Today I’m going to talk about mandrakes. I gave a similar shiur in פרשת ויצא תשע״ז, but this will have a different spin.
It’s not clear what דודאים are (Rashi says they are jasmine) but I am going to go with the mandrakes.
Everything I know about mandrakes comes from Avram Davidson’s Adventures in Unhistory. Davidson (1923-1993) was a science fiction writer, frum for most of his life (attended YU for a time but did not graduate; in a biography, the Forward said he discovered Eastern religions in the seventies and “is rumored to have relinquished his yarmulke after a stay in Japan”). He was a medic in Israel in 1948, then returned to the US in 1952. His writing was literary, full of long complicated sentences and sesquipedalian words, with a profoundly dry humor that I love. Adventures in Unhistory is nonfiction, a book of cryptozoology and the origin of various legends.
The mandrake, like many plants, contains poisonous chemicals called alkaloids (like caffeine, nicotine, atropine; all the “ine” drugs) that defend them against being eaten by animals. Human beings just aren’t that smart. When a human being finds a new plant, their first question is, “will it make me high?” Scopolamine, the active ingredient in mandrake, certainly will. Before it kills you. However, at appropriate doses, it is an anti-nausea, anti-cramping medicine, and a mild sedative. It was used (and still is) in pregnancy and childbirth, and was thought to be a fertility drug as well (probably why Rachel wanted it).
But more than its chemical properties, it is the shape of the mandrake that is striking.
Fun facts. But why do I care? The answer is that Reuven’s descendants cared, enough to put the דודאים on their flag:
But Ibn Ezra, analyzing the symbols on the flags of the four camps, says it wasn’t the flower that was on the flag, but the humanoid root:
And that gets back to the meaning of the flags:
Yechezkel had a vision of the כרובים carrying the מרכבה out of Jerusalem, and he saw them as four animals in four directions. We’ve pointed out many times that they symbolize כנסת ישראל that carries the שכינה in the world, and how the four faces of Yechezkel’s כרובים represent the four flags of the camp of בני ישראל.
And the משכן and the בית המקדש were full of images of כרובים:
Note that a “כרוב” could be any of the four images (the שור was left out because that became inspiration for the עגל הזהב. ואכמ״ל). But the כרובים, the ones in the קודש הקדשים, were specifically פני אדם.
So why are the “real” כרובים the symbol of ראובן? His tribe is not the leader of בני ישראל; ראובן is almost an afterthought, irrelevant to the post-מצרים history of the Jewish people.
We all know the haftorah for Rosh Hashana (second day):
יש שכר לפעלתך. What is the פעולה that ה׳ is rewarding? The פשט, reading the text very locally, would be Rachel’s מבכה על בניה:
And we all know the aggadah:
But that’s not in the text. What פעולה do we see for Rachel that ה׳ should have pity on Israel? What is unique about Rachel? There’s a hint in the midrash:
Note the pun: כי יששכר לפעלתך→כי יש שכר לפעלתך.
So the suggestion is that both sisters gave up something; Leah gave up her דודאים, and Rachel gave up her Yaakov. She accepted Leah as Yaakov’s wife, and would eventually receive the reward for that: יש שכר לפעלתך.
Note what doesn’t happen after this conflict between the sisters. No one ends up murdered. No one ends up exiled, kicked out of the house. They have a profound difference, and they work it out. The דודאים are a symbol of the unity that is possible when we are willing to be מוותר, to relinquish something for the sake of the other. It is the דודאים that allow twelve diverse tribes to become one nation, to become the מרכבה.