ืืดืจ ืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืืขืื ืชืฉืืื ืขืืืืื ืฆืืืงืื ืืืืจืื ืืื ื ืขืืืืื. ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืฉืขืืื ื ื:ืื): ืฉึธืืืึนื ืฉึธืืืึนื ืึธืจึธืืึนืง ืึฐืึทืงึธึผืจืึนื; ืืจืืืง ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจ ืืงืจืื.
Last time, we saw David retreating from Jerusalem. The ืืื ืื brought the ืืจืื out to him, and he has to make a decision. I want to look at Davidโs reaction:
ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืฆืืืง ืืฉื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืืงืื ืืขืืจ; ืื ืืืฆื ืื ืืขืื ื ืืณ ืืืฉืื ื ืืืจืื ื ืืชื ืืืช ื ืืืื
ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืคืฆืชื ืื; ืื ื ื ืืขืฉื ืื ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืขืื ืืื
This is important, and astonishing. The one thing David wants, more imporant that being king of Israel, is to build a ืืืช ืืืณ. He brought the ืืจืื to Jerusalem 25 years before with the intention of building the ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ there, but the Torah doesnโt name ืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืืณ. He might have taken the ืืจืื to avail himself of building his ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ somewhere else. In fact, he has been faced with this opportunity before, when the ืืฉืื in ื ื was destroyed by Saul and the remaining ืืื escapes with the ืืคืื and ืืืจืื ืืืืืื:
ืื:ืื ืืืช ื ื ืขืืจ ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืคื ืืจื ืืืืฉ ืืขื ืืฉื ืืขืืื ืืขื ืืื ืง; ืืฉืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืฉื ืืคื ืืจืื ืื:ื ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืชืจ; ืืืืจื ืืืจื ืืืื
โฆืื:ื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืชืจ ืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืื ืงืขืืื; ืืคืื ืืจื ืืืืื โฆืื:ื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืณ ืืืงื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืข ืฉืืข ืขืืื ืื ืืืงืฉ ืฉืืื ืืืื ืื ืงืขืืื ืืฉืืช ืืขืืจ ืืขืืืจืื
ืื:ืื ืืืกืืจื ื ืืขืื ืงืขืืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืื ืืืฉืจ ืฉืืข ืขืืื ืืณ ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ื ื ืืขืืื;
ืืืืืจ ืืณ ืืจืื
ืื:ืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืกืืจื ืืขืื ืงืขืืื ืืชื ืืืช ืื ืฉื ืืื ืฉืืื; ืืืืืจ ืืณ ืืกืืืจืื
Rav Medan emphasizes what this must have meant to David:
ืืืืงื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ื ืืืจืช ืืืืจื ืื ืืืืื ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช: (ืืืืื ื ืื:ืื) ืึฐืึทืขึทื ืึธึผืึดื ืขึทืึฐืึดึผื ืึผืึฐืึทืขึทื ืึฐืจืึผืฉึธืืึทโึดื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึธึผืึธืจึฐืชึดึผื. ืืขืช ืืฆืืืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืขืช ืืืจื ืขืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืงืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืจืืข ืืืโืืจืืฉืืื ืขืืืคื. ืืื ื ืฉืชื ืชื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืื ืขืจื ืืฉืืคืืื, ืฉืืจื ืื ื ืฉืชื ืชื ืขืืจ ืืืืืืช ืขื-ืคื ืืงืื ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืื ืืื. ืืื ื ืงืืข ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืขืืจ ืื ืฆื. ืื ื ืืชื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืจืช ื ืคืฉื ืฉื ืืื ืืงืืืช ืืื ื ืฉื ืฉืืคื ืื ืืืจืฅ, ืืงืืดื, ืืื ืืจืืจ ืืืจ ืืืืืชืื ืืชืืจื.
