The first of the appendices to ืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื is a tragic story that starts โืืืื ืืืโ:
ืืืื ืจืขื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืฉื ื ืืืจื ืฉื ื ืืืืงืฉ ืืื ืืช ืคื ื ืืณ;
ืืืืืจ ืืณ ืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืื ืขื ืืฉืจ ืืืืช ืืช ืืืืขื ืืื
Who were the Givonim?
ื ืืืฉืื ืืืขืื ืฉืืขื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื ืืืืฉืข ืืืจืืื ืืืขืื ื ืืืขืฉื ืื ืืื ืืขืจืื ืืืืื ืืืฆืืืจื; ืืืงืื ืฉืงืื ืืืื ืืืืืจืืื ืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืืืืงืขืื ืืืฆืจืจืืื ื ืื ืขืืืช ืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืจืืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืช ืขืืืื; ืืื ืืื ืฆืืื ืืืฉ ืืื ื ืงืืืื ื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืฉืข ืื ืืืื ื ืืืืื; ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืืืฉ ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืฅ ืจืืืงื ืืื ื ืืขืชื ืืจืชื ืื ื ืืจืืชืโฆืื ืืืขืฉ ืืื ืืืืฉืข ืฉืืื ืืืืจืช ืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืืชื; ืืืฉืืขื ืืื ื ืฉืืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืืื ืืงืฆื ืฉืืฉืช ืืืื ืืืจื ืืฉืจ ืืจืชื ืืื ืืจืืช; ืืืฉืืขื ืื ืงืจืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืงืจืื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืื ืืืกืขื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืื ืขืจืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืฉื; ืืขืจืืื ืืืขืื ืืืืคืืจื ืืืืจืืช ืืงืจืืช ืืขืจืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืื ื ืฉืืขื ืืื ื ืฉืืื ืืขืื ืืืณ ืืืงื ืืฉืจืื; ืืืื ื ืื ืืขืื ืขื ืื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืืืืืจื ืื ืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืื ืืขืื ืื ืื ื ื ืฉืืขื ื ืืื ืืืณ ืืืงื ืืฉืจืื; ืืขืชื ืื ื ืืื ืื ืืข ืืืืโฆืื ืืืงืจื ืืื ืืืืฉืข ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืืจ; ืืื ืจืืืชื ืืชื ื ืืืืจ ืจืืืงืื ืื ืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืืชื ืืงืจืื ื ืืฉืืืื ืื ืืขืชื ืืจืืจืื ืืชื; ืืื ืืืจืช ืืื ืขืื ืืืืื ืขืฆืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืึฑืึนืงึธืืโฆืื ืืืขืฉ ืืื ืื; ืืืฆื ืืืชื ืืื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืจืืืื ืื ืืืชื ื ืืืืฉืข ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืขืฆืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืขืื; ืืืืืื ืืณ ืขื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืจื
Itโs not clear what ืืืืช ืืช ืืืืขื ืื means; there is no recorded death of Givonim in ืชื ืดื. But (spoiler alert!) the story gets worse from here. Whatever the crime was, the Givonim want revenge, and David hands over almost all of Saulโs surviving descendants. The Givonim kill them all.
Itโs a terrible story. You could read this story as Davidโs Machiavellian plan to eliminate any competition for the throne:
ืืื ืืฆื ืืื ืฉืขืช ืืืฉืจ ืืืืคืืจ ืืฉืจืืื ืืืช ืฉืืื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืขืื ืืื ืขืืืืื ืืจืื ืกืืืื ืชื ืืขืืช ืืจื ืืืจื.
And this is how Yochi Brandes presents the story in The Secret Book of Kings. In fact, one of my complaints about The Secret Book of Kings is that it doesnโt give much time to this story; if you want to portray King David as a heartless monster, you couldnโt do better than this perek. But Brandes only gives two pages to it.
Be that as it may, I think itโs the wrong way to read this perek (as we will see). I would read it as the story of โDavid and the Trolleyโ.
The trolley problem is a thought experiment in ethics about a fictional scenario in which an onlooker has the choice to save 5 people in danger of being hit by a trolley, by diverting the trolley to kill just 1 person. The term is often used more loosely with regard to any choice that seemingly has a trade-off between what is good and what sacrifices are โacceptable,โ if at all.
