We are starting the third perek of משלי. Shlomo continues with the metaphor of a parent lecturing their child.
The previous perek said that I should love wisdom and be willing to learn from all sources, but there exists dangerous sources of apparent wisdom that push you into a vicious circle that will drive you further and further from the truth.
You want to know which voice to listen to? Remember the Torah I am teaching you, and learn the wisdom that is consistent with that. Then you will have ארך ימים ושנות חיים.
That is a striking expression: length of days, and years of life. Those are two different things, and for an authentic fulfilled life, you need both.
The ultimate reward in this world is שלום, not just in the sense of “peace” but of “completeness”..
And now, for the first time in the ספר, Shlomo offers us some actual advice: חסד ואמת אל יעזבך, קשרם על גרגרותיך. חסד ואמת is a common hendiadys in תנ״ך, and it has a specific meaning:
Mishlei’s mussar message number one: Do the right thing without the expectation of reward.
Metaphorically קשרם על גרגרותיך; כתבם על לוח לבך; speak that way and feel that way. The goal is ומצא חן ושכל טוב בעיני אלקים ואדם, and חן בעיני אלקים comes from חן בעיני אדם.
Your ethical goal is not Aristotle’s εὐδαιμονία, happiness in the sense of “living well”, but the well-being of others. So Mother Teresa is not literally right; it is “between you and them”, not in terms of “their” judgment, but in terms of their well-being.
Now, Shlomo introduces Mishlei’s mussar message number two: imitatio dei. Your actions with respect to others should mimic G-d’s actions with respect to all human beings.
This is not talking about what we usually call “ביטחון”; trusting that ה׳ will protect and provide for us. This is talking about אל תהי חכם בעיניך. As we have emphasized in our study of משלי, logic doesn’t lead to morality.
The Torah’s anwer is בכל דרכיך דעהו. All your ways should be with דעת, an intimate recognition, of His ways.
And then you will be metaphorically healthy at your core: רפאות תהי לשרך ושקוי לעצמותיך.
To be authentically healthy, we have to embody בכל דרכיך דעהו.
Mishlei’s mussar message number three: your gifts are G-d-given. Use them to serve G-d.
Literally, this is talking about money:
But ספר משלי is all about משלים.
And מראשית כל תבואתך is a metaphor to your highest attribute, that which distinguishes you from the beasts: your intelligence. Use that to honor ה׳.
Mishlei’s mussar message number four: Learn from tough times.
The other ספרי אמת have a similar message: There is such a thing as יסורים של אהבה.
There exist יסורים that may be painful, but if we can learn from them—אין בהן בטול תורה—and have a relationship with ה׳—אין בהן בטול תפלה—then they are יסורין של אהבה. They are gifts from הקב״ה.
Such יסורים come to teach a lesson, and happy is the one who can see that: “Happy is the one whom ה׳ chastises and learns from Your Torah”. It’s a slightly different approach from the גם זו לטובה. The lesson of יסורין של אהבה is not that it will be OK in the end, but that these difficult times are actually inherently good. It is the suffering that is beneficial (a trivial example is getting enough exercise). There is a contrast in ספר דברים:
When ה׳ carries you כאשר ישא איש את בנו, you end up אינכם מאמינם בה׳. The state of ידעת עם לבבך is only כאשר ייסר איש את בנו.
Shlomo returns to the metaphor of חכמה being more valuable than riches:
We saw this in the last perek:
And we will see this metaphor again later:
And the conclusion of this section is a series of famous psukim:
חכמה will grant you all sorts of good things if you hold on to it. תמכיה usually means “those who support it”, but Rashi says that here, it means that it is supporting you when you get close to it.
And this metaphor of חכמה as an עץ חיים, a tree of life, comes up a lot in משלי:
The image of course comes from גן עדן:
The idea of an עץ חיים is not that אדם could eat of it once and live forever; it supports life as long as one continues to consume it.
We don’t have the עץ חיים of גן עדן any more, but if we continue to consume the metaphoric fruit of תורה and חכמה, we will continue to have ארך ימים.
The idea (if not the literal words) of an עץ חיים comes up after יציאת מצרים:
The Torah is obviously connecting the עץ of וימתקו המים with שם שם לו חק ומשפט. The עץ represents the rules, the structure of the society that בני ישראל would have to form.
The Torah emphasizes that this עץ was a form of הוראה, teaching:
I’ve mentioned before that water is a symbol of chaos, society without structure.
And that was the problem at מרה:
The tree is a symbol of the structure that allows the מים to become sweet and life-giving. But it’s not a one time שם שם לו חק ומשפט; we have to hold on to it.
Malbim adds that even when we have חכמה (in the sense of phronesis, the knowledge of ethical behavior), we have to continue to be תמכיה.
And with that, Shlomo turns to the nature of Divine wisdom, and why it should be the basis of our ethics.