So the question we need to answer now is, what did Saul do to the Givonim, why was Israel punished in the time of David, and what does that have to do with פרנסה?
Note the paragraph break in the middle of the pasuk. There is a pause before ויאמר המלך אני אתן. David is aware of the trolley problem here: does he sacrifice seven apparently innocent men (the descendants of Saul, who presumably were not involved in הכתם בקנאתו) to end the drought and save the nation? I would even give David the benefit of the doubt here; the Givonim say אין לנו איש להמית בישראל. Maybe והוקענום לה׳ בגבעת שאול just means to hang them in stocks, to humiliate them? הוקע meaning “hang” occurs one other time in תנ״ך:
The case seems similar: there is ויחר אף ה׳ בישראל, and someone needs to be hanged publicly—הוקע אותם לה׳ נגד השמש—to assuage חרון אף ה׳.
Elsewhere in תנ״ך, the word means “displace”:
So maybe David told himself that the Givonim wouldn’t kill anyone. Human beings are good at denial.
But that is cutting David a little slack. Clearly, the Givonim wanted revenge. What did Saul do, that the Givonim bore a grudge for a generation? The Yerushalmi says he literally killed them, when he had the city of Nov annihilated. The Givonim were (יהושוע ט:כז) חטבי עצים ושאבי מים לעדה; ולמזבח ה׳; they worked in the משכן.
When Saul had his קנאתו לבני ישראל ויהודה (and read that not as “his zealotry on behalf of Israel” but “his jealousy about Israel”) and wiped out the city of נב, the place of the משכן, he also killed some of the Givonim who were there. And Malbim goes further, to explain נשמדנו מהתיצב בכל גבל ישראל:
But why would Saul not be punished himself for such a terrible crime? In addition, I would imagine that we should have some reference to a genocidal war. So the Talmud Bavli proposes a more subtle answer:
And the Malbim expands on that (Malbim thinks Saul literally killed Givonim, but his analysis applies even more if Saul impoverished them):
That is why all of בני ישראל were punished. The Givonim were a despised underclass, oppressed and abused by the Jews. It’s an ugly way to look at our history, but all too realistic. The Givonim are the last of the Canaanites living in the land. There must have been what we would now call “Canaanophobia” against them. Even Joshua, while swearing to protect them, said (יהושוע ט:כג) ועתה ארורים אתם; ולא יכרת מכם עבד וחטבי עצים ושאבי מים לבית אֱלֹקָי. But as long as they were serving לבית אלקי, they had both financial support, פרנסה, and social status. But with the destruction of נב, and the loss of the משכן there, they lost both.
G. K. Chesterton put it harshly (but, I think, accurately) in his criticism of Zionism:
The irony is that Shmuel re-establishes the משכן in the city of גבעון, the historic homeland of the Givonim. And it was a major city:
My hypothesis (for which I have found no support or even mention in other sources) is that Shmuel moved it to גבעון specifically as a כפרה for what happened to the Givonim.
But the worse irony is that this כפרה failed, because גבעון was part of the territory of Binyamin:
And specifically Shaul’s family:
That is part of ויבקש שאול להכתם בקנאתו לבני ישראל ויהודה. In his paranoia, Shaul makes גבעון גבעוני-free. That is what they mean by נשמדנו מהתיצב בכל גבל ישראל, ”we have been displaced from living in the borders of Israel“.
And in Malbim’s reading, that injustice continued to the early days of David, at which time ה׳ decides it has been too long:
ה׳ doesn’t bring this famine in the times of Saul, because the people aren’t strong enough to handle it. I don’t think שפופים and גבורים refer to physical strength, but strength in resources. בימי דוד Israel could handle famine better, because as a nation they were rich. And that is why ה׳ brings the famine then. They could have taken care of the outcasts, the lowest echelons of society, the Givonim. But they didn’t. In Saul’s time they had an excuse: there was constant war and poverty. But David had (Joseph Heller, God Knows, p. 256) “taken a kingdom the size of Vermont, and created an empire as large as the state of Maine”.
And so the מדה כנגד מדה was a drought, so that everyone will feel the hunger that the Givonim are feeling. And David’s reaction was not to support the people, but to focus on building the בית המקדש.
And the בית המקדש cannot be built if the people are hungry:
But there are two parts of the condition: הניח לכם מכל איביכם מסביב and ישבתם בטח. And as Rabbi Eybeschutz said, ישבתם בטח is connected to פרנסה:
Emmanuel Levinas sees where this kind of injustice can lead:
יותר טוב צדקה מבנין בית ה׳. And so ויהי רעב בימי דוד…על אשר המית את הגבענים.
The trolley problem is much worse than we thought. The trolley is barreling down the track toward an unspeakable evil, and ה׳ tells David אל שאול ואל בית הדמים. Does G-d really want to David to pull the lever, to sacrifice seven men to save Israel’s soul?