David will be faced with a choice, between a nation in the grip of a multi-year drought, and seven innocent men. There are wrong ways to approach the question:
But there is no right way. We will look at this perek with the approach of Emmanuel Levinas, in his Nine Talmudic Readings.
The [first] four Talmudic readings brought together in this volume represent the texts of talks delivered between 1963 and 1966 at the Colloquia of Jewish Intellectuals that the French section of the World Jewish Congress has organized in Paris every year since 1957.
โฆIt is certain that, when discussing the right to eat or not to eat โan egg hatched on a holy day,โ or payments owed for โdamages caused by a wild ox,โ the sages of the Talmud are discussing neither an egg nor an ox but are arguing about fundamental ideas without appearing to do so. It is true that one needs to have encountered an authentic Talmudic master to be sure of it.
Levinas was a French philosopher who emphasized our ethical responsibility to โthe Otherโ; we cannot treat others as objects but must respect their own subjective identity. He actually did learn from a mysterious โauthentic Talmudic masterโ:
Monsieur Chouchaniโฆor โShushani,โ is the nickname of an otherwise anonymous and enigmatic Jewish teacher with students in the land of Israel, South America, post-World War II Europe, and elsewhere, including Emmanuel Levinas and Elie Wiesel.
But first we need to look at the story itself. It takes place ืืืื ืืื; it doesnโt say ืืืื ืืืจื ืื. It is not part of the narrative sequence of the previous chapters. We have a similar expression in the beginnings of other books:
ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืคื ืืฉืคืืื ืืืื ืจืขื ืืืจืฅ; ืืืื ืืืฉ ืืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืชื ืืฉื ื ืื ืืื
ืืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืจืืฉ; ืืื ืืืฉืืจืืฉ ืืืื ืืืื ืืขื ืืืฉ ืฉืืข ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืืื ืื
This perek is its own little book, merged into the larger ืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื.
When d0es this story take place? ืกืืจ ืขืืื reads ืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื chronologically, taking this story as happening after ืคืจืง ื, in the last years of Davidโs life. But it is hard to understand why Israel would be punished for Saulโs sin (which we will have to figure out), 30+ years later. So Rabbi Shulman assumes this takes place at the beginning of Davidโs reign, soon after Saulโs death (we still would have to understand why Saul himself wasnโt punished, and why the nation as a whole was punished). This is the opinion of the ืคืจืงื ืืจืื ืืืืขืืจ:
ืจืณ ืคื ืืก ืืืืจ: (ืฉืืฉ ืฉื ืื) [ืืืจื ืฉื ื] ืฉื ืืจื ืฉืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืจืขื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืฉื ืฉื ืื ืฉื ื ืืืจ ืฉื ื, ืฉื ืณ ืืืื ืจืขื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืฉ ืฉื ืื.
The bracketed text is in the hebrewbooks.com edition, which makes more sense to me.
But Abarbanel quotes this same ืคืจืงื ืืจืื ืืืืขืืจ to support the ืกืืจ ืขืืื:
ืืืจ ืจืณ ืคื ืืก: ืืืืจ ืฉืืฉืื ืฉื ื ืฉื ืืจื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืโฆ
There is internal evidence that this ืจืขื took place before Avshalomโs rebellion; as David is running away from Jerusalem, he is cursed by ืฉืืขื ืื ืืจื:
ื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืจืื; ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืฉ ืืืฆื ืืืฉืคืืช ืืืช ืฉืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืขื ืื ืืจื ืืฆื ืืฆืื ืืืงืืื ื ืืืกืงื ืืืื ืื ืืช ืืื ืืืช ืื ืขืืื ืืืื ืืื; ืืื ืืขื ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืฉืืืืื ื ืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืขื ืืงืืื; ืฆื ืฆื ืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืืืืขืื ื ืืฉืื ืขืืื ืืณ ืื ืืื ืืืช ืฉืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืช ืชืืชื ืืืชื ืืณ ืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืื ื; ืืื ื ืืจืขืชื ืื ืืืฉ ืืืื ืืชืื
โฆืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืื ืขืืืื ืื ื ืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืฆื ืืืขื ืืืงืฉ ืืช ื ืคืฉื; ืืืฃ ืื ืขืชื ืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืื ืื ืืืงืื ืื ืืืจ ืื ืืณื ืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืณ ืืขืื ื (ืืขืื ื); ืืืฉืื ืืณ ืื ืืืื ืชืืช ืงืืืชื ืืืื ืืืื
Why would ืฉืืขื blame David for ืืื ืืืช ืฉืืื? And David doesnโt protest; he says ืฉืืขื is right. David wasnโt responsible for the death of Saul and his sons in battle; that was the Philistines. And Saulโs son Ishboshet was killed by his own men; David had the assassins publicly killed. But (spoiler alert!) in this story, ืฉืืืื ื ืคืจืง ืื, David will tragically be directly responsible for the death of almost all Saulโs descendants.