In my reading of ืฉืืืื ื, this is the climax of the story of ืืช ืฉืืข. This, fundamentally, was an important part of Davidโs ืชืฉืืื. There are classically three parts of ืชืฉืืื:โ ืืืื,โ ืืจืื ืขื ืืขืืจ and ืงืืื ืขื ืืขืชืื.
ืืืืื ืืจืฉืืช ืื ืืื ื ืชืื ื ืื ืืื ืฉืืืืจื ื, ืืฉืชืื ืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืชืฉืืื ืืื ืขืืจ ืืคืื ืืืืืื, ืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืืื ืืขื ืชืฉืืื, ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืขืืื ืืื.
ืื ืืืฆืืืช ืฉืืชืืจื, ืืื ืขืฉื ืืื ืื ืชืขืฉืโืื ืขืืจ ืืื ืขื ืืืช ืืื, ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืฉืืืโืืฉืืขืฉื ืชืฉืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืชืืืืืช ืืคื ื ืืื ืืจืื ืืื.
ืืื ืืื ืืชืฉืืืโืืื ืฉืืขืืื ืืืืื ืืืื, ืืืกืืจื ื ืืืืฉืืชื ืืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืขืฉืื ืขืืโฆืืื ืืชื ืื ืขื ืฉืขืืจ.
Iโve previously looked at the story of Davidโs ืชืฉืืื in those terms:
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ืืืื
ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ื ืชื ืืืืชื ืืืณ;
ืืืืืจ ื ืชื ืื ืืื ืื ืืณ ืืขืืืจ ืืืืชื ืื ืชืืืชืืฉืืืื ื ืคืจืง ืื:ืื ื ืืื ืฆื ืืืืืจ ืืืืื
ื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืื ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืื ืื ืืช ืฉืืขืืชืืืืื ืคืจืง ื ื -
ืืจืื ืขื ืืขืืจ
ืืจืื is not just regretting the past, but making amends to the extent possible.
ืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืช ืืช ืฉืืข ืืฉืชื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืขืื; ืืชืื ืื ืืืงืจื (ืืชืงืจื) ืืช ืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืืณ ืืืืื ืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ื ืชื ืื ืืื ืืืงืจื ืืช ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืืจ ืืณื
ืฉืืืื ื ืคืจืง ืื We have talked about the fact that this is the first time that ืืช ืฉืืข is ืืฉืชื of David, not ืืฉืช ืืืจืื. We also talked about the fact that this child is described as ืืชืื ืื, not (ืฉืืืื ื ืื:ืื)โ ืืชืื ืื ืื. Shlomo was a sort of child of ืืืื, to be ืืืจืื's son, not David.
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ืงืืื ืขื ืืขืชืื
ืืืื ืืื ืชืฉืืื ืืืืจืโืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืขืืจ ืื, ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืื ืืขืฉืืช, ืืคืืจืฉ ืืื ืขืฉื ืืคื ื ืืชืฉืืื, ืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืื. ืืืฆื: ืืจื ืฉืื ืขื ืืืฉื ืืขืืืจื, ืืืืืจ ืืื ื ืชืืืื ืขืืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืืืืชื ืื ืืืืื ืืืคื, ืืืืืื ื ืฉืขืืจ ืื, ืืคืืจืฉ ืืื ืขืืจโืื ืืื ืืขื ืชืฉืืื ืืืืจื.
ืืฉื ื ืชืืจื, ืืืืืช ืชืฉืืื ืคืจืง ื:ื ืืขื ืื ืืืืจ ืกืืฃ ืืืืืดืค (ืืืื ืคื,ื) ืืดื ืืขื ืชืฉืืื ืืืื? ืจื ืืืืื: ืืืืชื ืืงืื ืืืืชื ืคืจืง ืืืืชื ืืฉื ืืงืจืืืื ืชืฉืืืช ืืืฉืงื [โืชืฉืืื ืฉืงืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืืช ืืชืืจืโ]โฆ
ืืื ืดื ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืชืจืช ืื ืืฆื ืืืื, ืืดื ืื ืืงืื ื ืืืจ ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืฉืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืืกืืจ ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืฃ ืืฉืจืืืื ืฉื ืืื, ืืื ืชืื ืขืืื ื ืื ืืืืโฆืืื ืื ืืื ืืืคืฉืจื ืืขืฉืืช ืชืฉืืืช ืืืฉืงื ืืืจืฉื.
