืŸ-ื—ืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ืœืงื‘ืœื• ืื• ืœื“ื—ื•ืชื•, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืžืืžืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœืชื ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ืžืชืŸ-ื”ื›ืจื—.

ืคื—ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง, ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื–:ื–

There is an ethic inherent in creation, natural law exists, but it is only ethicalโ€”it imposes a duty of behavior on usโ€”because creation itself is commanded. G-d said that creation is Good ((ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื:ืœื)โ€Ž ื•ื™ืจื ืืœืงื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ื•ื”ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื“), and therefore we must act in a way to preserve it. As the Maharal said, ืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘.

Once I understand that, I can start reasoning as in ืคืกื•ืง ื˜:โ€Ž ืื– ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ืง ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืžื™ืฉืจื™ื. We talked about those three aspects of interpersonal relationships: ืฆื“ืง as ืžื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื,โ€Ž ืžืฉืคื˜ as ืžื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, and ืžื™ืฉืจื™ื as the compromise, the balance between them, in Middle of the Road. They represent the ideal that Rambam called the ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืฉืจื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช, the Golden Mean.

ื•ืžืฉืจื™ื: ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืฉืจื” ื“ืจืš ื—ืœืง ื•ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื•ื” ืœื–ื” ื•ืœื–ื”.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืžืฉืœื™ ื:ื’

And we can reach that ideal with the ืžืขื’ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘, the virtuous cycle we mentioned above, of ื—ื›ืžื” and ื™ืจืื”.

But ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื™-ื™ื remind us that it is not easy to find that golden mean; it requires ื—ื›ืžื”, ื“ืขืช ื•ืชื‘ื•ื ื”.

And there is one more requirement for the virtuous cycle: it has to be fun: ื•ื“ืขืช ืœื ืคืฉืš ื™ื ืขื. It has to be ื ืขื™ื. That is what we pray as part of ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”:

ื•ึฐื”ึทืขึฒืจึถื‘ ื ึธื ื”ืณ ืึฑืœึนืงึตึฝื™ื ื•ึผ ืึถืช ื“ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ืชื•ึนืจึธืชึฐืšึธ ื‘ึผึฐืคึดึฝื™ื ื•ึผ

ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™: ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื ืžืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื‘ื• ื—ืคืฅ, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ื:ื‘) ื›ึผึดื™ ืึดื ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนืจึทืช ื”ืณ ื—ึถืคึฐืฆื•ึน [ื•ึผื‘ึฐืชื•ึนืจึธืชื•ึน ื™ึถื”ึฐื’ึผึถื” ื™ื•ึนืžึธื ื•ึธืœึธื™ึฐืœึธื”].

ืœื•ื™ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืชื‘ื™ ืงืžื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ื™, ื•ืงื ืคืกืงื™ ืกื™ื“ืจื. ืกืœื™ืง ืกืคืจื, ืœื•ื™ ืืžืจ ืœื™ื™ืชื• ืœืŸ ืžืฉืœื™; ืจืดืฉ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืืžืจ ืœื™ื™ืชื• ืœืŸ ืชื™ืœื™ื. ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ืœืœื•ื™ ื•ืื™ื™ืชื• ืชื™ืœื™ื. ื›ื™ ืžื˜ื• ื”ื›ื: โ€ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืณ ื—ืคืฆื•โ€œ, ืคืจื™ืฉ ืจื‘ื™ ื•ืืžืจ: ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื ืžืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื‘ื• ื—ืคืฅ. ืืžืจ ืœื•ื™: ืจื‘ื™, ื ืชืช ืœื ื• ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืžื•ื“.

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื™ื˜,ื

And in ืคืกื•ืง ื™ื Shlomo adds that it also requires ืžื–ืžื”, mindfulness. You canโ€™t just read and study; you need to intentionally seek the appropriate ืžืฉืจื™ื.


And itโ€™s important to get it right, or bad things happen:

ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœืš ืžื“ืจืš ืจืข; ืžืื™ืฉ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืชืƒ
ื™ื’ ื”ืขื–ื‘ื™ื ืืจื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื—ืฉืšืƒ
ื™ื“ ื”ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจืข; ื™ื’ื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช ืจืขืƒ
ื˜ื• ืืฉืจ ืืจื—ืชื™ื”ื ืขืงืฉื™ื; ื•ื ืœื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœื•ืชืืƒ

ืžืฉืœื™ ืคืจืง ื‘

ื ืœื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœื•ืชื: those on the ื“ืจืš ืจืข, the ืื™ืฉ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช, get lost in their circles. They end up on a vicious cycle, getting more and more reinforcement from doing evil.

