We left off with the story of David’s return to Jerusalem after defeating Avshalom’s rebellion, with the worsening tension between the tribes of the north, ישראל, and the tribe of the south, יהודה (and we pointed out that at this time, בנימן is a major part of the north):
And an important part of this was David’s own reaction to the last scion of Saul’s line, מפיבשת:
Now, I understand why the conflict would lead to the split in the kingdom, but how does that lead to עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה (and thus to גלות)? That is what I want to look at in this shiur.
The conflict comes to a head before David makes it back to Jerusalem:
The text says ושם נקרא, he was “called”. קרא has two different meanings in תנ״ך, ”to be summoned or invited“, and “to have a calling”. This is clearly the latter.
The gemara says a “בַּת קוֹל” announced the impending split of the kingdom:
I would read this שם נקרא as telling us that שבע בן בכרי has a role in history. The “בַּת קוֹל” is the voice of שבע בן בכרי.
There is another subtlety about שבע בן בכרי:
Rabbi Menachem Kasher understands this based on the midrash:
שבע בן בכרי doesn’t “make a name for himself”. He has a role, but no identity. As we will see, he goes by many names through history. And he is identified as a איש בליעל, which provides a hint in the text that there is some עבודה זרה involved here:
We’ll have to spend some time wandering through תנ״ך to put all the pieces together.
When שבע בן בכרי blows the shofar, the people of ישראל join him:
Now כל איש ישראל doesn’t mean the entire population of Israel; it refers to the group from ישראל who came to bring David back originally
So by the time the crossed the Jordan, half of the one thousand men of the north had abandoned David. Now the rest of them go with שבע בן בכרי.
David doesn’t immediately respond. He returns to Jerusalem:
We will defer the story of the פלגשים until next time.
Now David reacts to this new rebellion:
Notice who David is putting in charge of the response. עמשא had been Avshalom’s general:
But after יואב (David’s general) kills Avshalom, David appoints עמשא in his place. This accomplishes two things: יואב is fired for defying David’s orders to spare Avshalom, and publicly expresses David’s amnesty for those who joined Avshalom. David is trying to re-unite the kingdom.
But David wants to defeat שבע בן בכרי quickly. He gives עמשא three days to muster the army again (they’ve all gone home after Avshalom’s rebellion). But עמשא takes too long, and David asks אבישי (יואב's brother, and another of David’s generals) to assemble הכרתי והפלתי וכל הגברים. Who are the כרתי ופלתי? We’ve seen them before, in the summary of David’s administration at the end of פרק ח:
The Targum assumes they were a military force: the archers and slingers:
Some assume they are names of families who acted as David’s palace guard:
But the gemara says they had a judicial role; they were the “sanhedrin”:
And later, they will be the ones who anoint Shlomo (which also sounds like a judicial role)
So are the כרתי ופלתי military or judicial? Yes. Just as there was no separation between church and state, there was no separation between civil and military leadership, no Posse Comitatus Act. We have the vision of the Sanhedrin as a group of wizened old men sitting in yeshiva, but David’s גיבורים were his תלמידי חכמים. We will discuss this more when we get to פרק כג.
David needs to defeat שבע בן בכרי quickly, when שבע has only a small band of followers.
At this point, it’s a police action, not a war. David wants to nip it in the bud because he realizes that this could be much worse that Avshalom’s rebellion: עתה ירע לנו שבע בן בכרי מן אבשלום. Avshalom would have taken over the kingdom; שבע בן בכרי will break the kingdom apart. We know this because that’s exacly what happened 40+ years later:
And the people use the exact same words as שבע בן בכרי: אין לנו חלק בדוד ולא נחלה לנו בבן ישי איש לאהליו ישראל. This isn’t a literary foreshadowing; this is a quote. This is the same rebellion. David will not end it; he and Shlomo will only suppress it. To get a sense of what the people of ישראל were thinking through all this time, read Brandes’s The Secret Book of Kings again.
חז״ל saw the connection:
So to understand שבע בן בכרי, we have to jump forward to the story of ירבעם בן נבט.