ืืฉื ืืืื, ื ืฆืืื, ืืืจืื ืื:ืื The tragedy of Davidโs life, therefore was beyond repair. Although he dedicated himself to repentance, he could never fully eradicate his sin.
Artscroll Tehillim, 70:3, footnote 1 But I have been arguing that the affair of Bat Sheva was not a crime of passion, but an abuse of authority. David could take another manโs wife because he was the king. And he justified taking her because needed an heir who would build the ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ. Bat Sheva appeared to him, like Tamar before Yehuda, and was cleary sent by G-d to allow him to fulfill his destiny. Here we have David faced with the same question: he has been deposed as king, but the ืืจืื appears before him. He can take it and create his own ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ. Or he can admit that itโs not about him, itโs about ืื ืกืช ืืฉืจืื. And here he makes the right choice. This is ืืืจ ืฉืขืืจ ืื and now he has ืคืืจืฉ ืืื ืขืฉื ืืคื ื ืืชืฉืืื.
Davidโs ืชืฉืืื is complete. He will still have to fight the battle with Avshalom, but he will return to Jerusalem and his designated heir, Shlomo, will build the ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ.
This reading of our ืกืคืจ helps explain some difficult statements from ืืืดื.
ืืืืื ื ืืืดืจ ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืจืดืฉ ืื ืืืืื: ืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืชื ืืขืฉื [ืจืฉืดื: ืืืช ืฉืืข] ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืจืืืื ืืืืชื ืืขืฉืโฆืืื ืืื ืขืฉื? ืืืืจ ืื, ืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืืฆื ืืืื [ืจืฉืดื: ืืืืจืช ืืื ืืืชื ืืืชื ืคืชืืื ืคื ืืฉืืื], ืืื ืืืื ืฆืืืจ ืืืืจืืโฆ ืืฆื ืฆืืืจ.
ืืืจ ืจืื ืฉืืืื ืืจ ื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืจืื ืืื ืชื: ืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืขื.
How can we say David didnโt sin, or that he only did it as a lesson for ืืขืื ืชืฉืืื? I think we are mis-reading the gemara. In the context of ืชื ืดื, the David of the Bat Sheva incident is inconsistent with the David of the rest of ืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื and the rest of ืชื ืดื. That doesnโt mean it didnโt happen in the life of the historical David. But why write it as as such a major part of the literary work that we have before us? Itโs for the lesson about ืืืชื ืคืชืืื ืคื ืืฉืืื.โ ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืขื means that if you read this and all you can say is ืืื ืืื then you are ืืื ื ืืื ืืืขื. You are missing the point. You are making Meir Sternbergโs mistake, reading a single chapter as an independent short story. There is a novel here, with an arc of character development that cannot conclude with ืืื ืืื.
And this teaches us an important lesson about the nature of ืชืฉืืื.
ืืื ืชื ืื ืฉืืขื ืืืจืื ื ืืจืื ืงืืื ืฉื ืืจื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืื ืชืืจื ืืชืฉืืืโฆืชืฉืืื ืืืชืื (ืชืืืืื ืฆ) ืืืจื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืชืื (ืชืืืืื ืฆ) ืชืฉื ืื ืืฉ ืขื ืืื ืืชืืืจ ืฉืืื ืื ื ืืื.
When we speak of the creation of the world, we believe that it was formed ืืฉ ืืืื, a tangible reality out of nothingโฆ
Now let us consider a grave sin like the murder of Hevel by Kayin. According to our sages, Kayin did teshuva for his crime. But what does that mean? Can this teshuva bring back Hevel? Clearly not; he is dead. It is not like a case of robbery, where the money can be returned. Here the act cannot be undone.
