At this point, there are four groups that David has to deal with.
His army, who had been loyal to him throughout but felt betrayed by his mourning for Avshalom (he dealt with them in the end of פרק יח).
The people of גלעד, the part of מנשה east of the Jordan, who had protected and sustained him throughout the civil war.
The people of יהודה who were loyal to Avshalom, who had been anointed king in Chevron.
The people of ישראל, the other tribes, who by and large had thrown their lot in with Avshalom.
Group 2 we will see later in this perek. We now turn to group 4 (then group 3).
ישראל in this case is the tribes outside of יהודה. David had united the two halves of the nation 28 years earlier:
But Avshalom found the cracks that had been barely plastered over, and fractured the nation again. After the civil war was over, ישראל realized that they were wrong, and wanted to re-unite. We do not have a record of them saying again, ואתה תהיה לנגיד על ישראל, but the text makes it clear that this must have happened, since David now has to go back to the people of יהודה who had been loyal to Avshalom (group 3).
But notice David’s mistake: he only calls יהודה עצמי ובשרי, where ישראל had previously reminded him עצמך ובשרך אנחנו. He will only plaster over the cracks again.
He then continues to try to unite the nation (and pay Yoav back for his insubordination) by appointing the rebellious general to his staff (עמשא had been Avshalom’s chief of staff):
עמשא is the last of the leaders of the rebellion still alive; Avshalom has been killed, Achitophel committed suicide, and Chushai had been working for David all along.
And now both ישראל and יהודה are loyal to him:
But certainly not to each other (we will see this conflict later in the perek):
And we’ve got another civil war coming up in the next perek. The nation will hold together through the next king, Shlomo, but, as we know, it all falls apart under his son.
I want to look at the conflict between יהודה and ישראל from a theological-literary perspective.
The major tribes in the conflict in ספר בראשית split along maternal lines:
בני לאה
בני רחל
יהודה
יוסף
שמעון
בנימין
לוי
ראובן
But by the time we get to ספר שופטים and ספר שמואל, יהודה has lost all his allies and is facing the rest of “ישראל” alone:
יהודה
ישראל
יהודה
בנימין
יוסף (אפרים ומנשה)
But when the kingdom actually splits in ספר מלכים, בנימין has joined יהודה:
יהודה
ישראל
יהודה
יוסף (אפרים ומנשה)
בנימין
Why the shifting allegiances? Professor Nechama Price has talked about the character of the שבטים are portrayed through תנ״ך, that there are literary roles played by each of the ממלכות. And חז״ל noted a fundamental difference between ממלכת יהודה and ממלכת ישראל:
In short, ממלכת יהודה represents those who keep the מצוות בין אדם למקום. ממלכת ישראל represents those who keep the מצוות בין אדם לחבירו.
Rashi reads Moshe’s blessing as a statement about ה׳'s מלכות. It is תמיד, eternal, if they are באגדה אחת ושלום ביניהם. Rav Eisemann reads the Sifrei as saying there are two conditions for מלכות ה׳: כשעושים רצונו של מקום or שלום ביניהם. The ideal, of course, is both. But each nation could survive.
ה׳ is still מלך תמיד even when we only have אגדה אחת ושלום. יהודה and ישראל were complementary parts of what should have been a single nation. יהודה kept the בית המקדש but their בין אדם לחברו was lacking. ישראל worshiped עבודה זרה but were united and trusted each other. We see this most clearly in עמוס's description of “the last straw” that led to the חורבן of each kingdom:
יוסף historically represented that love of עם ישראל:
There was another aspect of ישראל that was not expressed as strongly in יהודה: love of ארץ ישראל.
In בני עקיבא terms, יהודה had תורת ישראל while ישראל had עם ישראל and ארץ ישראל.
So יהודה, when they settle in ארץ ישראל, loses the loyalty of all the other tribes because יהודה doesn’t feel connected to the rest. That started back in ספר בראשית: (בראשית לח:א) וַיְהִי בָּעֵת הַהִוא וַיֵּרֶד יְהוּדָה מֵאֵת אֶחָיו. And it continues in our perek, with David telling Amasa עצמי ובשרי אתה. And בנימין? How do they end up with יהודה? They should have been the glue that holds everything together. They are בני לאה, allied to יוסף, but are also the seat of the בית המקדש.
