ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: David and the Trolley

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

The first of the appendices to ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ is a tragic story that starts โ€œื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“โ€:

ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืจืขื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืณ;
ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื ื™ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื:ื

Who were the Givonim?

ื’ ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขื• ืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืœื™ืจื™ื—ื• ื•ืœืขื™ืƒ ื“ ื•ื™ืขืฉื• ื’ื ื”ืžื” ื‘ืขืจืžื” ื•ื™ืœื›ื• ื•ื™ืฆื˜ื™ืจื•; ื•ื™ืงื—ื• ืฉืงื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื ืœื—ืžื•ืจื™ื”ื ื•ื ืื“ื•ืช ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืงืขื™ื ื•ืžืฆืจืจื™ืืƒ ื” ื•ื ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื˜ืœืื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื; ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื ืฆื™ื“ื ื™ื‘ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื ืงื“ื™ืืƒ ื• ื•ื™ืœื›ื• ืืœ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืืœ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ; ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืืœื™ื• ื•ืืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืืจืฅ ืจื—ื•ืงื” ื‘ืื ื• ื•ืขืชื” ื›ืจืชื• ืœื ื• ื‘ืจื™ืชืƒโ€ฆื˜ื• ื•ื™ืขืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื™ื›ืจืช ืœื”ื ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืชื; ื•ื™ืฉื‘ืขื• ืœื”ื ื ืฉื™ืื™ ื”ืขื“ื”ืƒ ื˜ื– ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืžืงืฆื” ืฉืœืฉืช ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืืฉืจ ื›ืจืชื• ืœื”ื ื‘ืจื™ืช; ื•ื™ืฉืžืขื• ื›ื™ ืงืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืืœื™ื• ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ื• ื”ื ื™ืฉื‘ื™ืืƒ ื™ื– ื•ื™ืกืขื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ืืœ ืขืจื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™; ื•ืขืจื™ื”ื ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ืคื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ืืจื•ืช ื•ืงืจื™ืช ื™ืขืจื™ืืƒ ื™ื— ื•ืœื ื”ื›ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ ื ืฉื‘ืขื• ืœื”ื ื ืฉื™ืื™ ื”ืขื“ื” ื‘ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ื™ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืขื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื™ืืƒ ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื™ื ืืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื“ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉื‘ืขื ื• ืœื”ื ื‘ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ืขืชื” ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื’ืข ื‘ื”ืืƒโ€ฆื›ื‘ ื•ื™ืงืจื ืœื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื ืœืืžืจ; ืœืžื” ืจืžื™ืชื ืืชื ื• ืœืืžืจ ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ืžืื“ ื•ืืชื ื‘ืงืจื‘ื ื• ื™ืฉื‘ื™ืืƒ ื›ื’ ื•ืขืชื” ืืจื•ืจื™ื ืืชื; ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืจืช ืžื›ื ืขื‘ื“ ื•ื—ื˜ื‘ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืฉืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืึฑืœึนืงึธื™ืƒโ€ฆื›ื• ื•ื™ืขืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ืŸ; ื•ื™ืฆืœ ืื•ืชื ืžื™ื“ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื ื”ืจื’ื•ืืƒ ื›ื– ื•ื™ืชื ื ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื—ื˜ื‘ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืฉืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื ืœืขื“ื”; ื•ืœืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืณ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื—ืจืƒ

ื™ื”ื•ืฉื•ืข ืคืจืง ื˜

Itโ€™s not clear what ื”ืžื™ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื ื™ื means; there is no recorded death of Givonim in ืชื ืดืš. But (spoiler alert!) the story gets worse from here. Whatever the crime was, the Givonim want revenge, and David hands over almost all of Saulโ€™s surviving descendants. The Givonim kill them all.

Itโ€™s a terrible story. You could read this story as Davidโ€™s Machiavellian plan to eliminate any competition for the throne:

ื“ื•ื“ ืžืฆื ื›ืืŸ ืฉืขืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืœืœื™ื ืœืจื›ื– ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืจื™ ื•ืžืจื“.

ืฉ. ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืžืงืจืื™ืช ื‘:636, ื“ื•ื“, ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ึพื”ืจื‘ ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืง, ื”ืื ืฆื“ืง ื“ื•ื“ ื›ืฉืžืกืจ ืœื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื ืืช ืฆืืฆืื™ ืฉืื•ืœ?