Yet this is the wonder of teshuva. If someone fully and sincerely repents, then Hashem considers it as if the crime had never been done. Instead of ืืฉ ืืืื we have ืืื ืืืฉโฆSo in this sense, teshuva was created before the formation of the world. Because teshuva returns conditions to where they were before the Creation to the status of ืืืโฆ
This explains the statement of Chazal that โืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืขืโWhoever says that King David sinned is mistakenโ. On the surface, it seems strange for the Chachamim to have come to this conclusion. After all, the Tanach is very direct in its description of Davidโs actions; it does not whitewash anyone. Certainly, it is clear from the Tanach that David committed some ืืื in regard to Batsheva. Why, then, is it wrong to think that David did something improper?
The answer is that David sinned, but he also did teshuvaโฆ[O]nce someone has repented wholeheartedly and has committed himself to not repeating his mistake, it is as if he has not sinned at allโฆ
And the undoing of the past happens in stages.
In Vidui, we ask for three things: selichah, mechilah and kaparahโฆ
According to the Avudraham, selichah is being pardoned from any due punishment.
Mechilah is forgiveness. There are no ill feelings remaining from the act. As Rashi writes (teshuvah #245), โโIf he hugged him and kissed him, there is no mechilah greater than this.โโฆWe do not obtain forgiveness from Hashem for sins done against another without first trying to obtain mechilah from the person offended.
[K]aparah is the containment of the inclination that led to the sin. This also explains the verse "Ki bayom hazeh yechapeir aleichem litaher eschem mikol chatoseichim, lifnei Hashem titeharu.โ โ[F]or on this day, it will provide kaparah upon you to make you tahor, before Hashem you will become tahorโ links kapparah to taharah. Taharah, purity,โฆis freedom from adulterations, negative habits inculcated into the soulโฆ.Kaparah, then is a prior step, their containment. Beyond pardon from punishment and restoration of the relationship, but starting the healing of the very self.
โฆKaparah, by containing the cause of the sin, isolating off the personal flaw, is a step toward closing that gap between my finite self and the romemus, the greatness of the Almighty. From that kaparah, one can become a person with a healthier relationship with Hashem and with othersโฆ
David achieves these three stages: ืกืืืื:โ (ืฉืืืื ื ืื:ืื)โ ืึทืึผึนืืึถืจ ื ึธืชึธื ืึถื ืึผึธืึดื ืึผึทื ืืณ ืึถืขึฑืึดืืจ ืึทืึผึธืืชึฐืึธ ืึนื ืชึธืืึผืช. Then ืืืืื:โ (ืฉืืืื ื ืื:ืื)โ ืึทืึผึดืฉืึฐืึทื ืึผึฐืึทื ื ึธืชึธื ืึทื ึผึธืึดืื ืึทืึผึดืงึฐืจึธื ืึถืช ืฉืึฐืืึน ืึฐืึดืืึฐืึธืึผ ืึผึทืขึฒืืึผืจ ืืณื. We have not seen Davidโs ืืคืจื yet, but it will come: (ืฉืืืื ื ืื:ืื-ืื)โ โฆืึฐืึธื ืขึทื ืึฐืืึผืึธื ืึถืขึฑืึดืจืึผ ืึถืช ืึทืึผึถืึถืึฐโฆืึฐืึดื ึผึตื ืึผึธื ืึดืืฉื ืึดืฉืึฐืจึธืึตื ืึผึธืึดืื ืึถื ืึทืึผึถืึถืึฐ.
But there is more to this story. David teaches us specifically about ืชืฉืืื ืืืืื.