And that is my understanding of the נבואה of the split:
I would read the למען ירושלם העיר אשר בחרתי בה מכל שבטי ישראל as a statement about the missing tribe: the tribe of ירושלים, the tribe of בנימין, shall remain neutral, belonging to neither kingdom and shared between them, as Rav Bin Nun described Jerusalem itself: אַל־שבטית ועַל־שבטית. But ירבעם rejects this, and builds himself a couple of golden calves, and בנימין becomes part of יהודה alone.
Splitting the nation means neither side can fulfill the true destiny of becoming a ממלכת כהנים וגוי קדוש. It’s like the classic Star Trek episode:
So David (even while making mistakes) desperately tries to hold them all together.
In that spirit, I want to look at two perakim of תהילים that are addressed specifically to יוסף, and seem to be emphasizing יוסף's place in עם ישראל. They both are למנצח psalms, by אסף.
We have previously looked at Asaf, the leader of the שירת הלויים in Jerusalem (not the Mishkan in Givon). He is called a נביא:
His תהילים are very pointed, message-oriented. Some seem almost political; תהילים עח is almost anti-יוסף:
But these are aimed at bringing יוסף back into the fold.
First, a kabbalistic interlude. The Zohar, naturally, associates the תהילים entitled למנצח with the ספירה called נצח.
נצח has the sense of “eternity”:
And as a ספירה, a manifestation of the divine in the universe, it is connected to חסד:
נצח, as I put all this together, is the manifestation of ה׳‘s חסד through intermediaries, through us. But the ספירות are supposed to be not abstract theological constructs, but inspirations for our own lives. When we do חסד, that is ה׳’s manifestation in נצח but our manifestation of חסד. Human beings manifest נצח by inspiring others to do חסד, by being leaders. Hence the term מנצח, not “victor” but “conductor”. It’s the multilevel marketing scheme of מדה development. And the connection to נצח meaning eternity, is that this ספירה represents the ultimate goal of creation.
We exist to be ה׳'s conduit for חסד, and עדות למנצח means a lesson for those who would be leaders, in the terms of חז״ל, פרנסים לדור.
Let’s see if this all fits into our perakim.
Our first perek is called עדות, a testimony. It is reminding יוסף about their history and destiny. We will see in the next perek that the עדות is the testimony that ה׳ acts through history, and specifically in the life of Yosef himself.
אל ששנים literally means “to the roses”, but at the level of פשט, it’s another musical term that we don’t understand:
But the midrash understands it as a reference to Israel as a whole, an allusion to the metaphor in שיר השירים:
The Targum, corresponding to our understanding of למנצח, understands it as a reference to the Sanhedrin, the בית דין הגדול:
Introduction
The first thing to note is that the psalmist is talking specifically about יוסף, and includes אפרים ובנימן ומנשה. It clearly dates (or is written as though it dates) from before the split in the kingdom.
It is a prayer to רעה ישראל, echoing the blessing to יוסף, משם רעה אבן ישראל.
The prayer is “just as Yosef saved his family, you should save Yosef”.
Refrain
Variations on this line are repeated through the perek, with increasingly elaborate שמות ה׳: אלקים, then אלקים צבאו־ת (twice), then ה׳ אלקים צבאו־ת.
This line is quoted in מגילת איכה:
And here, as there, there is a double meaning of השיבנו:
But I think the spiritual sense (of ה׳ helping our תשובה) fits the meaning better.
Stich One: Prayer
As we quoted above, the divine name of ה׳ אלקים צבאו־ת hints at נצח and הוד, the manifestations of ה׳ in the world through the actions of human beings (his צבאו־ת). אפרים ובנימן ומנשה are צבאו־ת ה׳ and deserve to be redeemed. But now, ה׳ isn’t even listening.
But our suffering is a חילול ה׳ for you:
Refrain
Stich Two: Parable
The parable of the vine comes up multiple times in later נביאים:
And what makes it different from similar parables (for instance, to sheep, רעה ישראל…נהג כצאן) is the explicit connection to the land. Scattered sheep can be brought back; cutting the vine from its roots kills it, and cutting off a branch kills the branch. This is a nation tied to its land: עם ישראל בארץ ישראל. Rav Eisemann, in The Riddle of the Bowing Moon, p. 50, points out that the Ramban connects יוסף in particular to this metaphor.