And this is how Yochi Brandes presents the story in The Secret Book of Kings. In fact, one of my complaints about The Secret Book of Kings is that it doesnโ€™t give much time to this story; if you want to portray King David as a heartless monster, you couldnโ€™t do better than this perek. But Brandes only gives two pages to it.

Be that as it may, I think itโ€™s the wrong way to read this perek (as we will see). I would read it as the story of โ€œDavid and the Trolleyโ€.

The trolley problem is a thought experiment in ethics about a fictional scenario in which an onlooker has the choice to save 5 people in danger of being hit by a trolley, by diverting the trolley to kill just 1 person. The term is often used more loosely with regard to any choice that seemingly has a trade-off between what is good and what sacrifices are โ€œacceptable,โ€ if at all.

Next Stop: โ€˜Trolley Problemโ€™

David will be faced with a choice, between a nation in the grip of a multi-year drought, and seven innocent men. There are wrong ways to approach the question:

xkcd's approach to the trolley problem

xkcd, Trolley Problem

But there is no right way. We will look at this perek with the approach of Emmanuel Levinas, in his Nine Talmudic Readings.

The [first] four Talmudic readings brought together in this volume represent the texts of talks delivered between 1963 and 1966 at the Colloquia of Jewish Intellectuals that the French section of the World Jewish Congress has organized in Paris every year since 1957.

โ€ฆIt is certain that, when discussing the right to eat or not to eat โ€œan egg hatched on a holy day,โ€ or payments owed for โ€œdamages caused by a wild ox,โ€ the sages of the Talmud are discussing neither an egg nor an ox but are arguing about fundamental ideas without appearing to do so. It is true that one needs to have encountered an authentic Talmudic master to be sure of it.

Emmanuel Levinas, Nine Talmudic Readings, Introduction, pp. 3-4

Levinas was a French philosopher who emphasized our ethical responsibility to โ€œthe Otherโ€; we cannot treat others as objects but must respect their own subjective identity. He actually did learn from a mysterious โ€œauthentic Talmudic masterโ€:

Monsieur Chouchaniโ€ฆor โ€œShushani,โ€ is the nickname of an otherwise anonymous and enigmatic Jewish teacher with students in the land of Israel, South America, post-World War II Europe, and elsewhere, including Emmanuel Levinas and Elie Wiesel.

Wikipedia, Monsieur Chouchani

But first we need to look at the story itself. It takes place ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“; it doesnโ€™t say ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ. It is not part of the narrative sequence of the previous chapters. We have a similar expression in the beginnings of other books:

ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ; ื•ื™ืœืš ืื™ืฉ ืžื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื“ื™ ืžื•ืื‘ ื”ื•ื ื•ืืฉืชื• ื•ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื•ืƒ

ืจื•ืช ื:ื

ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืื—ืฉื•ืจื•ืฉ; ื”ื•ื ืื—ืฉื•ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืœืš ืžื”ื“ื• ื•ืขื“ ื›ื•ืฉ ืฉื‘ืข ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžืื” ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืƒ

ืืกืชืจ ื:ื

This perek is its own little book, merged into the larger ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ.

When d0es this story take place? ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื reads ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ chronologically, taking this story as happening after ืคืจืง ื›, in the last years of Davidโ€™s life. But it is hard to understand why Israel would be punished for Saulโ€™s sin (which we will have to figure out), 30+ years later. So Rabbi Shulman assumes this takes place at the beginning of Davidโ€™s reign, soon after Saulโ€™s death (we still would have to understand why Saul himself wasnโ€™t punished, and why the nation as a whole was punished). This is the opinion of the ืคืจืงื™ ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ:

ืจืณ ืคื ื—ืก ืื•ืžืจ: (ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื) [ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื”] ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ื‘ื ืจืขื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื”, ืฉื ืณ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืจืขื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.

The bracketed text is in the hebrewbooks.com edition, which makes more sense to me.

