ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: Middle of the Road

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

The previous pasuk introduced Shlomoโ€™s aim: ืœื“ืขืช ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ, to deeply understand, to integrate, ethics and the consequences of not acting ethically. He continues:

ืœืงื—ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœ; ืฆื“ืง ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืžืฉืจื™ืืƒ

ืžืฉืœื™ ื:ื’

Weโ€™ve already talked about ืžื•ืกืจ. What is ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœ? Ibn Ezra says ื”ืฉื›ืœ is a separate thing; the pasuk means โ€œto attain discipline and ืฉื›ืœโ€”common senseโ€:

ื”ืฉื›ืœ: ืฉื ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ ื•ื™ืดื•.

ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื, ืžืฉืœื™ ื:ื’

But the ืžื•ืกืจ part would be redundant, and there is no ื• ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. So most commentators take ื”ืฉื›ืœ as an adjective:

ืœืงื—ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœ: ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืกืจ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœโ€ฆื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืขืดื™ ื™ืจืืช ื”ืณ ืฉื™ืชื™ื™ืจื ืžืขื ืฉื• ื ืงืจื ื‘ืฉื ืžื•ืกืจ ืกืชื, ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืจืืช ื”ืจื•ืžืžื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื™ื’ ื’ื“ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืดืช ื•ื™ื™ืจื ืžืจื•ืžืžื•ืชื• ืžืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื’ื“ ื—ืงื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื›ื™ืœื ื‘ืฉื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœ.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืžืฉืœื™ ื:ื’

ืžื•ืกืจ is the awareness of the negative consequences of doing the wrong thing (contrasted to ื—ื›ืžื” which is the awareness of the benefits of doing the right thing); ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœ is the awareness not of punishment but of losing the opportunity to be part of something much greater than oneself.

In Yeshivish parlance, ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœ means a practical lesson, as opposed to theoreticalโ€”โ€What is the ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœ of that storyโ€œ. ืฉื›ืœ in many places in ืชื ืดืš doesnโ€™t mean โ€œsenseโ€, it means โ€œsuccessโ€:

ื™ื“ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื›ืœ ื“ืจื›ื• ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ; ื•ื”ืณ ืขืžื•ืƒ ื˜ื• ื•ื™ืจื ืฉืื•ืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ืžืื“; ื•ื™ื’ืจ ืžืคื ื™ื•ืƒ ื˜ื– ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื”ื‘ ืืช ื“ื•ื“; ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื•ื‘ื ืœืคื ื™ื”ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื™ื—

For acquiring the discipline for successโ€ฆ

Proverbs 1:3, JPS 1985 translation

ืœืงื—ืช: ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืงื—ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฆืœื™ื— ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื“ึธื•ึดื“ ืœึฐื›ื‡ืœ ื“ึผึฐืจึธื›ึธื• ืžึทืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืœ.

ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจืดื, ืžืฉืœื™ ื:ื’

ืžืฉืœื™ will teach you the ืžื•ืกืจ you need to be successful in interpersonal relationships, which means ืฆื“ืง ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืžืฉืจื™ื.

โ€ฆRighteousness, justice, and equity.

Proverbs 1:3, JPS 1985 translation

Equity in the modern use means โ€œequality of outcomesโ€ but ืžืฉืจื™ื really means โ€œcompromise, balanceโ€:

ื•ืžืฉืจื™ื: ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืฉืจื” ื“ืจืš ื—ืœืง ื•ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื•ื” ืœื–ื” ื•ืœื–ื”.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืžืฉืœื™ ื:ื’

ืžืฉืจื™ื is important because ืฆื“ืง and ืžืฉืคื˜ are important, but they are mutually contradictory. ืžื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื and ืžื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ are a dialectic, in human behavior as much as in Jewish theology.

ื•ื™ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืขืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื›ืœ ืขืžื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—:ื˜ื•

ื‘ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—) โ€ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื”โ€œ ื•ื”ืœื ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜? ืืœื ืื™ื–ื”ื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฆื“ืงื”? ื”ื•ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข. ืืชืืŸ ืœืชืดืง: ื“ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื–ื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ื–ื›ืื™ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘, ื•ืจืื” ืฉื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขื ื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉืœื ืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืชื•. ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื”: ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื–ื” ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื–ื”; ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื–ื” ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื• ืžืžื•ืŸ ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื–ื” ืฉืฉื™ืœื ืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืชื•.

ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื•,ื‘

The idea of ืคืฉืจื”, compromise, is what it means to be ื™ืฉืจ.

ื•ืขืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจ ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืณ; ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืš ื•ื‘ืืช ื•ื™ืจืฉืช ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ืืฉืจ ื ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืณ ืœืื‘ืชื™ืšืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•:ื™ื—

ื”ื™ืฉืจ ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘. ื–ื• ืคืฉืจื” [ื•]ืœืคื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ.

ืจืฉืดื™, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•:ื™ื—

And it characterizes ื”ืณ's relationship with human beings:

ื— ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื™ืžื—ืื• ื›ืฃ; ื™ื—ื“ ื”ืจื™ื ื™ืจื ื ื•ืƒ ื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณ ื›ื™ ื‘ื ืœืฉืคื˜ ื”ืืจืฅ; ื™ืฉืคื˜ ืชื‘ืœ ื‘ืฆื“ืง; ื•ืขืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืฆื—

There are no simple answers. Ethics requires balance. And that is not just in court cases but in our own lives, in determining our own character. Every ethical decision we make is a compromise between competing values.

ื ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื–ื• ืžืฉื ื” ืžื–ื•โ€ฆื™ืฉ ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืžื” ื›ื•ืขืก ืชืžื™ื“. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื“ื ืฉื“ืขืชื• ืžื™ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ื›ื•ืขืก ื›ืœืœ ื•ืื ื™ื›ืขืก ื™ื›ืขืก ื›ืขืก ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ื” ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืคืœ ืจื•ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืชืื•ื” ืœื ืชืฉื‘ืข ื ืคืฉื• ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ืชืื•ื”. ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืœื‘ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืžืื“ ื•ืœื ื™ืชืื•ื” ืืคืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืŸ. ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืœ ื ืคืฉ ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ืชืฉื‘ืข ื ืคืฉื• ืžื›ืœ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืโ€ฆื•ื™ืฉ ืžืงืฆืจ ื ืคืฉื• ืฉื“ื™ื• ืืคืœื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ื™ืกืคื™ืง ืœื• ื•ืœื ื™ืจื“ืฃ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื•. ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื’ืฃ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืจืขื‘ ื•ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœ ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ืžืฉืœื• ืืœื ื‘ืฆืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื‘ื“ ื›ืœ ืžืžื•ื ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœื“ืขืชื•. ื•ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืœื• ืฉืืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื•ืœืœ ื•ืื•ื ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ืœื™ ื•ืฉื•ืข ื•ืื›ื–ืจื™ ื•ืจื—ืžืŸ ื•ืจืš ืœื‘ื‘ ื•ืืžื™ืฅ ืœื‘ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื”ืŸโ€ฆ

ื’ ืฉืชื™ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื• ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืขื” ื•ื“ืขื” ืื™ื ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื•ืœื ืœืœืžื“ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื•. ื•ืื ืžืฆื ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืื• ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืื• ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื•ื ื”ื’ ื‘ื” ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžื•ื˜ื‘ ื•ื™ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืฉืจื”.

ื“ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืฉืจื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืขื” ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœืื“ื. ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืง ืฉื•ื” ื•ืื™ื ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื ืœื–ื• ื•ืœื ืœื–ื•. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืฆื•ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื ืื“ื ืฉื ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื•ืžืฉืขืจ ืื•ืชื ื•ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื ืฉืœื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื•.

ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื“ืขื•ืช ืคืจืง ื

Rambamโ€™s formulation is taken from Aristotle:

Virtue, then, is a state of character concerned with choice, lying in a mean, i.e. the mean relative to us, this being determined by a rational principle, and by that principle by which the man of practical wisdom [phronesis] would determine it. Now it is a mean between two vices, that which depends on excess and that which depends on defect; and again it is a mean because the vices respectively fall short of or exceed what is right in both passions and actions, while virtue both finds and chooses that which is intermediate.

Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics II:6

But Rambam is just using the language of Aristotle to present the ideas of ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. The idea of the โ€œGolden Meanโ€, the ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ or ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืฆืข, is inherent in ืกืคืจ ืžืฉืœื™.

[ื•ืžืฉืจื™ื:] ื›ืžืณืณืฉ ื”ืจืžื‘ืดื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื“ืขื•ืช; ืืžืจ ืืฆืœื (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื™ื:ื“) ื•ึฐืฉึธืืคึทื˜ ื‘ึฐึผืฆึถื“ึถืง [โ€ฆื”ื•ึนื›ึดื™ื—ึท ื‘ึฐึผืžึดื™ืฉืื•ึนืจ]. ื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ืณ ืžื“ื•ืช ืฆื“ืง ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื–ื” ืœื›ืœ ืืณ ื”ืคื›ื•.

ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจืดื, ืžืฉืœื™ ื:ื’

Then Shlomo tells us his intended audience. He addresses four people:

ื“ ืœืชืช ืœืคืชืื™ื ืขืจืžื”; ืœื ืขืจ ื“ืขืช ื•ืžื–ืžื”ืƒ ื” ื™ืฉืžืข ื—ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืงื—; ื•ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื‘ืœื•ืช ื™ืงื ื”ืƒ

ืžืฉืœื™ ืคืจืง ื

We will have to look at the kinds of people that Shlomo does not address later, but these here, even those who are not ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื, have value and can be taught.

ืœืชืช ืœืคืชืื™ื ืขืจืžื”

What is a ืคืชื™?

ืคืชื™ ื™ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ; ื•ืขืจื•ื ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืืฉืจื•ืƒ

ืžืฉืœื™ ื™ื“:ื˜ื•

The ืคืชื™ is naive, easily swayed (from the root ืœืคืชื•ืช, to entice or seduce). ืขืจื•ื means clever, and in ืชื ืดืš it is generally a bad thing.

ื•ื”ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืขืจื•ื ืžื›ืœ ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœ ื”ืืฉื” ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืืžืจ ืืœืงื™ื ืœื ืชืื›ืœื• ืžื›ืœ ืขืฅ ื”ื’ืŸืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื’:ื

ืžืคืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืจื•ืžื™ื; ื•ืœื ืชืขืฉื ื” ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืชืฉื™ื”ืƒ

ืื™ื•ื‘ ื”:ื™ื‘

But in ืžืฉืœื™, it is a positive thing, a contrast with the naivitรฉ of the ืคืชื™. Being a ืคืชื™ is not itself a bad thing; there is a place for what we call ืืžื•ื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”. Shlomo is not going to turn the ืคืชื™ into an ืขืจื•ื; he is just going to give them a little ืขืจืžื”.

ืฉืžืจ ืคืชืื™ื ื”ืณ; ื“ืœื•ืชื™ ื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉื™ืขืƒ

ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื–:ื•

And the greatest ื ื‘ื™ื of all is described as a ืคืชื™:

(ืฉืžื•ืช ื’:ื•) ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืึฑืœึนืงึตื™ ืึธื‘ึดื™ืšึธ. ื”ื“ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘: ืคึผึถืชึดื™ ื™ึทืึฒืžึดื™ืŸ ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ื“ึธื‘ึธืจโ€ฆืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืžื™ื”: ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื ื’ืœื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื” ื˜ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื” ืœื ื‘ื•ืื”, ืืžืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืื ื ื’ืœื” ืื ื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืขืชื•; ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื”. ืžื” ืขืฉื”? ื ื’ืœื” ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•; ืืžืจ ืžืฉื” ื”ื ื ื™, ืžื” ืื‘ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ? ืืžืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื: ืื™ื ื™ ืื‘ื™ืš ืืœื ืืœืงื™ ืื‘ื™ืš, ื‘ืคืชื•ื™ ื‘ืืชื™ ืืœื™ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชืชื™ืจื.

ืฉืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื’:ื

It can be a good thing; the Artscroll Mishlei says ืคืชื™ is synonymous with ืชื, which can be translated both as โ€œsimpleโ€ and as โ€œperfectโ€:

ื•ื™ื’ื“ืœื• ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืขืฉื• ืื™ืฉ ื™ื“ืข ืฆื™ื“ ืื™ืฉ ืฉื“ื”; ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื™ืฉ ืชื ื™ืฉื‘ ืื”ืœื™ืืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื”:ื›ื–

ื™ื“ืข ืฆื™ื“: ืœืฆื•ื“ ื•ืœืจืžื•ืชโ€ฆ

ืชื: ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืงื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืœื”, ื›ืœื‘ื• ื›ืŸ ืคื™ื•, ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืœืจืžื•ืช ืงืจื•ื™ ืชื.

ืจืฉืดื™, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื”:ื›ื–

ืชืžื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืขื ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ืšืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—:ื™ื’

And that is relevant to ืคืกื— that is coming up. We read about the four sons:

ื—ื›ื, ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ? ืžึธื” ื”ึธืขึตื“ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึปืงึดึผื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึดึผืฉึฐืืคึธึผื˜ึดื™ื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืฆึดื•ึธึผื” ื”ืณ ืึฑืœึนืงึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื? ื•ืืฃ ืืชื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื• ื›ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื—: ืื™ืŸ ืžืคื˜ื™ืจื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื— ืืคื™ืงื•ืžืŸโ€ฆ

ืชื, ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ? ืžึทื” ื–ึผืึนืช? ื•ืืžืจืช ืืœื™ื• ื‘ึฐึผื—ื•ึนื–ึถืง ื™ึธื“ ื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ืึธื ื•ึผ ื”ืณ ืžึดืžึดึผืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืžึดื‘ึตึผื™ืช ืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึดื™ืโ€ฆ

ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื—, ืžื’ื™ื“

Why does the haggadah say, about the ื—ื›ื:โ€Ž ืืฃ ืืชื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื•โ€”you should even tell him? It is because the answer given in the haggadah is not the answer the Torah gives:

ื› ื›ื™ ื™ืฉืืœืš ื‘ื ืš ืžื—ืจ ืœืืžืจ; ืžื” ื”ืขื“ืช ื•ื”ื—ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื” ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื ื• ืืชื›ืืƒ ื›ื ื•ืืžืจืช ืœื‘ื ืš ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคืจืขื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื; ื•ื™ืฆื™ืื ื• ื”ืณ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื—ื–ืงื”ืƒ ื›ื‘ ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืณ ืื•ืชืช ื•ืžืคืชื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื•ืจืขื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจืขื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ื•ืƒ ื›ื’ ื•ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืฉื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืชื ื• ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ื ืฉื‘ืข ืœืื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ื•

The answer in the haggadah is the last tosefta in ืžืกื—ืช ืคืกื—ื™ื. It is ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”.

ืื™ืŸ ืžืคื˜ื™ืจื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื— [ืืคื™ืงื•ืžืŸ] ื›ื’ื•ืŸ [ืื’ื•ื–ื™ื] ืชืžืจื™ื [ื•ืงืœื™ื•ืช]. ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื [ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื—] ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”โ€ฆืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื•ื–ืงื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืชื•ืก ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื• [ืขืกื•ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื—] ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืขื“ ืงืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจ.

ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืคืกื—ื™ื ื™:ื™ื‘

Notice the story, the ืžืขืฉื” with Rabbis at the seder all night. It is a different story from the one brought in the haggadah:

ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื˜ืจืคื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ึพื‘ืจืง, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื•ืืžืจื• ืœื”ื ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืจื™ืช.

ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื—, ืžื’ื™ื“

Notice the key difference: in the ืชื•ืกืคืชื, the rabbis are ืขืกื•ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื—. In the Haggadah, they are ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. So when the ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ื” says ื•ืืฃ ืืชื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื• ื›ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื—, the ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ื” is giving us a ื”ืชืจ, that we may spend our night ืขื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื—. Once youโ€™ve fulfilled the mitzvah of ื•ื”ื’ื“ืช ืœื‘ื ืšโ€ฆื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืขืฉื” ื”ืณ ืœื™ ื‘ืฆืืชื™ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื and (as the Torah explicitly says) ื•ืืžืจืช ืœื‘ื ืš ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคืจืขื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื; ื•ื™ืฆื™ืื ื• ื”ืณ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื—ื–ืงื”, then you can indulge his intellectual fervor for the halacha. But the ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ื” does not hold like the Tosefta. Itโ€™s not ideal. The ideal is the โ€œperfectโ€ son, the ืชื. He asks about the story of ื™ืฆืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, and you tell him the story of ื™ืฆืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื.