יוסף is the vine, connected to its land and connected to itself. Asaf complains, not about exile (the vine is not uprooted), but about enemies that plunder and trample it.
Expanded Refrain
In modern Hebrew, אימוץ means “adoption”. You adopted the בן פורת; You have the responsibility to care for him.
Stich Three: Parable plus Prayer
איש ימינך is in this context a reference to בנימין, and בן אדם to יוסף, bringing us back to the beginning of the perek.
Refrain
The other פרק תהילים that addresses יוסף is not a prayer, but a rebuke. We say it as the שיר של יום for Thursday.
The “שבח” of the birds and fish is in their fecundity, and is part of the ברכה of Yosef:
As above, גתית is probably the name of an instrument or a musical style, but Hirsch connects it to “גת”, a winepress, and to the vine metaphor of the previous perek.
The perek starts with a general call to praise ה׳, then turns to ראש השנה:
The only חג that is on a חודש is ראש השנה, which connects to the idea of the יום הדין of משפט לאלקי יעקב. So this perek is also the שיר של יום for ראש השנה:
What is striking is that we are looking at a day of judgement, חק לישראל, but we are singing and celebrating. We approach ראש השנה not in a somber mood, but with joy:
And then we turn to Yosef in Egypt.
עדות ביהוסף שמו means “He [ה׳] placed testimony [literally] in Yosef” by arranging history to make him viceroy of Egypt; this was the עדות of the previous perek. Rav Eisemann suggests that this is the meaning of the extra ה in יהוסף:
Then the text turns to the first person (אשמע). The gemara says the subject of אשמע is Yosef himself:
But Rav Eisemann points out that in the next psukim the subject is clearly ה׳. the first person section is ה׳ speaking. He is explaining the עדות that Yosef embodied: שפת לא ידעתי אשמע. “I listen to the language of ‘לא ידעתי’, ‘I don’t know’.” The language that has no words to express itself is the shofar of ראש השנה.
We, as human beings, need to put things in words, but sometimes that is impossible.
Hirsch translates הסירותי מסבל שכמו; כפיו מדוד תעברנה as cause and effect:
דוּד literally means “breast”.מדוד תעברנה means “to wean”. ה׳ released Yosef from prison, and Israel from bondage, in order to wean them from their focus on the physical world.
ה׳ continues, switching to second person (בצרה קראת ואחלצך) and addressing the contemporary Israel. He reassures us that אענך בסתר רעם. There are many ways of understanding this phrase; Artscroll translates “I answered you with thunder when you hid”, with בסתר referring to Israel and רעם referring to ה׳. Ibn Ezra says both refer to ה׳; He answered publicly from His “hiddenness”. I would read both as referring to Israel; He will answer our “thunderous silence” (another allusion, in my opinion, to the wordless cry of the shofar).
And then the apparently unrelated אבחנך על מי מריבה. There is an earlier (chronologically; it is attributed to Moshe) perek that goes from רינה and מריבה:
But there’s a subtle difference. מסה ומריבה was the place of the first miracle of water from the rock:
מי מריבה was the second water from the rock incident:
So when our pasuk says, אבחנך על מי מריבה, who was ה׳ testing at מי מריבה? It wasn’t בני ישראל; their complaints were legitimate:
Moshe was the one tested, to see if he could be the leader (the מנצח) that the people needed at that moment, and he failed that test. We discussed this at length in פרשת חקת־בלק תש״פ. Our pasuk is in fact a reassurance to the פרנסים of בני ישראל. "Even though I continuously test (אבחנך in the עתיד) you, the leaders of the people, and I know that you will sometimes fail as Moshe did, I will still support you.
Then comes part two of the עדות: our responsibility.
This sounds like a review of the first two דברות:
But our perek doesn’t seem to have anything to do with עבודה זרה; the only hint of anything wrong was Moshe’s getting angry with the people. The gemara says that’s exactly what לא יהיה בך אל זר refers to:
But if we allow our passions to control us, ה׳ will allow that to happen:
And then we have the image of ה׳ talking to Himself:
The idea is that we should בדרכי יהלכו:
Again, the emphasis is not on מצוות בין אדם למקום but on בין אדם לחבירו and מידות.
And the perek ends with a promise: just as ה׳ supported us in the past, so will He continue to do so: