The Givonim demand seven of Saul’s descendants, and David says אני אתן. He will give the Givonim whatever they ask for. But he protects one of Saul’s descendants:
(I would read כי אהבת נפשו אהבו not as “because of his love” but “despite his love”; Yonatan wanted an oath that David would never break and did not rely on their friendship alone).
The contrast here is with Saul: David keeps his שבועה, where Saul breaks the שבועה that בני ישראל had made with the Givonim. But that oath was only with Yonatan and his descendants; the rest of Saul’s family are not under David’s protection. Our perek puts a very different spin on the story that is told in פרק ט:
The gemara has a slightly different interpretation:
And the gemara leaves it at that. In the eyes of the gemara, David solves the trolley problem by putting in back in ה׳'s hands. Whoever the ארון indicates (presumably with the אורים ותומים again) will be given to the Givonim. That has happened before:
But that doesn’t work for charity, and it doesn’t work here.
David is still morally culpable for what happens. The Torah is explicit:
Only G-d’s infinite knowledge allows G-d to “visit the sins of the fathers on the sons”:
What is David doing here?
We have to make a few minor points. First, Michal had no sons:
And she wasn’t married to עדריאל בן ברזלי; her sister was:
So the gemara says that Michal had adopted them:
Second, רצפה בת איה wasn’t Saul’s wife; she was a concubine:
So none of these seven men were in line to inherit the throne from Saul. The only person who was in the line of succession was Yonatan’s son Mephiboshet. The fact that David goes out of his way to save Mephiboshet proves that David isn’t using this famine as an excuse to eliminate the competition.
But major point is the injustice: how could the Givonim demand revenge on the family of Saul, how could David have done this, and how could הקב״ה allow that to happen?
Abarbanel gives the איוב answer: we can’t understand ה׳'s reasons:
Levinas looks at it differently. He focuses initially on the Givonim themselves, and the fact that they are being asked to forgive Israel.
ה׳ didn’t command the death of Saul’s descendants. ה׳ commanded that the injustice done to the Givonim be remedied. How it is remedied is up to the human beings involved, especially the victims themselves. He starts with the gemara in Yoma, about the requirement to ask forgiveness when we offend another, and the requirement to forgive when asked. There is a story about Rav:
If we take the text at face value, the פשט says אשר המית את הגבענים. That is a capital crime, and cannot be appeased by money:
Now והגבענים לא מבני ישראל המה and they are not concerned with the halachic niceties of witnesses, and לֹא יוּמְתוּ אָבוֹת עַל בָּנִים. But Levinas points out that ה׳ still respects that “the right to forgive belongs only to the victim”. And if we accept the interpretation of the בבלי, that מתוך שהרג נוב עיר הכהנים שהיו מספיקין להם מים ומזון, מעלה עליו הכתוב כאילו הרגן, then the Givonim were even more unreasonable, and unjust. But still, ה׳ demands that they be appeased.
And appeasing them publicly declares: We, בני ישראל, were wrong in our injustice to the Givonim. We will pay any price to restore justice. And that is a קידוש ה׳.
But the text emphasizes הגבענים לא מבני ישראל המה. Theirs is not a “Jewish” answer to injustice. And Levinas turns to that side of our story.