I presented my opinion about the chronology of this ืจืขื ืฉืืฉ ืฉื ืื when we looked at ืฉืืืื ื ืคืจืง ื in Once Upon a Midnight Dreary. I will restate that here.
There is a paragraph break in our pasuk: ืืืืงืฉ ืืื ืืช ืคื ื ืืณ, then a break, then ืืืืืจ ืืณ. There was a gap between the time David started looking for a reason for the drought, and ืืณ's final answer.
ืืืืงืฉ ืืื ืืช ืคื ื ืืณ: ืืื ืืื? ืืืจ ืจืืฉ ืืงืืฉ ืฉืฉืื ืืืืจืื ืืชืืืื.
But the ืืืจืื ืืชืืืื donโt necessarily give explicit responses. ืืณ wants us to think about the consequences of our own behavior, not look for magical answers. We have multiple examples when the ืืืจืื ืืชืืืื are misleading:
ืื ืืืงืื ืืืขืื ืืืช ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืงืื ืืืืืจื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืขืื ืื ื ืืชืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืื ื ืื ืืื; ืืืืืจ ืืณ ืืืืื ืืชืืืื ืื ืืืงืืื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืงืจ; ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืืขืืโฆืื ืืืฆืื ืื ื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืขื; ืืืฉืืืชื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืื ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืฃ ืืืฉ ืืจืฆืื
ื ืืื ืืื ืืกืืจ ืืฉืจ ืจืืืชืื ืืกืคืจ โืงืื ืืืืืโ ืืืืจืดื ืืืืื ื:
โฆืืืฉืจ ืขืื ืชืื ืขื ืื ืฉืื ื ืืชืคืืืช ืืืืฉ, ืฉืื ืืืืจืื ืืชืืืื ืฉืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืชืืืช โืโ, โืโ, โืฉโ, โืจโ. ืืขืช ืืืงืื ืืืื ืืช ืื ื ืขื ืืื ืฆืืจืืฃ ืืืืชืืืช ืืืืื โืืฉืจืโ ืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืขื ืืื ืฆืืจืืฃ ืืืืชืืืช ืืืืื โืฉืืจืโ.
And this seems to be another example of this: even when he gets an answer, itโs not clear: ืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืื, โLook at Saul and the house of bloodโ, ืขื ืืฉืจ ืืืืช ืืช ืืืืขื ืื, โbecause he killed the Givonimโ. What does that mean?
The gemara says that the process of looking for an answer was just that, a process:
ืืืื ืจืขื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืฉื ื ืืืจ ืฉื ื: ืฉื ื ืจืืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืืื: ืฉืื ืขืืืื (ืขืืืืช ืืืืืื) [ืขืืืื ืืจื] ืืฉ ืืื ืืืชืื (ืืืจืื ืื:ืื-ืื) ืึทืขึฒืึทืึฐืชึผึถื ืึฑืึนืึดืื ืึฒืึตืจึดืื ืึฐืึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทืึฒืึดืืชึถื ืึธืึถืื ืึฐืึธืจึธื ืึทืฃ ืืณ ืึผึธืึถื ืึฐืขึธืฆึทืจ ืึถืช ืึทืฉืึผึธืึทืึดื ืึฐืึนื ืึดืึฐืึถื ืึธืึธืจ ืืืืณ? ืืืงื ืืื ืืฆืื.
