פסוק ד deals with those who are less intelligent and what they will gain from ספר משלי: לתת לפתאים ערמה, לנער דעת ומזמה. Now Shlomo turns to those who are already wise:
ישמע חכם
If the purpose of this ספר is to (משלי א:ב) לדעת חכמה, then what will the חכם get out of it? The answer is, of course, that no one is חכם enough. Part of חכמה is knowing that you don’t know everything. It is always possible to יוסף לקח.
It’s worth looking at the source of that comment, מכל מלמדי השכלתי:
It starts with מאיבי תחכמני מצותך: we can
even learn from those with whom we disagree. We especially learn from those with whom we disagree. Translate מאיבי תחכמני not “I am wiser than my enemies” but “I am wiser from my enemies”.
בית הלל would steelman בית שמאי.
This isn’t easy. The wisdom that the חכם will acquire is לקח: it needs to be actively taken.
Moshe describes the Torah he brings to בני ישראל as לקח:
The midrash describes Moshe ascending to heaven to get the Torah, and having to forcibly take it from the angels who wanted it to remain purely spiritual.
It may have been a gift, but it required לקיחה, active acquiring. Not with money but with effort:
It is harder for learned people to learn than for ignorant people. לתת לפתאים ערמה is just a gift; ישמע חכם is more than listening; it is עמל, toil. Torah is paid for with sweat equity.
ונבון תחבלות יקנה
The other wise person whom Shlomo addresses is the נבון.
The נבון doesn’t just know; they understand, deriving new truths from first principles. But such a person needs humility as well, because no human being can understand everything. Even the נבון requires heuristics.
And so the נבון needs משלים as well. The משלים of ספר משלי are not childish simplifications, but an acknowledgement that the universe is too complicated to analyze completely. We can’t figure out the right way to behave from first principles.
The Vilna Gaon notes that this נבון has to “קנה”, ”buy“, these heuristics. That evokes the Mishna:
Shlomo continues:
By learning ספר משלי, all four of these: the פתי, the נער, the חכם and the נבון, will understand משל ומליצה. What is that?
It is what we called before (in Why is a Raven Like a Writing-Desk) the
vehicle and tenor; or in my terms the metaphor and metaphee. Both the literal words and the underlying significance are important.
But there is
another understanding of משל ומליצה: they refer to the two “arts” of language use, poetics and rhetoric. They are use of language to appeal to respectively the heart and the mind. The Maharal doesn’t think we need to study those:
But we clearly need to know how to read. And that involves understanding the ways that authors use language. The gemara says (נדרים ג:א) דיברה תורה כלשון בני אדם.
And through that study of משל ומליצה, we will understand דברי חכמים וחידתם.
Part of the mission of ספר משלי is to teach us how to read the Torah, at all levels. And connected to that is the תורה שבעל פה, with the interpretations of חז״ל:
We have talked many times that דרש, like פשט, is a matter of hermeneutics. פשט is reading the Torah with literary eyes, משל ומליצה. But דברי חכמים וחדותם refers to the דרש, which means reading the Torah through the eyes of the מסורה, the תורה שבעל פה. Especially for אגדה, the דרש on the narrative sections of the Torah, this does not mean that חז״ל had a מסורה that this is what the text intends. It means that אגדה is meant to teach a lesson about values that come from the תורה שבעל פה, and values are only taught through stories.
This is how the Maharal understands דרש. Aggadah needs to be taken seriously, not literally.
One example is the Maharal’s understanding of the story of בת פרעה and her maidservants:
The problem, though, is that without an explicit statement of the lesson, we can’t be sure we are getting it right, which is why (ירושלמי חגיגה א:ח) אֵין מוֹרִין…מִן הָאֲגָדוֹת.
So we can’t just read חדותם; we have to start with דברי חכמים. Shlomo is telling us that learning ספר משלי will give us the sensitivity to see the wisdom of מאמרי חז״ל.
If you can understand what it means to be human, you will understand what the Torah is trying to teach.
The introductory paragraph ends with the first משל:
We’ve already discussed this pasuk (in Phronesis and Akrasia), that the אויל is the opposite of the ירא ה׳. They are the ones who may know חכמה ומוסר on an intellectual level but don’t feel it; they have no דעת.
The way to avoid אווילות is through יראה.
We come back to the humility of the beginning of this shiur.
Once we have internalized the humility of our consciousness of ontic separation from הקב״ה, and the humility of our limited intellects, we can start to learn ספר משלי.