Then we have the story of Rechovam, son of Shlomo, and ירבעם’s successful rebellion, when he declares, מה לנו חלק בדוד. But once he is king of ישראל, he decides he has a problem:
Here we have the connection, that נֶחְלְקָה מַלְכוּת בֵּית דָּוִד leads to עָבְדוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה. But this really only begs the question. Why does ירבעם build עגלי זהב? If there’s anything we learn from Jewish history, it’s that golden calves are a bad idea. And the תרגום קוהלת we quoted above, אִלּוּ הֲוָת בְּיוֹמֵי שֶׁבַע בַּר בִּכְרִי לָא הֲוָת מִתְבְּנֵי בֵּית מוּקְדְּשָׁא עַל עֵסַק עִגְלִין דִּדְהַב דַּעֲבַד יָרָבְעָם, implies that שבע בן בכרי would have also built a golden calf, if only he had survived.
That’s a good question. But first, why a temple in דן, in the far north? We can understand building a pseudo-בית המקדש in בית אל. בית אל has a history. Avraham built a מזבח there:
And Yaakov built a מזבח there (and called it a בית אלקים):
And Rav Medan argues that the משכן in שילה was in fact in בית אל (that שילה was the location just outside of the city of בית אל where Yaakov put his מצבה).
And arguably, Yaakov intended for the permanent בית המקדש to be in בית אל:
I disagree with Rabbi Etshalom’s conclusion; I assume that עד כי יבא שילה ולו יקהת עמים means that יהודה would be the leader until the בית המקדש is built in שילה, and then the nations would flock there (יקהת עמים), ushering in the אחרית ימים. But יהודה would not lose his dominion. However, it is a reasonable interpretation and so ירבעם may be making that argument: moving the ארון to Jerusalem was a mistake, and מלכות בית דוד was never meant to be forever.
We know that Jerusalem as the site of the בית המקדש is never mentioned in the Torah. Determining the מקום אשר יבחר ה׳ is left up to us:
To summarize, I could understand the establishment of a temple in בית אל as a halachic מחלוקת; בית אל certainly has the historic credibility to be the מקום אשר יבחר ה׳. But why another one in דן? And again, why a golden calf? That didn’t work out so well the first time:
ירבעם even uses the same language: ויאמר אלהם רב לכם מעלות ירושלם הנה אלהיך ישראל אשר העלוך מארץ מצרים.
Somehow establishing an alternative בית המקדש means setting up a golden calf, which leads to the עבודה זרה of אלה אלהיך ישראל. The key is to realize that ירבעם establishes two sites, along with multiple בית במות. He is not only rebelling against the king; he is rebelling against the concept of a בית המקדש, of a single national religious center and a single national religion. Rejecting David is rejecting Jerusalem is rejecting the בית המקדש is eventually rejecting הקב״ה Himself.
אל תקרי is also called a תיקון סופרים, which I would not understand as a literal editorial change by later rabbis, but a midrashic statement that the literal text is a euphemism.
And reading איש לאהליו as איש לאלהיו applies to the rebellion of שבע בן בכרי as well:
There is no separation of church and state. ירבעם, and שבע בן בכרי before him were declaring their independence from the national government in Jerusalem, and also declaring that each tribe should be able to serve ה׳ in there own way. There should be multiple ביתי מקדש. איש לאלהיו doesn’t mean that everyone gets their own god; ירבעם isn’t that wrong. איש לאלהיו means everyone can worship the way they want. This is a central theme in Brandes’s book.
But the way they want to serve ה׳ is with a golden calf. We still don’t understand that. We have connected our story in שמואל to מלכים and to שמות. To pull it all together, we need to add one more ingredient from שופטים.
