ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: Hanging in the Balance

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

ืคืจืง ื›ื starts with the pasuk:

ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืจืขื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืณ; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื ื™ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื:ื

And we connected that to the midrash:

ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื›ืฉื‘ื ืจืขื‘ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื• ืžืžื ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ืชืŸ ื•ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื›ืœื•ื.

ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ืจื•ืช ืจืžื– ืชืจื’

So the question we need to answer now is, what did Saul do to the Givonim, why was Israel punished in the time of David, and what does that have to do with ืคืจื ืกื”?

ื‘ ื•ื™ืงืจื ื”ืžืœืš ืœื’ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื”ื; ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืขื ื™ื ืœื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžื” ื›ื™ ืื ืžื™ืชืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืฉื‘ืขื• ืœื”ื ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ืชื ื‘ืงื ืืชื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”ืƒ ื’ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื ื™ื ืžื” ืืขืฉื” ืœื›ื; ื•ื‘ืžื” ืื›ืคืจ ื•ื‘ืจื›ื• ืืช ื ื—ืœืช ื”ืณืƒ ื“ ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืœื• ื”ื’ื‘ืขื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ (ืœื ื•) ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื–ื”ื‘ ืขื ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืขื ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืื™ืฉ ืœื”ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืžื” ืืชื ืืžืจื™ื ืืขืฉื” ืœื›ืืƒ ื” ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื›ืœื ื• ื•ืืฉืจ ื“ืžื” ืœื ื•; ื ืฉืžื“ื ื• ืžื”ืชื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ ื• ื™ื ืชืŸ (ื™ื•ืชืŸ) ืœื ื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ืงืขื ื•ื ืœื”ืณ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจ ื”ืณ;

ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืื ื™ ืืชืŸืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื›ื

Note the paragraph break in the middle of the pasuk. There is a pause before ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ. David is aware of the trolley problem here: does he sacrifice seven apparently innocent men (the descendants of Saul, who presumably were not involved in ื”ื›ืชื ื‘ืงื ืืชื•) to end the drought and save the nation? I would even give David the benefit of the doubt here; the Givonim say ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืื™ืฉ ืœื”ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. Maybe ื•ื”ื•ืงืขื ื•ื ืœื”ืณ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉืื•ืœ just means to hang them in stocks, to humiliate them? ื”ื•ืงืข meaning โ€œhangโ€ occurs one other time in ืชื ืดืš:

ื’ ื•ื™ืฆืžื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื‘ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืจ; ื•ื™ื—ืจ ืืฃ ื”ืณ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ ื“ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืืœ ืžืฉื” ืงื— ืืช ื›ืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืขื ื•ื”ื•ืงืข ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืณ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืžืฉ; ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื—ืจื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื”ืณ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืง ื›ื”

The case seems similar: there is ื•ื™ื—ืจ ืืฃ ื”ืณ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, and someone needs to be hanged publiclyโ€”ื”ื•ืงืข ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืณ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืžืฉโ€”to assuage ื—ืจื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื”ืณ.

ื•ื“ืข ื“ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ ืชืจื’ื โ€ื”ื•ืงืขโ€œ, โ€ืฆืœื™ื‘โ€œ; ื•ืื•ื ืงืœืก ืชืจื’ื โ€ื•ืงื˜ื•ืœโ€œ.

ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื”ืงื‘ืœื”, ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื”:ื“

Elsewhere in ืชื ืดืš, the word means โ€œdisplaceโ€:

ื•ื™ืจื ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœื• ื•ื™ื’ืข ื‘ื›ืฃ ื™ืจื›ื•; ื•ืชืงืข ื›ืฃ ื™ืจืš ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื”ืื‘ืงื• ืขืžื•ืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื‘:ืœื’

So maybe David told himself that the Givonim wouldnโ€™t kill anyone. Human beings are good at denial.

But that is cutting David a little slack. Clearly, the Givonim wanted revenge. What did Saul do, that the Givonim bore a grudge for a generation? The Yerushalmi says he literally killed them, when he had the city of Nov annihilated. The Givonim were (ื™ื”ื•ืฉื•ืข ื˜:ื›ื–)โ€Ž ื—ื˜ื‘ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืฉืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื ืœืขื“ื”; ื•ืœืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืณ; they worked in the ืžืฉื›ืŸ.

ืฉืœื— ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืงืจืืŸ. ืืžืจ ืœื”ื: ืžื” ืœื›ื ื•ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืื•ืœ? ืืžืจื• ืœื•: ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžื™ืช ืžืžื ื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ื˜ื‘ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ื—ื–ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืฉ. ืืžืจ ืœื•ืŸ: ืžื” ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืŸ? ืืžืจื• ืœื™ื”: ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ืื ืฉื™ื.

ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื•:ื–

ืžื” ืœื›ื ื•ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืื•ืœ: ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ืžืชื• ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›ื”ื ื™ ื ื•ื‘ ืขืดื™ ืฉืื•ืœ.

ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื”, ืฉื

When Saul had his ืงื ืืชื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” (and read that not as โ€œhis zealotry on behalf of Israelโ€ but โ€œhis jealousy about Israelโ€) and wiped out the city of ื ื‘, the place of the ืžืฉื›ืŸ, he also killed some of the Givonim who were there. And Malbim goes further, to explain ื ืฉืžื“ื ื• ืžื”ืชื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ:

ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆืื• ืื– ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ื•ื‘, ืฉืขืœ ื–ื” ืืžืจ ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืคืš ืฉืื•ืœ ื›ืืฉ ื—ืžืชื• ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืฆื•ื” ืœื›ืœื•ืชื ืื• ืœื’ืจืฉื ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื ืขื ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืฉืจืชื™ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ื•ื›ื”ื ื™ ื”ืณ, ื•ื”ื’ื ืฉื ืฉื‘ืข ืœื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืชื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ืคืจื• ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžืจื“ื• ื‘ืžืœืš.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื:ื

But why would Saul not be punished himself for such a terrible crime? In addition, I would imagine that we should have some reference to a genocidal war. So the Talmud Bavli proposes a more subtle answer:

ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉื”ืžื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื? ืืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื”ืจื’ ื ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืจ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžื™ื ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืžืขืœื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืจื’ืŸ.

ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืขื—,ื‘

ืืดืจ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ: ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื–ืœ ืืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืฉื•ื” ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื ืฉืžืชื•โ€ฆื•ืื•ืžืจ: ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื.

ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ืงื™ื˜,ื

And the Malbim expands on that (Malbim thinks Saul literally killed Givonim, but his analysis applies even more if Saul impoverished them):

ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื•ืชื ื‘ืงื ืืชื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื”ื’ื ืฉืœื ืงืžื” ืขืฆืชื•, ื‘ื›ืดื– ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ืคืงืจ, ื•ืขืฉื• ื‘ื ืื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื‘ื– ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืœ, ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ื, ืฉืขืœ ื–ื” ืืžืจ ื•ืืฉืจ ื“ืžื” ืœื ื• ื•ื ืฉืžื“ื ื• ืžื”ืชื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืžืœืš ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืฉืช ืชื—ืชื™ื•, ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืžืจื• ืœื”ื ืžืฉื˜ืžืช ืื‘ื™ื”ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื ืŸ ื•ืžืจื—ื ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืขืช ืฉืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ืœื ืฉืžื• ืขืœ ืœื‘ื ืœืชืงืŸ ื”ืขื•ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื ืงืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื–ื•ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื•ื”ื’ื ืฉื›ื”ื ื™ ื”ืณ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ื•ืœืžืื•ื“ื, ื”ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืขืฉืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ืฉืงื™ื”ื ื›ื—, ืื™ืŸ ืžื ื—ื ืœื“ืžืขืชื, ื•ืขืดื› ื—ืจื” ืืฃ ื”ืณ ื‘ืขืžื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“, ื•ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื ืœื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืžืขืฉื” ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืชื—ืœืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•, ื•ื™ืจื ื”ืณ ื•ื™ืจืข ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜, ื•ื™ื‘ื ืจืขื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืœ ืžื˜ื” ืœื—ื ืฉื‘ืจ, ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืฉื‘ืจื• ื”ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื™ ืจืขื‘.

ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืขื‘ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืชืœื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื ืœื‘ืจื›ื”, ื•ื”ื—ื˜ื ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืขืœื” ืขืœ ืœื‘ ืื™ืฉ ืœืชืงื ื•, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ืžืฆืื• ืขื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื—ื˜ื ื‘ืงืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืณ ื•ืฉืืœ ื‘ืื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ืžื™ื.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื:ื

That is why all of ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ were punished. The Givonim were a despised underclass, oppressed and abused by the Jews. Itโ€™s an ugly way to look at our history, but all too realistic. The Givonim are the last of the Canaanites living in the land. There must have been what we would now call โ€œCanaanophobiaโ€ against them. Even Joshua, while swearing to protect them, said (ื™ื”ื•ืฉื•ืข ื˜:ื›ื’)โ€Ž ื•ืขืชื” ืืจื•ืจื™ื ืืชื; ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืจืช ืžื›ื ืขื‘ื“ ื•ื—ื˜ื‘ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืฉืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืึฑืœึนืงึธื™. But as long as they were serving ืœื‘ื™ืช ืืœืงื™, they had both financial support, ืคืจื ืกื”, and social status. But with the destruction of ื ื‘, and the loss of the ืžืฉื›ืŸ there, they lost both.

G. K. Chesterton put it harshly (but, I think, accurately) in his criticism of Zionism:

The true test of Zionism may seem a topsy-turvy test. It will not succeed by the number of successes, but rather by the number of failures, or what the world (and certainly not least the Jewish world) has generally called failures. It will be tested, not by whether Jews can climb to the top of the ladder, but by whether Jews can remain at the bottomโ€ฆ[I]f those they rule and judge are not Jews, then we have not established a commonwealth but only an oligarchy. It is said again that the ancient Jews turned their enemies into hewers of wood and drawers of water. The modern Jews have to turn themselves into hewers of wood and drawers of water. If they cannot do that, they cannot turn themselves into citizens, but only into a kind of alien bureaucratsโ€ฆHence a Jewish state will not be a success when the Jews in it are successful, or even when the Jews in it are statesmen. It will be a success when the Jews in it are scavengers, when the Jews in it are sweeps, when they are dockers and ditchers and porters and hodmen.

G. K. Chesterton, The New Jerusalem, Chapter XIII: The Problem of Zionism

The irony is that Shmuel re-establishes the ืžืฉื›ืŸ in the city of ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ, the historic homeland of the Givonim. And it was a major city:

ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ืฉืžืข ืื“ื ื™ ืฆื“ืง ืžืœืš ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ื›ื™ ืœื›ื“ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืืช ื”ืขื™ ื•ื™ื—ืจื™ืžื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ืœื™ืจื™ื—ื• ื•ืœืžืœื›ื” ื›ืŸ ืขืฉื” ืœืขื™ ื•ืœืžืœื›ื”; ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ื™ืฉื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ืืƒ ื‘ ื•ื™ื™ืจืื• ืžืื“ ื›ื™ ืขื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื›ืื—ืช ืขืจื™ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื”; ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ ื•ื›ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื” ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืƒ

ื™ื”ื•ืฉื•ืข ืคืจืง ื™

My hypothesis (for which I have found no support or even mention in other sources) is that Shmuel moved it to ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ specifically as a ื›ืคืจื” for what happened to the Givonim.

But the worse irony is that this ื›ืคืจื” failed, because ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ was part of the territory of Binyamin:

ื›ื ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ืขืจื™ื ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื; ื™ืจื™ื—ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื’ืœื” ื•ืขืžืง ืงืฆื™ืฅืƒโ€ฆื›ื” ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจืžื” ื•ื‘ืืจื•ืชืƒ

ื™ื”ื•ืฉื•ืข ืคืจืง ื™ื—

And specifically Shaulโ€™s family:

ืœื” ื•ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื™ึฐืขึดื™ืึตืœ; ื•ืฉื ืืฉืชื• ืžืขื›ื”ืƒ ืœื• ื•ื‘ื ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืŸ; ื•ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืงื™ืฉ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื•ื ืจ ื•ื ื“ื‘ืƒ ืœื– ื•ื’ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืื—ื™ื• ื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืงืœื•ืชืƒโ€ฆ

ืœื˜ ื•ื ืจ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืงื™ืฉ ื•ืงื™ืฉ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืฉืื•ืœ; ื•ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื•ืืช ืžืœื›ื™ืฉื•ืข ื•ืืช ืื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ ื•ืืช ืืฉื‘ืขืœืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื˜

ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืื“ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืจืฉืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื ื—ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืœืกืœืง ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื‘ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœืจืฉืช ืืช ื ื—ืœืชื ืฉื ืชืคืกื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื. ืžื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื—:ื›ื˜ ื•ืื™ืœืš, ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื˜:ืœื” ื•ืื™ืœืš) ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ึดื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉืืจ ืขืจื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื, ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ืืช ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ืฆื‘ืื• ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื’ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ื–ื™ืงืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ืœืขื™ืจ ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืื‘ื™ ื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืฉืœื” ื›ืดืื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ" (ื›ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื), ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืฉืขื™ืจ ื–ื• ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื ื—ืœืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืœืชื” ืœื‘ื™ืจื” ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉืื•ืœ.

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื•ื™, ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืโ€”ื—ื•ื˜ื‘ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื ืœืžืฉื›ืŸ

That is part of ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ืชื ื‘ืงื ืืชื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. In his paranoia, Shaul makes ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ โ€Ž ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™-free. That is what they mean by ื ืฉืžื“ื ื• ืžื”ืชื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, โ€we have been displaced from living in the borders of Israelโ€œ.

