We are continuing in ืืฉืื ืคืจืง ืื.
ืชืืืช ืฆืืืงืื ืื ืืื; ืชืงืืช ืจืฉืขืื ืขืืจืื
We are comparing the ืฆืืืง to the ืจืฉืข.
ืชืืืช: ืื ืืืขื ืื ืืชืืืืช ืืื ืชืืืช ืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืืจืฉืขืื ืืงืื ืืขืฉืืช ืขืืจื. ืืืืขื: ืืืชืขืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืืช ืืืขืก ืฉืชืขืืืจ ืขื ืืื, ืชืงืจื ืขืืจื.
ืืืจ ืจืื ืืืืืื ืืจืื ืืืืขืืจ ืืดื ืื ืชืืืช ืืฆืืืงืื ืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืื ืขืืกืงืื ืืชืืจื ืืืืฆืืช ืฉื ืืืจ โืชืืืช ืฆืืืงืื ืื ืืืโ. โืืโ ืืืขืื; ืื ืฉืืืขืืื ืืฆืืจืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืืชืขืกืงืื ืืื ืืชืืจื ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืืื.
The word ืื doesnโt just mean โonlyโ, but in this case ืื ืืื means โthe ultimate goodโ.
ืื ื ืชืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืื. ืื ืืื ืฉืืฉืืื ืขื ืื ืืขืืื. ืืื ืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืขืืืดื. ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืฉืื ืืืชื ืืขืืื. ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืชืืช ืืืฉืื. ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืคื ืืืื ืืชืืจื ืืืืืชื. ืืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืฉ ืืืืื. ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืขืืื ืืื.
So the ืฆืืืง wants good things. But thereโs another idea here about the nature of ืชืืื, desire. ืชืงืืช ืจืฉืขืื ืขืืจื doesnโt necessarily mean that the ืจืฉืข wants anger; they want good for themselves as well as the ืฆืืืง does. But weโve mentioned Renรฉ Girard before, and his idea that we are social primates, so our desires are formed by what we observe others desiring. And that leads to conflict.
[Renรฉ] Girardโs fundamental concept is โmimetic desireโ. Ever since Plato, students of human nature have highlighted the great mimetic capacity of human beings; that is, we are the species most apt at imitation. Indeed, imitation is the basic mechanism of learning (we learn inasmuch as we imitate what our teachers do)โฆ
However, according to Girard, most thinking devoted to imitation pays little attention to the fact that we also imitate other peopleโs desires, and depending on how this happens, it may lead to conflicts and rivalries. If people imitate each otherโs desires, they may wind up desiring the very same things; and if they desire the same things, they may easily become rivals, as they reach for the same objectsโฆ
In Girardโs psychology, [mimetic] desire eventually lead[s] to rivalry and violence. Imitation eventually erases the differences among human beings, and inasmuch as people become similar to each other, they desire the same things, which leads to rivalries and a Hobbesian war of all against all. These rivalries soon bear the potential to threaten the very existence of communities. Thus, Girard asks: how is it possible for communities to overcome their internal strife?
Girard believes that, paradoxically, the problem of violence is frequently solved with a lesser dose of violence. When mimetic rivalries accumulate, tensions grow ever greater. But, that tension eventually reaches a paroxysm. When violence is at the point of threatening the existence of the community, very frequently a bizarre psychosocial mechanism arises: communal violence is all of the sudden projected upon a single individual. Thus, people that were formerly struggling, now unite efforts against someone chosen as a scapegoat. Former enemies now become friends, as they communally participate in the execution of violence against a specified enemy.
The mishna says:
ืจืื ืืืขืืจ ืืงืคืจ ืืืืจ: ืืงื ืื ืืืชืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฆืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืื ืืขืืื.
ืงื ืื is Girardโs mimetic desire. Itโs not so much wanting what others have (thatโs ืืืื, as in ืื ืชืืืื); itโs wanting what others want. Itโs natural (thatโs what a ืืฆืจ ืืจืข is) and unavoidable, but you need to be conscious of it.
ืชืืืช ืฆืืืงืื: ืืฉ ืืืื ืืื ืชืืื ืืืื ืชืงืื, ืฉืืืชืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืจ ืจืง ืฉืืื ืืชืืื ืืื, ืืื ืืืงืื ืืืจ ืืฉ ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืจ.