ืืืจ ืจืืฉ ืืงืืฉ: ืืืืื ืชืฉืืื ืฉืืืื ืืช ื ืขืฉืืช ืื ืืฉืืืืช, ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืืฉืข ืื:ื) ืฉืืึผืึธื ืึดืฉึฐืืจึธืึตื ืขึทื ืืณ ืึฑืึนืงึถืืึธ ืึดึผื ืึธืฉึทืืึฐืชึธึผ ืึทึผืขึฒืโึนื ึถืึธ; ืื ืขืื ืืืื ืืื ืืงื ืงืจื ืืื ืืืฉืื. ืืื ื? ืืืืืจ ืจืืฉ ืืงืืฉ: ืืืืื ืชืฉืืื ืฉืืืื ืืช ื ืขืฉืืช ืื ืืืืืืช, ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืืืงืื ืื:ืื) ืึผืึฐืฉืืึผื ืจึธืฉึธืืข ืึตืจึดืฉึฐืืขึธืชืึน ืึฐืขึธืฉึธืื ืึดืฉึฐืืคึธึผื ืึผืฆึฐืึธืงึธื ืขึฒืึตืืึถื ืืึผื ืึดืึฐืึถื. ืื ืงืฉืื; ืืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืจืื.
ืืืดื ืืืืจืืื ืขื ืืชืฉืืื ืืืืื ื ืืขืืงืจ ืืื ืฉืชื ืชืฉืืืืช: ืชืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืชืฉืืื [ืืืืื]. ืชืฉืืื ืืืจืืช ืืขืื ืฉ ืงืื ืืืกืืจ, ืืืืืืชื ืืืืืืงืช ืืื ืชืฉืืืช ืื ืฉื ื ืื ืื, ืฉืฉืื ืืคืืื ืฉื ื ืืืืช ืืื ื ืขื ืืคืืืช ืขืืจื ืืขืื ืืจืืขืื ืืื.
ืื ืืขืื ืฉื ืชืฉืืื ืืืืื ืงืฉืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืจื. ืฉืืจื ืืืืช ืืณ ืืืืจื ืืื ืขืืจืื ืฉืืงืืื ืึพโืื ืโ ืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืข ืืฉืื ืื ืืจื, ืืืจืื ืืืชืฉืืื, ืืื ืืจื ืงืฉื, ืื ืจืืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืกืืืื ืืืื. ื ืจืื ืื ื, ืฉืขืืงืจื ืฉื ืชืฉืืื ืืืืื ื ืขืืฆื ืืื ืฉืงืจืื ืืฆื ืืืืจืื ืื โืืืจืืณ ืื โืฉืืืจืช ืืืืืฆืืชืณ ืฉืึธืฆึทืจ ืืืื.
But I want to look at the idea of ืชืฉืืื ืืืืื from a different perspective.
Joey Rosenfeld lent me a little book and suggested that I read the last chapter. I know whenever I accept reading material from Joey Iโm about to fall down the rabbit hole, but itโs always fascinating and worthwhile. This book is ืฉืืื ื ืคืฉื: ืืกื ืื ืืืจืืช by ืืจื ืฉืืดืจ. Rabbi Shimon Gershon Rosenberg, known by his acronym ืฉืืดืจ, was rosh yeshiva at Yeshivat Siach Yitzchak, and brought Chassidut and post-modern philosophy into religious Zionist thinking.
To read Rav Shagar is to encounter a thinker unlike any that American, Modern Orthodox Jews are familiar with. His writings seek to address the most pressing intellectual, spiritual, and cultural issues of the day by mining the depths of Hasidut and Kabbalah, along with modern and postmodern philosophy.
Rav Shagar asks, what is teshuva, really? And focuses on the ืชืงื ืช ืืฉืืื of Rืณ Zadok Hacohen of Lublin:
ืืืขืืช ืฉืืื [ืจืณ ืฆืืืง] ืื ืืื, ืื ืืฉืืืืช ืฉืงืืกืืืช ืฉื ืชืืฉืื: ืืืฆื ื ืืชื ืืืืืง ืืช ืืขืืจ, ืื ืคืืฉืจื ืฉื ืชืฉืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืคืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช, ืื ืืชืงืข ืืื ืืฉื ืฉืื ืืฉืื ืืืืื, ืืขืื.