Turning and turning in the widening gyre The falcon cannot hear the falconer; Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned; The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity.

William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming

But the problem is deeper than than, because often those who are going in the wrong direction, ื”ืขื–ื‘ื™ื ืืจื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจ, may think they are doing the right thing. Shlomo keeps coming back to the idea of a self-reinforcing cycle, the virtuous circle or the vicious circle. Starting even a little bit off gets worse and worse. We have quoted C. S. Lewis before:

Of all tyrannies, a tyranny sincerely exercised for the good of its victims may be the most oppressive. It would be better to live under robber barons than under omnipotent moral busybodies. The robber baronโ€™s cruelty may sometimes sleep, his cupidity may at some point be satiated; but those who torment us for our own good will torment us without end for they do so with the approval of their own conscience. They may be more likely to go to Heaven yet at the same time likelier to make a Hell of earth.

C.S. Lewis, God in the Dock: Essays on Theology

So we need ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ to protect us from โ€œmere anarchyโ€, but getting the rules wrong lead to tyranny and misery. What can we do? Rav Wolbe discusses this idea. In the next perek, Shlomo says (ืžืฉืœื™ ื’:ื•)โ€Ž ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ ื“ึฐึผืจึธื›ึถื™ืšึธ ื“ึธืขึตื”ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ื™ึฐื™ึทืฉึตึผืืจ ืึนืจึฐื—ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ. Imitatio dei needs to guide our decisions about ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ.

ื ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื” ืจื’ืข: ืžื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช? ื›ืžื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ. ื™ืฉ ืฉืืžืจื• ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื โ€ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™โ€œ, ื•ื”ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื—ื™ื” ื›ืคื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืจื•ื—ื• ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื–ื•ืœืชื•; ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจื— ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช โ€ื˜ื•ื‘โ€œ. ื”ืืคื™ืงื•ืจืกื™ื (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืืคื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•) ื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช ืžืคืจื™ืขื•ืช ืœื”ื ืื” ืžืœื™ืื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื• ื‘ืชืขื ื•ื’ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืคืจืข ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื“ืจืฉื• ืžื”ืื“ื ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืชโ€ฆืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก ืืžืจ, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• โ€ื›ื— ืชื”ื•ืžื™โ€œ ื”ืžื•ื ืขื• ืžืขื•ื•ืœ, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื’ื™ืœื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืืžืช, ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื”.

ืชื•ืจืชื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื ื• โ€ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื•โ€œ, ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื›ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ืกื“ ื•ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ื•ืœืคื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžื˜ื‘ืขื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ ื—ืกื“ (โ€ื—ืกื“ ืืžืจ ื™ื™ื‘ืจื ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืžืœ ื—ืกื“ื™ืโ€œ ืืžืจื• ื—ื–ืดืœ ื‘ึพื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ื—:ื”).

ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื•ืœื‘ื”, ืขืœื™ ืฉื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ืฉื ื™, ืฉืขืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื“ื, ืคืจืง ืฉื ื™ ื’ื“ืจ โ€ืื“ืโ€œ ื‘ื—ื–ืดืœ, ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ืณ, ืขืžืณ ื›ื–

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ: ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื‘ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ืจืืช ืืช ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื ืขืฉื• ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช ื›ืชื™ื ื›ืชื™ื, ื•ื—ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช, ืžื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืœ ื™ื‘ืจื, ื•ืžื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ื‘ืจื, ื”ื“ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืคื”:ื™ื): ื—ึถืกึถื“ ื•ึถืึฑืžึถืช ื ึดืคึฐื’ึผึธืฉืื•ึผโ€ฆื—ืกื“ ืื•ืžืจ ื™ื‘ืจื, ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืžืœ ื—ืกื“ื™ื. ื•ืืžืช ืื•ืžืจ ืืœ ื™ื‘ืจื, ืฉื›ืœื• ืฉืงืจื™ืโ€ฆ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ื—:ื”

ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžืฆื“ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ืโ€ฆ

ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื•ืœื‘ื”, ืขืœื™ ืฉื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ืฉื ื™, ืฉืขืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื“ื, ืคืจืง ืฉื ื™ ื’ื“ืจ โ€ืื“ืโ€œ ื‘ื—ื–ืดืœ, ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ืณ, ืขืžืณ ื›ื–

And so ืื ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ. ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ, ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”.


So learning ethics is a self-reinforcing cycle. But if we start on the wrong path, we end up lost in the widening gyre, and the blood-dimmed tide is loosed; weโ€™ve spoken many times on the metaphor of water and drowning as chaos in ืกืคืจ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื. The world before the ืžื‘ื•ืœ was a world without rules or laws, a world โ€œin the state of natureโ€.