We understand how, midrashically, שבע בן בכרי is נבט, is the father of ירבעם. Brandes takes this literally, but שבע is from בנימן and ירבעם is from אפרים. So I would take it symbolically. The gemara says נבט had a vision of fire coming from his loins but didn’t realize that it would be his son who would be the “fire”. But what does מיכה, the one who built the idol in the end of ספר שופטים, have to do with this? And what does the gemara mean by מיכה שנתמכמך בבנין? The midrash expands:
Sefaria’s translation takes נתמכמך בבנין as being part of the “magic” that created the golden calf:
But Rashi gives it a very strange interpretation (and then gives a very simple פשט understanding of the gemara):
So somehow מיכה, who would later dedicate all his money to establishing a temple to an idol (העוסק בבנין מתמסכן) is tied to חטא העגל, so he is also a “father” of ירבעם. And he is somehow rescued from the bricks of Egypt by Moshe’s misplaced sympathy, and he should have been left in Egypt. It’s all very hard to understand.
We need to look at the story of מיכה.
Note the שמו מיכיהו. We mentioned before the במדבר רבה: הצדיקים שמן קודמם: ושמו אלקנה, ושמו ישי, ושמו בועז, ושמו מרדכי. The implication is that his intentions, at least were good:
We need to emphasize that the עבודה זרה in these cases is not worship of foreign gods; it is foreign worship of G-d. These are idols of הקב״ה: הנה אלהיך ישראל. My niece Ayelet, when she was in high school, was very excited to learn that “G-d had a wife!” She was talking about the fragments discovered at Kuntillet Ajrud in the Sinai, which include references to “Yahweh of Samaria and his Asherah”. Evidently this was a belief that some held.
If I ask a rabbi, “What is Judaism?”, the answer will be “the will of G-d as expressed in the Torah”. If I ask a sociologist, “What is Judaism?”, the answer will be “the religious practices of Jews”. The same thing is true of ancient Israel. We certainly believe that ה׳ wanted the people to serve Him as the Torah prescribes, but the actual religion of the people, their עבודת ה׳, was polytheistic and idolatrous:
Now we understand why ירבעם built a temple in the city of דן; it also had historic credentials, as the temple of פסל מיכה, that lasted כל ימי היות בית האלקים בשלה. In the eyes of the people, during the time of the שופטים, there were two משכנות, both equally valid.
Now,
the text doesn’t describe the פסל מיכה. But we have a hint from the Tanchuma we cited above: חז״ל saw מיכה as the one who determined the form of the עגל הזהב, specifically as the symbol of יוסף. I would assume that his personal idol was something similar. So we need to understand golden calves better.
Generally we would read קמיהם as “their enemies”, but Onkelos translates it as “generations”:
The עגל הזהב would be a problem for the Jews throughout the generations. I will emphasize again that this was never considered to be worship of other gods; it’s bad, but not that bad:
But why a cow? There is a specific symbolism here. When בני ישראל built the original עגל, they had just experienced the direct revelation of the divine, at מעמד הר סיני and before that, at קרעית ים סוף:
We don’t have any way of understanding that level of revelation. But my assumption is that it was some sort of synesthetic experience; that their brains translated the direct knowledge of the divine into a sense experience, what Kant called a phenomenon:
I am assuming that angels are non-corporeal; they don’t have faces and wings. Angels represent the will of ה׳ in the world. But יחזקאל has a vision, and whatever נבואה means, it was similar to בני ישראל above: his brain interpreted it as visual imagery. And the כרובים that carried the מרכבה, the mobile “throne of G-d”, had wings and four faces: human, lion, ox and eagle (technically vulture, but that has the wrong poetic implications in English. ואכמ״ל). יחזקאל calls the angels that carry the מרכבה, כרובים.
So when the people asked אהרן: קום עשה לנו אלהים אשר ילכו לפנינו, the people were looking for something that represented the כרובים that they had experienced. They were not wrong; ה׳ would command them to create an ארון with the representation of כרובים to lead them to ארץ ישראל:
As we’ve said, the כרובים had a number of forms, all of which appeared in the משכן and בית המקדש:
And that is what ירבעם built:
I would argue that if you were looking at them, you would not be able to tell the difference between a כרוב and an עגל. The two terms are an editorial choice. Statues of כרובים are are commanded by ה׳; statues of עגלים are not. אהרון and מיכה and ירבעם weren’t making golden calves; they were making כרובים, just like in the בית המקדש. That is certainly problematic:
But the prohibition of images is not as cut and dried as we might like. There is a spectrum from כרובים (as symbols not of G-d but of the מרכבה, that which carries the שכינה) in the בית המקדש to כרובים in בתי כנסיות and בתי מדרשות to כרובים as symbols of G-d, to idols of G-d, to idols of other gods, to worship of othe gods. Even Artscroll seems to push the envelope:
So why have these dangerous images? I think it is because those four forms are not a coincidence.