I like to ask the people around the seder table which of the four sons they would like to be. Predictably, almost everyone would like to be the ben chacham. Personally, however, I have a soft spot for the ben tam. If I could be anyone, I would like to be him.

Rabbi Moshe Eisemann, Depths of Majesty, p. 221

There are times and places where you should not be so much of a ื—ื›ื and ืขืจื•ื. But being a ืชื, a ืคืชื™, can be dangerous. One is too easily swayed in the wrong direction. So Shlomo wants ืœืชืช ืœืคืชืื™ื ืขืจืžื”, not to change the ืชื, but to give them a little cleverness that allows them to fight back. It is part of the ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœ of ืžืฉืจื™ื, the ืžื“ื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช.

[ื•ื™ื’ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืจื—ืœ] ื›ื™ ืื—ื™ ืื‘ื™ื” ื”ื•ื:โ€ฆื•ืžื“ืจืฉื•, ืื ืœืจืžืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื, ื’ื ืื ื™ ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ืจืžืื•ืช, ื•ืื ืื“ื ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื, ื’ื ืื ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืจื‘ืงื” ืื—ื•ืชื• ื”ื›ืฉืจื”.

ืจืฉืดื™, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื˜:ื™ื‘

ืœื ืขืจ ื“ืขืช ื•ืžื–ืžื”

This clause is similar. A ื ืขืจ can be used to mean โ€œfoolโ€; that is what it means in Yiddish.

ื ืขืจ: ืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื’ื“ืœื”.

ืจืฉืดื™, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื:ื™ื‘

But here is seems to be more literal; a youth is one without experience and therefore acts rashly.

ืœื ืขืจ: ืœืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืš ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืขืฉื” ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื“ืขืช ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืงื“ื•ืžื”.

ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ื“, ืžืฉืœื™ ื:ื“

[A] young man of practical wisdom [phronesis] cannot be found. The cause is that such wisdom is concerned not only with universals but with particulars, which become familiar from experience, but a young man has no experience, for it is length of time that gives experience.

Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics VI:8

Like ืขืจืžื”, in ืชื ืดืš the word ื–ืžื,โ€Ž ืžื–ืžื”, is a bad thing. The word literally means โ€œplanning, foresightโ€ but usually it is used for plotting evil.

ื•ืขืฉื™ืชื ืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ืžื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืื—ื™ื•; ื•ื‘ืขืจืช ื”ืจืข ืžืงืจื‘ืšืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื˜:ื™ื˜

But here, it is a contrast, a balance to ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ which isnโ€™t really foolishness but youthfulness, the ability to grow and change. Just like being a ืคืชื™ is important, being a ื ืขืจ is important. The ื›ืจื•ื‘ื™ื on the ืืจื•ืŸ were images of children.

Cherubs

Raphael, Sistine Madonna

The cherubim do not represent G-d or angels, but us. We look at them looking at the scene and identify with them, or should identify with them. They summon us to have a child-like wonder, to be naifs, beginners. Why is this important? Why is it important to have at the center of the Temple, at the boundary between the human and the transcendent?

โ€ฆHannah Arendt describes natality, newness, as the primary phenomenon that can liberate us from the oppression of systematic thinking. I see the cherubim as figures of natality.

Zohar Atkins, Time Passing

Shlomo wants to give ืœื ืขืจ ื“ืขืช ื•ืžื–ืžื”. He tells the ื ืขืจ: donโ€™t stop being a ื ืขืจ; donโ€™t stop looking at the world with child-like eyes. But read ืกืคืจ ืžืฉืœื™ and learn from the experience of others. Then you will be able to think about the consequences of your actions.

ืื™ื–ื”ื• ื—ื›ื? ื”ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืœื“.

ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื‘,ื