This shiur is לעלוי נשמת my father-in-law, Harvey Lipman, חיים ישראל בן הרשל צבי, whose second yahrzeit was this week.
This week’s parsha has my favorite pun:
Esav was outstanding in his field, but Yaakov was intense.
(Get it?)
But I want to look at the “sale of the birthright”.
Note that
Esav did not sell his birthright for a “mess of pottage”. ויעקב נתן לעשו לחם ונזיד עדשים is in the past perfect; Yaakov had given Esav the mess of pottage. When the text says, וימכר את בכרתו ליעקב, what was the price? And more, what was the בכרה that was sold?
The simplest reading is that the birthright was a financial arrangement, a kind of primogeniture. That’s Ibn Ezra’s approach:
And the double portion of the firstborn is part of halacha:
And part of ancient law in other cultures:
So it makes sense as the reason that Yaakov would want it. The problem then is, why does Esav sell it? And even more, ויבז עשו את הבכרה, he despises the בכרה. It seems very out of character for the Esav depicted in the Torah to turn down free money. The gemara makes his reaction even more extreme:
So he publicly mocks Yaakov for wanting this בכורה. It can’t be a simple matter of inheritance rights. Ibn Ezra explains Esav’s behavior: Yitzchak was poor, and a double portion of zero is still zero.
But that’s inconsistent with the text; Avraham was rich, and Yitzchak is explicitly described as rich in the next perek. It might be that this story was during a recession, and they actually didn’t have any wealth, but that seems to be pushing the text too far.
The Malbim (in his second reading) offers an interesting explanation: the בכורה meant the responsibility to care for the family:
But that’s also out of character for Esav. The one thing he was good at was כיבוד אב, and cooking for his father was clearly part of that. And if the choice was between barbecue (ציד בפיו) and beans (נזיד עדשים), I’m not surprised that Yitzchak wanted to give the blessing to Esav!
So the usual explanation, that seems to fit the text, is that the בכורה was a spiritual responsibility:
So if Esav was unfit for the בכורה, what was Yitzchak thinking with his ברכות? The usual answer is that Yitzchak had two different ברכות planned, one for each child:
He had this image of his sons working together, dividing the “working for a living” and “sitting in yeshiva” roles between them, to create a שלמות to serve ה׳. But as far as he knows, Esav still gets the בכורה (he is surprised when Esav says (בראשית כז:לו) “ויעקבני זה פעמים—את בכרתי לקח והנה עתה לקח ברכתי”. So how does the בכורה fit into Esav’s role? We have to understand what the עבודה meant to the אבות.
It’s not the ritual per se that mattered; there is no record of them offering קרבנות on those מזבחות. Their goal was to spread the knowledge of הקב״ה in the world, לקרא בשם ה׳. And it is possible to do that through עניני העולם as well.
So I would assume that Yitzchak intended for Esav to keep the בכורה, and “קרא בשם ה׳” through his ציד בפיו. That’s the origin of the “Meat and Greet” that our shul had this past Sunday.
But that’s not what happened. Esav despised the בכורה, and Yaakov “bought” it. But the midrash says that the sale wasn’t final until many centuries later:
That is the first time ה׳ calls ישראל a בכור:
The Bais HaLevi says that יציאת מצרים represented the point that the purchase price was finally paid:
The price paid for “buying” the בכורה was accepting the consequences of that בכורה. But that means that we—all of בני בכרי ישראל—have “bought” that בכורה, and thus have the responsibility of ויקרא בשם ה׳.
And so now Yitzchak’s vision becomes important. It means that that קריאה בשם ה׳—that meaning of בכורה—is possible for all of us, whether we are sitting in yeshiva or earning a living, whether we are intense or outstanding in our fields.