The eighth perek is an extended speech by חכמה herself.
We saw this same image in the first perek:
This is a much longer speech, about how important learning חכמה—which is the wisdom of proper behavior, phronesis—from the Torah, from הקב״ה. The last perek warned about the dangers of learning from other cultures with much the same image:
There is a שוק, a marketplace of ideas. Everyone is calling out, hawking their intellectual wares, inviting the listener to their “home”. This perek talks of how it is possible to learn all these things from a Torah-focused perspective.
It seems hard, because it is hard, but it gets easier as you work at it.
Her audience here is more selective.
The apostrophe is to “אישים”, those with the title “איש” (not just “men”, אנשים).
She is addressing specifically the “איש” in this perek, the important people; everyone else can listen in. But they are also פתאים, which we defined in Middle of the Road as “naïve”. Shlomo, in פרק א, described one of his goals as:
The
פתי is naive, easily swayed (from the root לפתות, to entice or seduce). ערום means clever, and in תנ״ך it is generally a bad thing.
Being a פתי is not itself a bad thing; there is a place for what we call אמונה פשוטה. But the danger is, in our metaphor, out there in the שוק, there are a lot of voices crying out. Shlomo is not going to turn the פתי into an ערום; he is just going to give them a little ערמה.
As Aliza Baronofsky puts it,
And those אישים are also כסילים, which we defined in Voice of Reason as “being self-assured”, not listening to criticism. כסיל in משלי it seems to be connected to the word כסל, feeling secure.
The כסיל is self-confident, which sounds like a good thing but it’s destructive in this case. “I know what I want to do, so it must be the right thing to do, and any implication to the contrary is simply wrong”.
That’s the danger in being one of the אישים. You think you’re smart, just because you are separate from בני אדם, the hoi polloi, and are always talking to other smart people. But that echo chamber makes you a פתי and a כסיל. Scott Alexander calls such groups a “priesthood”, who make declarations that everyone is expected to just follow.
Priesthoods are good for having good ideas. But a bad idea that gets in, becomes a Good Idea simply by being espoused by the priesthood and they can never get rid of it. Who can contradict them? Alexander calls that a “memetic plague”.
So חכמה tells these people:
נגידים אדבר might mean “I speak to princes”.
But I think a better translation is “my words are princes”. The true נגידים are not the אישים, but the words of Torah.
The gemara adds another image:
When we think about the “two crowns” associated with Torah, we think of the gemara that describes מעמד הר סיני:
But here it is the words of Torah themselves that are crowned.
And that evokes the aggadah about Moshe and Rabbi Akiva:
Rav Moshe Feinstein explains that we are misinterpreting the כתרים. They are not the source of halachot; the drashot are from the letters themselves, as we see often in the gemara. The crowns that ה׳ attaches to those letters symbolize their importance and authority.
ה׳, as it were, put His own crown onto the letters of the Torah. נגידים אדבר.
Just like the “smart people” are כסילים and פתאים, so are the wealthy. They are blind to what is important.
But Mishlei’s mussar message number nine is: Power makes gullible; absolute power makes absolutely gullible. The only way to avoid Alexander’s memetic plagues is to learn חכמה, phronesis, תורה.
The advice I give, that makes me different from all the other ethical systems in the שוק, is יראת ה׳.
And that יראה means avoiding not only the evil: ודרך רע ופי תהפכות but also the haughtiness that keeps you from improving: גאה וגאון.
Having גאון, things to be proud of, is not a problem. Just remember what חכמה is saying: לי גבורה.
Therefore:
But this doesn’t just apply to literal kings; we all have authority in some situations, and we need חכמה to be שפטי צדק.
Shlomo concludes this section of the perek by reviewing the rewards of learning and living through חכמה.
Remember Mishlei’s mussar message number three (Tree of Life): Your gifts are G-d-given. Even wisdom.
We started the perek with Maharsha’s observation that בתחלת הלמוד הוא קשה. It is hard to learn, but the act of trying brings ה׳'s help and ולבסוף…קרוב להגיע למקומו.
The last pasuk is quoted in the very last mishna:
Everyone tries to figure out the significance of the gematria of 310; Tosfot Yom Tov says it is a reference to ימות משיח:
But the Netziv says not to over-read it; ש״י is a symbolic number as the sum of יש; it means all the parts that go into all of creation, all that is.
So, yes, you need to know שלש מאות ועשרה עולמות, all the wisdom and all the science and all the knowledge in the world. And, no, you can’t be seduced by all those other sources of wisdom; you need to stay in the “palace of Torah”. But don’t despair of the contradiction: אני אהבי אהב; ומשחרי ימצאנני.