And in Malbimโ€™s reading, that injustice continued to the early days of David, at which time ื”ืณ decides it has been too long:

[The Midrash is discussing the famine in the days of David]

ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง: ืขืงืจ ืึทื•ึฐืชึผึถื ึฐื˜ึฐื™ึธื [ฮฑแฝฮธฮตฮฝฯ„ฮฏฮฑ, original] ืฉืœื•, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืœ, ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉืื•ืœ ื’ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืงืžื”, ื’ืœื’ืœื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“. ืžืชืœื ืืžืจื™ืŸ: ืฉื™ืœื• ื—ื˜ื ื•ื™ื•ื—ื ื ืžืฉืชืœืžื, ืืชืžื”ื!

Cartoon: Medieval inside jokes
xkcd, Inside Joke

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืœ ืœื–ื’ื’ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืงืคื” ืžืœืื” ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื•ึผื“ึฐื™ึธื˜ึฐืจื•ึผื˜ึดื™ืŸ [diatretum, cut glass bowl], ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืชืœื•ืช ืืช ืงืคืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ืชื“ ื•ืชืงืขื” ื•ื ืชืœื” ื‘ื”, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืœื” ืืช ืงืคืชื•. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœื ื‘ืื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉืคื•ืคื™ื, ืืœื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื’ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœืขืžื“ ื‘ื”ืŸ.

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ื›ื”:ื’

ื”ืณ doesnโ€™t bring this famine in the times of Saul, because the people arenโ€™t strong enough to handle it. I donโ€™t think ืฉืคื•ืคื™ื and ื’ื‘ื•ืจื™ื refer to physical strength, but strength in resources. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ Israel could handle famine better, because as a nation they were rich. And that is why ื”ืณ brings the famine then. They could have taken care of the outcasts, the lowest echelons of society, the Givonim. But they didnโ€™t. In Saulโ€™s time they had an excuse: there was constant war and poverty. But David had (Joseph Heller, God Knows, p. 256) โ€œtaken a kingdom the size of Vermont, and created an empire as large as the state of Maineโ€.

And so the ืžื“ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื“ื” was a drought, so that everyone will feel the hunger that the Givonim are feeling. And Davidโ€™s reaction was not to support the people, but to focus on building the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ.

โ€ฆื›ืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ื›ืฉื‘ื ืจืขื‘ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื• ืžืžื ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ืชืŸ ื•ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื›ืœื•ื.

ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ืจื•ืช ืจืžื– ืชืจื’

And the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ cannot be built if the people are hungry:

ื™ ื•ืขื‘ืจืชื ืืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉื‘ืชื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื›ื ืžื ื—ื™ืœ ืืชื›ื; ื•ื”ื ื™ื— ืœื›ื ืžื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ื™ื›ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืฉื‘ืชื ื‘ื˜ื—ืƒ ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื›ื ื‘ื• ืœืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืžื• ืฉื ืฉืžื” ืชื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืื ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื” ืืชื›ื; ืขื•ืœืชื™ื›ื ื•ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื›ื ืžืขืฉืจืชื™ื›ื ื•ืชืจืžืช ื™ื“ื›ื ื•ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื ื“ืจื™ื›ื ืืฉืจ ืชื“ืจื• ืœื”ืณืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ื™ื‘

ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื‘ ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•; ื•ื”ืณ ื”ื ื™ื— ืœื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ื™ื•ืƒ ื‘ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืืœ ื ืชืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืจืื” ื ื ืื ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืืจื–ื™ื; ื•ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื”ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื–

But there are two parts of the condition: ื”ื ื™ื— ืœื›ื ืžื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ื™ื›ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ and ื™ืฉื‘ืชื ื‘ื˜ื—. And as Rabbi Eybeschutz said, ื™ืฉื‘ืชื ื‘ื˜ื— is connected to ืคืจื ืกื”:

ื•ื ืชื ื” ื”ืืจืฅ ืคืจื™ื” ื•ืื›ืœืชื ืœืฉื‘ืข; ื•ื™ืฉื‘ืชื ืœื‘ื˜ื— ืขืœื™ื”ืƒ

ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื”:ื™ื˜

Emmanuel Levinas sees where this kind of injustice can lead:

The Talmud also knows the fault of Saul toward the Gibeonites, for which we cannot find a trace in the Bible. It would have been an indirect one. In executing the priests of the city of Nov, Saul left the Gibeonites who served them without a means of subsistence. The Midrash affirms that the crime of extermination begins before murders take place, that oppression and economic uprooting already indicate its beginnings, that the laws of Nuremberg already contain the seeds of the horrors of the extermination camps and the โ€œfinal solution.โ€

Emmanuel Levinas, Nine Talmudic Readings, Toward the Other, p. 27

ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฆื“ืงื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืณ. And so ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืจืขื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“โ€ฆืขืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื ื™ื.

The trolley problem is much worse than we thought. The trolley is barreling down the track toward an unspeakable evil, and ื”ืณ tells David ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื. Does G-d really want to David to pull the lever, to sacrifice seven men to save Israelโ€™s soul?