ืฉื ืื, ืืืจ ืืื ืฉืื ืขืืืจื ืขืืืจื ืืฉ ืืื ืืืชืื (ืืจืืืื ื:ื) ืึทืึผึดืึผึธื ึฐืขืึผ ืจึฐืึดืึดืื ืึผืึทืึฐืงืึนืฉื ืืึนื ืึธืึธื ืึผืึตืฆึทื ืึดืฉืึผึธื ืืึนื ึธื ืืืืณ? ืืืงื ืืื ืืฆืื.
ืฉืืืฉืืช, ืืืจ ืืื: ืฉืื ืคืืกืงื ืฆืืงื ืืจืืื ืืฉ ืืื ืืืื ื ืืชื ืื ืืืชืื (ืืฉืื ืื:ืื) ื ึฐืฉืึดืืึดืื ืึฐืจืึผืึท ืึฐืึถืฉืึถื ืึธืึดื ืึดืืฉื ืึดืชึฐืึทืึผึตื ืึผึฐืึทืชึผึทืช ืฉืึธืงึถืจ? ืืืงื ืืื ืืฆืื.
ืืืจ: ืืื ืืืืจ ืชืืื ืืื ืื.
Rabbi Yehonasan Eybeschutz connected this to two other midrashim:
ื ืืืจ (ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืื:ืื): ืึฐืึดื ึตึผื ืึฐืขึธื ึฐืึดื ืึฒืึดืื ืึนืชึดื ืึฐืึตืืช ืืณ ืึธืึธื ืึดึผืึธึผืจึดืื ืึตืึธื ืึถืึถืฃ ืืืืณ. ืืื ืขื ื ืืงืืืฉ ืื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืกืฃ? ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืจื ืืื ืืช ืืืืช ืืฉืืืื ืขืืื ืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืืกืฃ ืืืืื ืืื ืืืงืืืฉื ืืืืช ืืืงืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืจืขื ืฉืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืงืฉื ืืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ืืื ืจืฆื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืื. ืืืจ ืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื: ืื ืงืืืช ืขืืื ืืืืืืช ืื ื ืคืฉืืช? ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืงืืฉ ื ืื ื ืขื ืืื, ืืื ืขื ืืื ืฉืืื.
ืืืจ ืจื ืืื ืืจ ืืืื ื ืืืจ ืจืื ืฉืืขืื ืืกืืื: ืื ืืจ ืืื ืชืืื ืืืขืื ืืืืชื ืฉื ืืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืืืข ืืฆืืช ืืืื ืื ืจืื ืฆืคืื ืืช ืื ืืฉืืช ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืื ืขืืื ืืขืืกืง ืืชืืจื ืขื ืฉืขืื ืขืืื ืืฉืืจ.
ืืืื ืฉืขืื ืขืืื ืืฉืืจ ื ืื ืกื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืฆืื, ืืืจื ืื: ืืืื ืื ื ืืืื, ืขืื ืืฉืจืื ืฆืจืืืื ืคืจื ืกื. ืืืจ ืืื: ืืื ืืืชืคืจื ืกื ืื ืืื. ืืืจื ืื: ืืื ืืงืืืฅ ืืฉืืืข ืืช ืืืจื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืชืืื ืืืืืืชื. ืืืจ ืืื: ืืื ืืคืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืื ืืืขืฆืื ืืืืืชืืคื ืื ืืืืื ืืกื ืืืจืื, ืืฉืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืชืืืื.
There was a point in time when, every morning, the leaders of the people would tell David, ืขืื ืืฉืจืื ืฆืจืืืื ืคืจื ืกื. And he would tell them: ืืื ืืคืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืืื. Go out to war; plunder other nations. Donโt ask me for money. That point in time must have been a time of famine, a time of drought. And the only drought we know about is the one in our perek.
ืขื ืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืืข ืื ืฉืืชืื ืืืดื ืืฉืขืื ืขืืื ืืฉืืจ ื ืื ืกื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืื โืขืื ืืฉืจืื ืฆืจืืืื ืคืจื ืกืโ. ืืืจ โืคืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืืืโ. ืืืฉ ืืืืื ืื ืืืงืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืฉืจืื ืฆืจืืืื ืคืจื ืกื. ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืืจืฉ: โืืื ื ืืขื ืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืืฃ ืืืคืื ืืื ืจื ืืืโ. ืืื ืืฉ ืืขื ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืฃ ืืืคืื ืืื ืจื ืืื? ืืื ืืฉืืจื ืืืืืช ืืฉืืืื ืขืืื ืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืกืฃ ืืืื, ืืืื ืืคืจืืฉื ืืื ืื ืืืืดืง. ืืืฉืืื ืจืขื ืืืจืฅ ืื ืคืชื ืืืฆืจืืช ืืืืื ืขื ืืื. ืืืื ืงืฆืฃ ืขืืื ืืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืฆืืงื ืืื ืื ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ. ืืืื ืืชื ืื ืชืื ื ืืืืณ.