The four forms of the כרובים are the symbols of the four camps of בני ישראל. I don’t think the symbols were chosen to match the כרובים; I think the symbols came from יעקב's blessings in פרשת ויחי, and were adopted by the tribes. The visualization of the כרובים does not represent ה׳; the visualization of the כרובים reprents that which carries the מרכבה. They represent us. It’s important that we know that we as human beings have a role in “carrying” the שכינה in the world. We have a place in the קודש הקודשים:
To summarize, the כרובים are symbolic of כנסת ישראל. And specifically, the עגל is a little (I have seen it described as a “user-friendly”, approachable) שור, the symbol of יוסף. As we’ve said, יוסף represents עם ישראל in ארץ ישראל even without דת ישראל. Brandes presents ירעבם's calves in exactly that way; איש לאהליו ישראל and אל תקרי לאהליו אלא לאלהיו doesn’t mean they are worshipping other gods; it means they are choosing their own way to worship ה׳. It’s still עבודה זרה in the sense of “strange service”, but it’s not idol worship. This tendency, to create our own forms of worship, has always been present, בָטֵילִנוּן אַהֲרֹן לַאֲסָבוּתְהוֹן שׁוּם בִּישׁ לְדָרֵיהוֹן. And it’s not all bad. The gemara makes an amazing statement:
As I understand this (based on Rabbi Shulman’s presentation of Rav Medan’s explanation), the temple of פסל מיכה was a model of הכנסת אורכים and מצוות בין אדם לחברו. The משכן in שילה was, to say the least, not (remember the story of Eli’s sons in the beginning of ספר שמואל). The attitude, that only מצוות בין אדם למקום matter, was endemic to משכן שילה:
So there was this split in religious sensibility that mirrored the split that was to come between ממלכת ישראל and ממלכת יהודה (see Let’s Get Together). The עגל הזהב and its thematic decendants represented both the folk religion of Israel, and the people of Israel themselves. But עם ישראל cannot survive without דת ישראל, and דת ישראל cannot survive without עם ישראל. For more than 300 years, there was עבודה זרה at פסל מיכה and עבודה זרה, “strange service, עבודה that does not represent the will of G-d” at משכן שילה. And that was ה׳'s response to the people when they went to pray for victory at the war of פלגש בגבעה: אמר להן הקב״ה בכבודי לא מחיתם. The contrast between the two was a חילול ה׳.
Keeping the Torah is critically important, but it can’t be imposed. We need to at least acknowlege the “folk religion” and demonstrate—through our גמילות חסדים—the value of Torah. יאשיהו notably tried to eliminate the עבודה זרה with his secret police, and it only led to his death:
And so the split of the kingdom leads to עבודה זרה which leads to the total destruction:
And I think this is the message of the midrash that Rashi brings about מיכה's name:
I don’t think ה׳ was saying that those children, crushed in the slavery of Egypt, deserved to die because they would become רשעים. I think this was a test for משה, whether he could be the leader of כנסת ישראל. Would he reject those who were not religiously perfect? If so, he would end up with a nation of one—himself. But he passes the test, and takes all the people who identify with כנסת ישראל, even with their עבודה זרה still in their hands. Because being part of the community is enough to make one part of the Jewish people.
The עקר that keeps him from leaving Egypt is not idolatry but שֶׁהוצִיא אֶת עַצְמו מִן הַכְּלָל.
So in our story, David will fight שבע בן בכרי, and he will win the battle. But it is the wrong approach to the problem, and he will lose the long-term war. He will fail to create a צבור, a community, and the בית המקדש that will be built in his name will be flawed and destined to fall.