The ืฆืืืง has the strength to make it a ืชืืื in this sense, not a ืชืงืื. Then it will be ืื ืืื, lead to good.
ืงื ืืช ืกืืคืจืื ืชืจืื ืืืื.
While the ืจืฉืข also has the ืชืืื but makes it a ืชืงืื, leading to conflict. ืชืงืืช ืจืฉืขืื ืขืืจื.
Shlomo then turns to ืฆืืงื.
ืืฉ ืืคืืจ ืื ืืกืฃ ืขืื; ืืืฉืึตื ืืืฉืจ ืื ืืืืกืืจื
He says the same thing in ืงืืืืช:
ื ืฉืื ืืืื ืขื ืคื ื ืืืื; ืื ืืจื ืืืืื ืชืืฆืื ืื ื ืชื ืืืง ืืฉืืขื ืืื ืืฉืืื ื; ืื ืื ืชืืข ืื ืืืื ืจืขื ืขื ืืืจืฅื
And the point is that ืืฉ ืืคืืจ, there are those who scatter and profit; there are also those who do not profit from their generosity. There is a golden mean, the ืฉืืื ืืืื in Rambamโs terms.
ืืื ืืงืคืฅ ืืื ืืืืชืจ, ืืื ืืคืืจ ืืืื ื ืืื ื ืืชื ืฆืืงื ืืคื ืืกืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืื ืฉืฆืจืื.
ืืดืจ ืืืืขื: ืืืืฉื ืืชืงืื ื, ืืืืืื, ืื ืืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืฉ. ืชื ืื ื ืื ืืื: ืืืืืื , ืื ืืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืฉ, ืฉืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืจืืืช.
ืืฉ ืืคืืจ ืื ืืกืฃ ืขืื ืืืฉื ืืืืฉืจ ืื ืืืืกืืจ: ืืืจ ืืืจื ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืจื ืืืืืฆืข, ืืื ื ืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืจื ืืืืืฆืข ืืื ืืคืืจื ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืฉืฉื ืืื ืื ืืืืื, ืืืืดืฉ ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืฉ, ืืืคื ืกืืจืช ืืขืืื, ืื ืืื ืืืณ ืื ืืงืฆืืืช ืืื ืืืชืจ ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืคืืจื ืืช, ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืขืืดืค ืืฉืืืจ ืืช ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืืื ื. ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืคื, ืื ืืืคืืจ ืื ืชืืื ืืืื ืืืื ื, ืฉืืคืขืืื ืขืดื ืืคืืืจ ืืชืืกืฃ ืืืื ื, ืฉืขืืดื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืขืฉืืจื ืืจืฅ, ืืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืขืืดื ืืืื ืืืื ืขืฉืจื, ืขื ืฉืืฉ ืืคืขืืื ืืคืืจ ืื ืืกืฃ ืขืื, ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืืฉืจ ืขืดื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืชืืื ืื ืืืกืจ, ืื ืขืดื ืืืืืืช ืืฆืจืช ืขืื ื ืืืจืื ืื ื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืื ืืชื ืขืื, ืืื ืืฆื ืขื ืฉื ืืณ.
He continues in the same vein:
ืื ื ืคืฉ ืืจืื ืชืืฉื; ืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืข ืืจ ืืงืืื ืืืื; ืืืจืื ืืจืืฉ ืืฉืืืจื ืื ืฉืืจ ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืจืฆืื; ืืืจืฉ ืจืขื ืชืืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืขืฉืจื ืืื ืืคืื; ืืืขืื ืฆืืืงืื ืืคืจืืื
Yes, you need to stick to the ืืจื ืืืืืฆืข, but most people need reminding to be more generous, not less.
Note that Shlomo is appealing to selfishness to encourage generosity: you can do well by doing good. Heโs not saying here to be good because ืืณ wants it, but thatโs OK (ื ืืืจ ืื,ื)โ: ืืชืื ืฉืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืฉืื.