ืคืจืงื™ ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ (ื”ื™ื’ืจ)โ€”โ€ื—ื•ืจื‘โ€œ ืคืจืง ื™ื–

But Abarbanel quotes this same ืคืจืงื™ ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ to support the ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื:

ืืžืจ ืจืณ ืคื ื—ืก: ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื•โ€ฆ

ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื›ื:ื

There is internal evidence that this ืจืขื‘ took place before Avshalomโ€™s rebellion; as David is running away from Jerusalem, he is cursed by ืฉืžืขื™ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื:

ื” ื•ื‘ื ื”ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ืขื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื; ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืฉื ืื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืฉืžื• ืฉืžืขื™ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื ื™ืฆื ื™ืฆื•ื ื•ืžืงืœืœืƒ ื• ื•ื™ืกืงืœ ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ื ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“; ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ื ื• ื•ืžืฉืžืืœื•ืƒ ื– ื•ื›ื” ืืžืจ ืฉืžืขื™ ื‘ืงืœืœื•; ืฆื ืฆื ืื™ืฉ ื”ื“ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ืœื™ืขืœืƒ ื— ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ืš ื”ืณ ื›ืœ ื“ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ืืฉืจ ืžืœื›ืช ืชื—ืชื• ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืณ ืืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื“ ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื ืš; ื•ื”ื ืš ื‘ืจืขืชืš ื›ื™ ืื™ืฉ ื“ืžื™ื ืืชื”ืƒ

โ€ฆื™ื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœ ืื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื•ืืœ ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ื”ื ื” ื‘ื ื™ ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื ืžืžืขื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื ืคืฉื™; ื•ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืขืชื” ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื—ื• ืœื• ื•ื™ืงืœืœ ื›ื™ ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืณืƒ ื™ื‘ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืจืื” ื”ืณ ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ (ื‘ืขื™ื ื™); ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืณ ืœื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืชื—ืช ืงืœืœืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื˜ื–

Why would ืฉืžืขื™ blame David for ื“ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืื•ืœ? And David doesnโ€™t protest; he says ืฉืžืขื™ is right. David wasnโ€™t responsible for the death of Saul and his sons in battle; that was the Philistines. And Saulโ€™s son Ishboshet was killed by his own men; David had the assassins publicly killed. But (spoiler alert!) in this story, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื›ื, David will tragically be directly responsible for the death of almost all Saulโ€™s descendants.

I presented my opinion about the chronology of this ืจืขื‘ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื when we looked at ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื˜ in Once Upon a Midnight Dreary. I will restate that here.

There is a paragraph break in our pasuk: ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืณ, then a break, then ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ. There was a gap between the time David started looking for a reason for the drought, and ื”ืณ's final answer.

ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืณ: ืžืื™ ื”ื™ื? ืืžืจ ืจื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ืฉ ืฉืฉืืœ ื‘ืื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ืžื™ื.

ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืขื—,ื‘

But the ืื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ืžื™ื donโ€™t necessarily give explicit responses. ื”ืณ wants us to think about the consequences of our own behavior, not look for magical answers. We have multiple examples when the ืื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ืžื™ื are misleading:

ื™ื— ื•ื™ืงืžื• ื•ื™ืขืœื• ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ื•ื™ืฉืืœื• ื‘ืืœืงื™ื ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื™ ื™ืขืœื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืชื—ืœื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื—ืœื”ืƒ ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ืงื•ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื‘ืงืจ; ื•ื™ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื”ืƒโ€ฆื›ื ื•ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื”; ื•ื™ืฉื—ื™ืชื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ืืœืฃ ืื™ืฉ ืืจืฆื”ืƒ

ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืคืจืง ื›

ื ื‘ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ืจืื™ืชื™ื• ื‘ืกืคืจ โ€ืงื•ืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•โ€œ ืœื”ื’ืจืดื ืžื•ื™ืœื ื:

โ€ฆื›ืืฉืจ ืขืœื™ ืชืžื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื—ื ื” ืžืชืคืœืœืช ื‘ืœื—ืฉ, ืฉืืœ ื‘ืื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœืคืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ืœื˜ ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช โ€ื”โ€œ, โ€ื›โ€œ, โ€ืฉโ€œ, โ€ืจโ€œ. ื›ืขืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืืช ื—ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื” โ€ื›ืฉืจื”โ€œ ื”ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืœื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื” โ€ืฉื›ืจื”โ€œ.

ื ืชืŸ ืงืœืจ, ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ: ื”ืื ื—ื ื” ืฉืชืชื”

And this seems to be another example of this: even when he gets an answer, itโ€™s not clear: ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื, โ€œLook at Saul and the house of bloodโ€, ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื ื™ื, โ€œbecause he killed the Givonimโ€. What does that mean?