ืื ืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืฉืืงืฉื ืฉืืชื ืืขื ืืื ืืืืกืฃ ืืืื ืืืื, ืืืื ืืืจื ืื ืขืื ืืฉืจืื ืฆืจืืืื ืคืจื ืกื ืืคืชื ืืชื. ืืืื ืืืื ืืชืช ืืฆืื ืืืืื. ืืืดื ืืจืื ืืืืืืช ืจืฉืืช ืฉื ืขืฉื ืืฉืืื ืคืจื ืกืช ืขื ืืื, ืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืชืงื ืืคืชืื ืืืฆืจืืช ืืืืื ืื ืืืืช ืืณ. ืืืื ืคืืณ ืืคืกืืง โืืืื ืืจืื ืฉืคืืชโ ืื ืึธืึทืึฐืชึผึธ ืืืืืช ืจืฉืืช ืืื ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืื ืืื ืื ืืคืจื ืก ืื ืืืืฆืจืืช ืืืช ืงืืฆืช ืืฉืื ืืฆืืงื. ืืืขื ืืื ืืื ืขืืืคืื ืืจืขื ืขื ืขืืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืื ืกืืื ืืืืง ืืืืฅ. ืืืื ืืชื ืื ืชืื ื ืืืืช ืื ื ืืืจ ืืืณ ืฆืืงื ืืื ืื ืืืช, ืืืื ืืืจืชื ืืจื ืืืฆื (ืืืงืจื ืื:ื-ื) ืึทืึฒืึทืึฐืชึผึถื ืึทืึฐืึฐืึถื ืึธืฉืึนืึทืข [ืึดืืฉืึทืึฐืชึผึถื ืึธืึถืึทื ืึผึฐืึทืจึฐืฆึฐืึถื] ืึฐื ึธืชึทืชึผึดื ืฉืึธืืึนื ืึผึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ืื ืืืฉืจ ืื ืืื ืืขื ืืฉืจืื ืคืจื ืกื ืคืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืืดื ืืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืข ืฉืื ืืืกืจ ืืืืื ืืดื ืืื ืฆืืจื ืืืืืื ืื ืชืชื ืฉืืื ืืืจืฅ. ืืื ื ืฉืืข ืืื ืื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืฆืืงื ืืื ืื ืืืช ืืณ.
So Rabbi Eybeschutz claims the drought of our perek is contemporary with Davidโs ืืืืืืช ืจืฉืืช, which are described in ืคืจืง ื. And this makes sense, since after the drought we will see (ืฉืืืื ื ืื:ื)โ ืืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืคืืืฉืช ืื ืืืื ืชื ืื ืฉืืื; ืขื ืฉืืขืช ืืณ ืืฉืจ ืืื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืื ืฉืืื, and after the wars of ืคืจืง ื the text has the story of ืืคืืืฉืช in ืคืจืง ื:โ ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืคืก ืขืื ืืืฉ ืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืขืฉื ืขืื ืืกื ืืืงืืโฆืืืื ืืคืืืฉืช ืื ืืืื ืชื ืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืื.
So I would place the ืจืขื ืฉืืฉ ืฉื ืื in the period of time before the affair with Bat Sheva, when David is engaged in expanding his empire. He is focused not on his glory but on ืืืื ืืณ, planning for the future ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ. But he is not thinking about what the people need. As he is seeking the possible spiritual causes for the drought, he narrows it down to a problem of ืคืืกืงื ืฆืืงืโฆืืืื ื ืืชื ืื, then ืืื ืืืืจ ืชืืื ืืื ืื. And he is given an answer: ืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืื ืขื ืืฉืจ ืืืืช ืืช ืืืืขื ืื.
And how that connects to the problem of ืขืื ืืฉืจืื ืฆืจืืืื ืคืจื ืกื we will have to see.