The ืืืจืืืช ืฆืืืงืื adds that there is a spiritual profit as well:
ืืืข ืฉืืืชื ื ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ืจืืืื, ืืืื ืฆืืงื ืืขื ืืื ืืจืื ืฉืืืโืืืชื ืืืชื ื ืืื ืืืืื ืกืคืื ืฉืืื ื ื ืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืื, ืื ืืื ืขืืืืช ืื ืืืืื. ืืื ืืื ืืื ืช ืฉืืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืฉืืื, ืฉืืืจ: ืฉืึทืึผึทื ืึทืึฐืึฐืึธ ืขึทื ืคึผึฐื ึตื ืึทืึผึธืึดื, ืึผึดื ืึฐืจึนื ืึทืึผึธืึดืื ืชึผึดืึฐืฆึธืึถื ึผืึผ. ืืคืฉื ืืคืกืืง ืืืจ ืขื ืื ืืืืืช, ืื ืื ืฉืืืจืข ืืกืโืงืืฆืจ ืชืืืืชื. ืืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืชืขืฉืจ, ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืึตืฉื ืึฐืคึทืึผึตืจ ืึฐื ืึนืกึธืฃ ืขืึนื; ืขืื ืืชืื (ืืฉืื ืื:ืื): ื ืึนืชึตื ืึธืจึธืฉื ืึตืื ืึทืึฐืกืึนืจ. ืืืืจ ืืื ืขื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืื (ืชืืืื ืงืื:ื): ืคึผึดืึผึทืจ ื ึธืชึทื ืึธืึถืึฐืืึนื ึดืืโืฆึดืึฐืงึธืชืึน ืขึนืึถืึถืช ืึธืขึทื.
I find the ืืืจืืืช ืฆืืืงืื to be a fascinating sefer because of its history. It first appeared in the 15th century.
Orechos Tzadikim is an anonymous mussar sefer that has enjoyed a lasting impact on Judaism. It is surprising that the sefer was never attributed to anyone. Publishers and men of letters usually guess at the authorโs name of an anonymous sefer, even if they are wrongโฆ
Orechos Tzadikim draws heavily on earlier sources, often quoting them verbatim. While today this would be considered plagiarism, in those times of hand-copied manuscripts, the standards of attribution were different. (Scholars trace the origin of the constantly evolving sense of authorial ownership to the eighteenth century.)โฆ
What we can state with certainty is that the author lived in or after the early 14th century. Despite being influenced by the German Chasidim, he was a follower of the French Baโalei Ha-Tosafos. We can suggest that the author lived in the late 14th century in France or among French exiles, but not in Germany or Spain.
โฆBut there were other indicators for the theory that the author of the OZ was a woman. Those Chazal statements quoted are nearly all ones that entered common parlance; in a culture where a man is expected to master shas, the author doesnโt prove his credentials as an expert in Talmud. The topic was one being neglected by men at the time, which could be an argument that it was by a woman for women, or that it was an attempt to break through that neglect. The anonymity is not startling among Mussar books, as you note, but it would be mandatory for a woman trying to publish then-and-there.
And Shlomo ends this section with ืืืื ืืขืฉืจื ืืื ืืคืื; ืืืขืื ืฆืืืงืื ืืคืจืื, which makes a point about wealth.
ืชื ืื: ืจืื ืืืขืืจ ืืงืคืจ ืืืืจ: ืืขืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืื ืจืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื [ืจืฉืดื: ืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืช], ืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืโืื ืื ื, ืืื ืื ื ืื ืืโืื ืื ื ืื, ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืืจืื ืื:ื):[ื ึธืชืึนื ืชึผึดืชึผึตื ืืึน ืึฐืึนื ืึตืจึทืข ืึฐืึธืึฐืึธ ืึผึฐืชึดืชึผึฐืึธ ืืึน] ืึผึดื ืึผึดืึฐืึทื ืึทืึผึธืึธืจ ืึทืึผึถื. ืชื ื ืืื ืจืื ืืฉืืขืื: ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืขืืื.
ืืืขืื ืฆืืืงืื ืืคืจืื: ืืื ืืฆืืืงืื ืืื ืืขืืฉืจ ืจืง ืืขืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืขืืงืจ; ืืืจื ืืขืื ืืขืดืค ืฉื ืคื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืดื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืคืจืื. ืืืื ืืฆืืืงืื ืืขืดืค ืฉื ืคืื ืืขืื ืืคืจืื.