Life in the state of nature is โ€œnasty, brutish and short.โ€

paraphrased from Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan

The ืžื‘ื•ืœ was a response to that, literally turning the world into formless matter, returning it to ืชื•ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื•, primordial chaos. ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ helps prevent that, by providing structure to society. But itโ€™s too easy to fall into the vicious cycle, the widening gyre, that either leads to tyranny or a return to chaos.

Rav Wolbe gave one answer: ืชื•ืจืชื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื•. But we argued before that Shlomo teaches us that learning ื—ื›ืžื” means, as Rambam says, ืฉืžืข ื”ืืžืช ืžืžื™ ืฉืืžืจื•, learn ethical wisdom even from sources outside of Torah. To address this, Shlomo turns to the third metaphoric theme of ืกืคืจ ืžืฉืœื™: the strange woman, the ืืฉื” ื–ืจื”. If the good woman is the ื—ื›ืžื” that you should listen to, the evil woman is the sort of ื—ื›ืžื” that you need to avoid.

ืžืืฉื” ื–ืจื”: ืžื›ื ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืคื™ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ืžื ืืคืช ืžืžืฉ ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืืžืจ ื›ืืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœืš ืžืืฉื” ื–ืจื” ื•ืœื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ืืœื ื–ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืจื™ืงืช ืขื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืžืฉืœื™ ื‘:ื˜ื–

ื˜ื– ืœื”ืฆื™ืœืš ืžืืฉื” ื–ืจื”; ืžื ื›ืจื™ื” ืืžืจื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ืงื”ืƒ
ื™ื– ื”ืขื–ื‘ืช ืืœื•ืฃ ื ืขื•ืจื™ื”; ื•ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืืœืงื™ื” ืฉื›ื—ื”ืƒ
ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืฉื—ื” ืืœ ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื”; ื•ืืœ ืจืคืื™ื ืžืขื’ืœืชื™ื”ืƒ
ื™ื˜ ื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ื” ืœื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืŸ; ื•ืœื ื™ืฉื™ื’ื• ืืจื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ืืƒ
ื› ืœืžืขืŸ ืชืœืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื; ื•ืืจื—ื•ืช ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืชืฉืžืจืƒ
ื›ื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื™ืฉื›ื ื• ืืจืฅ; ื•ืชืžื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ื”ืƒ
ื›ื‘ ื•ืจืฉืขื™ื ืžืืจืฅ ื™ื›ืจืชื•; ื•ื‘ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ื™ืกื—ื• ืžืžื ื”ืƒ

ืžืฉืœื™ ืคืจืง ื‘

And that is the problem. If ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืชืจื ื”; ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืชืชืŸ ืงื•ืœื”, there are a lot of ื—ื›ืžื•ืช shouting to us from every street corner. We are supposed to ืฉืžืข ื”ืืžืช ืžืžื™ ืฉืืžืจื•; how can we tell what voice to learn from and what voice to shun? Who is the ืืฉื” ื–ืจื”? The Maharal offers some guidance:

ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื, ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืœืฉื•ืืœ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื•ืื ื™ืžืฆื ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื”ืืžื•ื ื”, ื™ืงื‘ืœ. ืืš ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืืฃ ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืืžื•ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื• [ื›ื ื’ื“] ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืฃ ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื˜ื•ืŸ, ื—ืก ื•ืฉืœื•ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืœื”ื. ืืš ื™ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืฉื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืœื•. ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื•ื–ืจื™ื– ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉื• ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืžืช, ืฉืœื›ืš ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฆื•ื• ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” (ืžืฉื ื” ืื‘ื•ืช ื‘:ื“) โ€ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืงื•ื“ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืฉื™ื‘ ืœืืคื™ืงื•ืจืกโ€œ, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืคืจืฉื ื• ืฉื. ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืืžืจ ืจืง ืขืœ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ ื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื“ืขืชื ื•ืžืฉื›ืœื, ื•ืฉืืœืชื ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช. ื•ืœื›ืš ืืžืจื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” โ€ืฉืงื•ื“โ€œ, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื™ืชื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื, ื•ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื“ืช ืืžืช. ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื›ืจื• ืขื ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ, ืืžืŸ ื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ.

ืžื”ืจืดืœ, ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื, ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื“

But that still relies on our own sense of what is ื›ื ื’ื“ ืืžื•ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. Shlomo in ืกืคืจ ืžืฉืœื™ will try to guide us further.