In this week’s parsha, Yaakov returns to the land and settles in Shechem:
Rashi (in most editions) makes the comment:
My first reaction is, What? Where does that come from? Looking at the original aggadah doesn’t help:
So Yaakov camps “את פני העיר” because it’s too close to Shabbos to make it inside? And he sets up a תחום, so he can travel 2000 amot on Shabbos, because of course he knew about the מצווה דרבנן of ערוב תחומים. It’s like the old joke:
I will use the approach of the Meshach Chochmah, as understood by Rav Yehudah Copperman, taking it seriously but not literally. But before we look at the Meshech Chochmah, we need to understand what Yaakov is doing.
He’s just come back from Charan, confronted Esav and all his old demons, on the east side of the Jordan. He crossed over into Israel at Beit She’an, took the 71 to Afula then turned south on the 60, came to Shechem and later in the parsha will continue on the 60 to Beit El then Bethlehem and eventually move in with his father in Chevron. He was in Charan for 20 years, then two years on the road, for a total of 22 years. His youngest children (Zevulun, Dinah and Yosef) were 8 years old when he arrives in Shechem. We don’t know the chronology from there, but next week’s parsha starts with Yosef at the age of 17. So the journey from Shechem to Chevron takes up to 9 years. He isn’t constantly on the move; he buys land, builds a מזבח in Shechem. He intends to live there.
חז״ל say Yaakov did not fulfill כיבוד אב ואם for 22 years, so I would assume that even if he didn’t move to Chevron until much later, he went down to visit his parents often enough to count (his mother doesn’t die until after he moves to Beit El). We don’t know how old Dinah was when she was raped, but she is called a (בראשית לד:ד) ילדה, so she is less than 12. So Yaakov is living in Shechem for up to 3 years.
The Targum Yonatan on the Torah (an aggadic translation; to impress people, call it “Targum Pseudo-Jonathan”) adds something to Yaakov’s ויצב שם מזבח:
Another strange aggadah. Where does the tithing come from? Yaakov vowed to give מעשר, back when he left כנען:
So Rav Yaakov Kaminetsky says that calling the altar in the name of אלקי ישראל (ויצב שם מזבח; ויקרא לו א־ל אלקי ישראל) was Yaakov’s statement that ה׳ in fact was his G-d, that ה׳ had supported him and now it was time to fulfill the vow:
The bottom line is that
Yaakov intends to live in Shechem, and fulfill his vow there. The מזבח here is the בית אלקים; it’s not quite the right place andה׳ takes him to task for that:
But he does build a מזבח and so, Yaakov is continuing the mission of the אבות.
The purpose of the מזבח is not the קרבנות per se; the purpose of the מזבח is ויקרא בשם ה׳, to declare ה׳'s glory to the world. As we’ve said, that doesn’t require a מזבח:
What does all that have to do with Yaakov’s קָבַע תְּחוּמִין מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם? We know that חז״ל say that the אבות kept the whole Torah:
But that can’t be taken literally (Yaakov is married to sisters!).
That is the approach that the Meshech Chochma takes:
But that separation is not because we Jews are so superior that we can’t deal with all those lesser people.
But that’s wrong. The purpose of creation is for everyone to be “special”, to fill their own unique role in fulfilling רצון ה׳. The תחומים are there to allow us to develop into something special, to be a nation that is an example to other nations, of honesty, lack of מחלקת, of what the Torah calls יראת אלקים. The תחומים that Yaakov set up have the same purpose as Avraham’s overt evangelism, לתקן עולם במלכות ש־די. Here, ויחן את פני העיר. The word ויחן comes up one more time in the Torah:
And when Yaakov settles in Shechem, that is exactly how he is seen by his neighbors. He arrives שלם: ויבא יעקב שלם עיר שכם. And that is how they see him:
And that is destroyed when Shimon and Levi take their revenge:
It may be safer to be feared, but in the worldview of the אבות, it accomplishes nothing.
And those תחומים in our original aggadah leads to the ultimate reward:
That is the implication of Yeshaya’s נבואה:
As Rav Copperman summarizes:
We need to be special, so that everyone can be special.