Then Shlomo turns to family:
ืขืืจ ืืืชื ืื ืื ืจืื; ืืขืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืื
ืืืืืจ ืืขืงื ืื ืฉืืขืื ืืื ืืื ืขืืจืชื ืืชื ืืืืืืฉื ื ืืืฉื ืืืจืฅ ืืื ืขื ื ืืืคืจืื; ืืื ื ืืชื ืืกืคืจ ืื ืืกืคื ืขืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืฉืืืชื ืื ื ืืืืชืื
I know the expression โinherit the windโ from the play about the Scopes trial, about teaching evolution:
Inherit the Wind is an American play by Jerome Lawrence and Robert Edwin Lee, which debuted in Dallas under the direction of Margo Jones in 1955. The story fictionalizes the 1925 Scopes โMonkeyโ Trial as a means to discuss the then-contemporary McCarthy trialsโฆ
The playโs title comes from Proverbs 11:29โฆ
In Act Two, Scene One, Brady admonishes Reverend Brown with this Bible quote for alienating his daughter when he gives a fiery sermon against Cates.
The title reflects the consequences of causing discord and conflict within oneโs community or society. In the context of the play, it suggests that those who stir up trouble by resisting progress and enlightenment (like the characters opposing the teaching of evolution) will ultimately gain nothing but emptiness and chaos.
ืจืื is used in the sense of ืืื in ืงืืืืช; a passing wind that has no permanence or significance. Malbim takes this metaphorically; ืืืชื refers to ones own life.
ืขืืืจ ืืืชื ืื ืื ืจืื: ืขืืืจ ืืืชื ืืื ืืืืจืก ืกืืจื ืืืชื ืืฉืืืช ืืช ืืืื, ืืจืื ืืืฆืืืชืื ืืืชืจ ืื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืช ืืืืช, ืืื ืื ืจืื. ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืขื ืืืืช ืืืืืฆืื ืฉืืื ืืืช ืื ืคืฉ ืืืขืื ืชื, ืฉืขืืื ืืืจ (ืืฉืื ืื:ื) ืึผึฐืืืึฐืึธื ืึดืึผึธื ึถื ืึผึธืึดืช ืึผืึดืชึฐืืึผื ึธื ืึดืชึฐืึผืึนื ึธื, (ืืฉืื ืื:ื) ืึผืึฐืึทืขึทืช ืึฒืึธืจึดืื ืึดืึผึธืึฐืืึผ ืึผืื ืืึนื ืึธืงึธืจ ืึฐื ึธืขึดืื, ืฉืืงื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืกืฃ ืื ืคืฉื ืืื ืืชื ืื ืืื ืืืืชืื ืืืื ืชืืืืืืช ืื ืคืฉ ืืืื ืืืจืข ืืื ืื ืื ืืืืช, ืืืื ื ืืืช ืฉืืืกืฃ ืืขืฆืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืงืืฆื ืืืกืืจื, ืื ืืืกืฃ ืื ืืงื ืืืืื ืืขืดื ืืชืืื ื ืฉืืืื ืืงื ืืืืื ืืืืฆืื ืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืช ืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื, ืืขืช ืืืข ืืื ืืืืืขื ืืจืืจื, ืืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืงืืืช ืืืฆื ืืืช ื ืคืฉื ืืืืื ืืงืจืื ืื ืืืโฆืืื ืืจืฉืข ืืืกืชืคืง ืืืงื ืืืืื ืืืืืง ืขืืืืโฆืืื ืื ืื ืจืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืงืจ ืืืื ืื ืคืฉ ืืืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืชืืชืืื ืืื ืืจืขืืช ืจืื, ืืืื ืืจืื ืืกืืขืจ ืืืขืื ืฆืืืจื ืืชืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืืข ืืืจืืข ืคื ืืช ืืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืงืืื.