The gemara says that the process of looking for an answer was just that, a process:

ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืจืขื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื”: ืฉื ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืžืจ ืœื”ื: ืฉืžื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ (ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื) [ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”] ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื:ื˜ื–-ื™ื–) ื•ึทืขึฒื‘ึทื“ึฐืชึผึถื ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืึฒื—ึตืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทื—ึฒื•ึดื™ืชึถื ืœึธื”ึถืืƒ ื•ึฐื—ึธืจึธื” ืึทืฃ ื”ืณ ื‘ึผึธื›ึถื ื•ึฐืขึธืฆึทืจ ืึถืช ื”ึทืฉืึผึธืžึทื™ึดื ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืžึธื˜ึธืจ ื•ื’ื•ืณ? ื‘ื“ืงื• ื•ืœื ืžืฆืื•.

ืฉื ื™ื”, ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืฉืžื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื’:ื’) ื•ึทื™ึผึดืžึผึธื ึฐืขื•ึผ ืจึฐื‘ึดื‘ึดื™ื ื•ึผืžึทืœึฐืงื•ึนืฉื ืœื•ึนื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื•ึผืžึตืฆึทื— ืึดืฉืึผึธื” ื–ื•ึนื ึธื” ื•ื’ื•ืณ? ื‘ื“ืงื• ื•ืœื ืžืฆืื•.

ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืืžืจ ืœื”ื: ืฉืžื ืคื•ืกืงื™ ืฆื“ืงื” ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ื™ืŸ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืžืฉืœื™ ื›ื”:ื™ื“) ื ึฐืฉื‚ึดื™ืึดื™ื ื•ึฐืจื•ึผื—ึท ื•ึฐื’ึถืฉืึถื ืึธื™ึดืŸ ืึดื™ืฉื ืžึดืชึฐื”ึทืœึผึตืœ ื‘ึผึฐืžึทืชึผึทืช ืฉืึธืงึถืจ? ื‘ื“ืงื• ื•ืœื ืžืฆืื•.

ืืžืจ: ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ืืœื ื‘ื™.

ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืขื—,ื‘

Rabbi Yehonasan Eybeschutz connected this to two other midrashim:

ื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื›ื‘:ื™ื“): ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึตึผื” ื‘ึฐืขึธื ึฐื™ึดื™ ื”ึฒื›ึดื™ื ื•ึนืชึดื™ ืœึฐื‘ึตื™ืช ื”ืณ ื–ึธื”ึธื‘ ื›ึดึผื›ึธึผืจึดื™ื ืžึตืึธื” ืึถืœึถืฃ ื•ื’ื•ืณ. ื•ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ ืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื›ืกืฃ? ืืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ืจื’ ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื›ืฉื‘ื ืจืขื‘ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื• ืžืžื ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ืชืŸ ื•ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื›ืœื•ื. ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื: ืœื ืงื‘ืœืช ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื ืคืฉื•ืช? ื—ื™ื™ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ืš, ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœืžื”.

ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ืจื•ืช ืจืžื– ืชืจื’

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ืื—ื ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื–ื ื ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื—ืกื™ื“ื: ื›ื ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื—ืฆื•ืช ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื ืจื•ื— ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื• ื•ืžื ื’ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•, ืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื•ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืขื“ ืฉืขืœื” ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื—ืจ.

ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœื” ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื ื›ื ืกื• ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฆืœื•, ืืžืจื• ืœื•: ืื“ื•ื ื™ื ื• ื”ืžืœืš, ืขืžืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืคืจื ืกื”. ืืžืจ ืœื”ื: ืœื›ื• ื•ื”ืชืคืจื ืกื• ื–ื” ืžื–ื”. ืืžืจื• ืœื•: ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืžืฅ ืžืฉื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืืจื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชืžืœื ืžื—ื•ืœื™ืชื•. ืืžืจ ืœื”ื: ืœื›ื• ื•ืคืฉื˜ื• ื™ื“ื™ื›ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ื“. ืžื™ื“ ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ืื—ื™ืชื•ืคืœ ื•ื ืžืœื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ื•ืฉื•ืืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ืžื™ื.

ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื’,ื‘

There was a point in time when, every morning, the leaders of the people would tell David, ืขืžืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืคืจื ืกื”. And he would tell them: ืœื›ื• ื•ืคืฉื˜ื• ื™ื“ื™ื›ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ื“. Go out to war; plunder other nations. Donโ€™t ask me for money. That point in time must have been a time of famine, a time of drought. And the only drought we know about is the one in our perek.

ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื—ื–ืดืœ ื›ืฉืขืœื” ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื ื›ื ืกื• ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื“ื•ื“ โ€ืขืžืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืคืจื ืกื”โ€œ. ืืžืจ โ€ืคืฉื˜ื• ื™ื“ื™ื›ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ื“โ€œ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืจื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืคืจื ืกื”. ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ: โ€ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืชื™ ืืœืฃ ืืœืคื™ื ื“ื™ื ืจื™ ื–ื”ื‘โ€œ. ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืขื ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœืฃ ืืœืคื™ื ื“ื™ื ืจื™ ื–ื”ื‘? ืืœื ื›ืฉื”ืจื’ ืœื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื–ื”ื‘, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืจื™ืฉืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืดืง. ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœื ืคืชื— ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื. ื•ืœื›ืš ืงืฆืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉื ื•ืืžืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฆื“ืงื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ื•ืœื›ืš ืืชื” ืœื ืชื‘ื ื” ื•ื’ื•ืณ.

ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ืฉื‘ืงืฉื• ืฉื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ื, ื•ืœื›ืš ืืžืจื• ืœื• ืขืžืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืคืจื ืกื” ื•ืคืชื— ื•ืชืŸ. ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืืŸ ืœืชืช ื•ืฆื•ื” ืœื”ืœื—ื. ื•ืืดื› ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืคืจื ืกืช ืขื ื™ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืงืŸ ื‘ืคืชื—ื• ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืณ. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืคื™ืณ ื”ืคืกื•ืง โ€ื“ืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืคื›ืชโ€œ ื›ื™ ืœึธื—ึทืžึฐืชึผึธ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืจืฉื•ืช ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืœืคืจื ืก ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืืช ืงืžืฆืช ื‘ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฆื“ืงื”. ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืจืขื‘ ืขื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืžื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืš ืกื‘ืœื• ื“ื•ื—ืง ื•ืœื—ืฅ. ื•ืœื›ืš ืืชื” ืœื ืชื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื™ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืณ ืฆื“ืงื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืœื›ืš ืืžืจืชื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืœืฆื” (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื•:ื”-ื•) ื•ึทืึฒื›ึทืœึฐืชึผึถื ืœึทื—ึฐืžึฐื›ึถื ืœึธืฉื‚ึนื‘ึทืข [ื•ึดื™ืฉืึทื‘ึฐืชึผึถื ืœึธื‘ึถื˜ึทื— ื‘ึผึฐืึทืจึฐืฆึฐื›ึถื] ื•ึฐื ึธืชึทืชึผึดื™ ืฉืึธืœื•ึนื ื‘ึผึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืจื ืกื” ืคืฉื˜ื• ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ื“. ื•ื–ืดื ื•ืื›ืœืชื ืœื—ืžื›ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ืข ืฉืœื ื™ื—ืกืจ ืœื—ืžื›ื ืืดื› ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื ืชืชื™ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืื›ืœ ื ืฉืžืข ืžื–ื” ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฆื“ืงื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืณ.

ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืื™ื‘ืฉื™ืฅ, ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืณ

So Rabbi Eybeschutz claims the drought of our perek is contemporary with Davidโ€™s ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืจืฉื•ืช, which are described in ืคืจืง ื—. And this makes sense, since after the drought we will see (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื:ื–)โ€Ž ื•ื™ื—ืžืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืขืœ ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ; ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืณ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ืชื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ, and after the wars of ืคืจืง ื— the text has the story of ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช in ืคืจืง ื˜:โ€Ž ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืืคืก ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืืขืฉื” ืขืžื• ื—ืกื“ ืืœืงื™ืโ€ฆื•ื™ื‘ื ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ืืœ ื“ื•ื“.

So I would place the ืจืขื‘ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื in the period of time before the affair with Bat Sheva, when David is engaged in expanding his empire. He is focused not on his glory but on ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืณ, planning for the future ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. But he is not thinking about what the people need. As he is seeking the possible spiritual causes for the drought, he narrows it down to a problem of ืคื•ืกืงื™ ืฆื“ืงื”โ€ฆื•ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ื™ืŸ, then ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ืืœื ื‘ื™. And he is given an answer: ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื ื™ื.

And how that connects to the problem of ืขืžืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืคืจื ืกื” we will have to see.