ืืืื ืืืฆืื ืื ืืฉื ืื ืขืื ืืืื ืืืื ืื, ืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืฉื ืื ืคืฉื (ืฉื ืงืจื ืื) ืืืฉื ืืคื ืฆืืืจื ืืืืื ืืืงืืชืื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืชื ืื ืืื ืืงืจ ืื ืขืื. ืืืืืื, ืืื ืืืคื ืืื ื, ืฉืืื ืืืกืชืคืง ืืืงื ืืืืื ืืืืืง ืขืืืื, ืืืื ืืขื ื ืืืขืช ืืจืืื ืฉืืืื ืขืื ืืืื ืื, ืืขื ื ืืื ืฉืืื ืขืืื ืืช ืืขืฉืืจ.
Now we have a new point. Up to now, we have taken ืฆืืืง and ืืื as near-synonymous. But they arenโt the same.
ืคืจื ืฆืืืง ืขืฅ ืืืื; ืืืงื ื ืคืฉืืช ืืืื
ืคืจื ืฆืืืง ืขืฅ ืืืื ืืืืงื ื ืคืฉืืช ืืื: ืืฆืืืง ืืื ืฉืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืงื ืืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืฆืืง ืืคืืขื, ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืกืฃ ืืงื ืืืืื ืืจืืืชืื ืขืดื ืืืืืโฆ
ืฉืืืฉืื ืืช ืืฆืืง ืืขืฅ ืขืืฉื ืคืจืโฆืืืื ืืคืจื? ืืขืืืืื, ืฉืื ืืคืขืืื ืืืืฆืืืช ืืชืืื ืืช ื ืคืฉืืืช, ืืืืืื ืคืจื ืืื ืืืื ืคืจื ืขืฅ ืืืืื, ืฉืืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืื ืคืฉ.
Avraham was a ืืงื ื ืคืฉืืช in his first career as an evangelist:
ืืืงื ืืืจื ืืช ืฉืจื ืืฉืชื ืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืช ืื ืจืืืฉื ืืฉืจ ืจืืฉื ืืืช ืื ืคืฉ ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื ืืืจื; ืืืฆืื ืืืืช ืืจืฆื ืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืจืฆื ืื ืขืื
ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื ืืืจื: ืฉืืื ืืกื ืชืืช ืื ืคื ืืฉืืื ื; ืืืจืื ืืืืจ ืืช ืืื ืฉืื ืืฉืจื ืืืืจืช ืื ืฉืื, ืืืขืื ืขืืืื ืืืชืื ืืืื ืขืฉืืื.
But Shlomo is saying (in the reading of the Malbim) that it wasnโt enough. Book One of ืืฉืื was about learning ืืืื, while Book Two is about being a ืฆืืืง, because only that lasts.
ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ: ืื ืฉืืขืฉืื ืืจืืืื ืืืืืชื, ืืืืชื ืืชืงืืืืช. ืืื ืฉืืืืชื ืืจืืื ืืืขืฉืื, ืืื ืืืืชื ืืชืงืืืืช.
And we see that Avrahamโs ืื ืคืฉ ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื ืืืจื were lost to history:
ืืื ืืืืจืช ืืฉืจ ืืคืจื ืขืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืกืชืืื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืืืืื ืขืคืจ: ืืืฉ ืฉืคืืณ ืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืื ืจืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืชืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืงืืื ืืงืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืืืจืืช ืฉืื ืงืืื ืืงืืืช ืืืื ืืคืชืืืช ืืื ืืกืชืื ืืืืื ื ืืื ื ืืืชืื ืืคืืจื, ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืฆื ืืงื ืื ืกืชืืื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืืืจ ืกืชืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืืืจืื ืืกืืจืโฆ
The โTorahโ of Avraham is lost. The ืืืืืืช ืืกืืื that he transmitted lasts forever.
ืื ืืืขืชืื ืืืขื ืืฉืจ ืืฆืื ืืช ืื ืื ืืืช ืืืชื ืืืจืื ืืฉืืจื ืืจื ืืณ ืืขืฉืืช ืฆืืงื ืืืฉืคื; ืืืขื ืืืื ืืณ ืขื ืืืจืื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืขืืืื
And we end the perek with a statement about justice.
ืื ืฆืืืง ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืื; ืืฃ ืื ืจืฉืข ืืืืืื
Do the right thing. It will pay off in the end.