Rืณ Zadok was a student of the Ishbitzer, the author of the ืื ืืฉืืืื, a Chasidic rebbe famous for his philosophy of determinism, that ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืคืืื ืืจืืช ืฉืืื. He preached acceptance of oneself and allowing ืืณ to determine our actions. Rืณ Zadok looks at teshuva in that vein.
ืืื ืฆืคืื, ืืืจืฉืืช ื ืชืื ื.
ื ืขืืงืจ ืืชืฉืืื ืืื ืขื ืฉืืืืจ ืืณ ืขืื ืื, ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช. ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืจ ืืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืจืฆืื ืืฉืดืโฆืืืืขื ืืืืขื ืืืืืจื ืฉืืืืจ ืืืจืืืดื ืืกืืฃ ืกืคืจ โืืจืืข ืืืืช ืฉืงื ืืกืฃโ ืฉืฉื ืืื ืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืคื ื ืขืฆืื, ืืืงืื ืืืืืจื ืฉื ืืื ืืงืื ืืืืืขื ืืืืงืื ืืืืืขื ืฉื ืืืืช ืืื ืืงืื ืืืืืจื. ืืืฉืืืืข ืืืืจ ืื ืืขืฆืื ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืชื ืืืฆืืื ืืขืืืง ืืืืขืช ืืฉืดื ืืืื ืืืขืชื ืืจืฆืื ื ืืื ืืื, ืืืืืจ ืฉืืฉืดื ืจืฆื ืื ืืจื ืืื ืืืืืืช, ืืืืื ืืืคืจื ืืืืจื ืฉืืืื ืืืืคืืจืื.
โฆ
ืง ืชืฉืืื ืืืื ื ืฉืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืจ ืื ืืฉืดื, ืจืดื ืฉืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืคืืขื ืืฉืดื ืืืื, ืืคืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืจื โื ืืฆืจื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืโฆื ืืฆื ืืฉืดื ื ืชื ืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืขืืืจื, ืืขืืดื ืืืจ โืืชืฉืืื ืืืืืจื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืช ื ืขืฉืื ืืืืืช ืื ืื ืื ืืื ืจืฆืื ืืฉืดื ืื.
This is very similar to the twelve step program of Alcoholics Anonymous, that overcoming addiction involves admitting that we canโt do it ourselves:
As summarized by the American Psychological Association, the process involves the following:
- admitting that one cannot control oneโs alcoholism, addiction or compulsion;
- recognizing a higher power that can give strength;
- examining past errors with the help of a sponsor (experienced member);
- making amends for these errors;
- learning to live a new life with a new code of behavior;
- helping others who suffer from the same alcoholism, addictions or compulsions.
Rabbi Abraham Twerski famously uses these ideas in a Jewish, mussar-based manner.
Rav Shagar points out that there are two diametrically opposed approaches to teshuva: active, individual-centered, and passive, G-d-centered. Like most such dialectics, both are right and both are necessary, and both can end up in the same place, of being a new person whose past is changed:
ืโฆืืืขืื ืขืืื ืืืืข ืชืขืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืืขืืืโฆ
ืโฆืืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืืืื ื ืืืชื ืืืืฉ ืฉืขืฉื ืืืชื ืืืขืฉืื; ืืืฉื ื ืืขืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืจื ืืฉืจื.
How can Rambam make that statement? A person always has bechira, the freedom to do good or to sin. If Hashem testifies that the person will never again commit that sin, then either he loses his bechira or Hashemโs testimony was not correct. Neither of these is acceptable.
I attended a meeting of recovering alcoholics at which the speaker said, โThe man I once was drank. And the man I once was will drink again. If I ever go back to being the man I once was, I will drink again.โ Suddenly, the Rambamโs words were clear. A sin does not occur in a vacuum. A sin occurs when a person is in a spiritual state that allows that sin to occur.
โฆHashem does not testify that the person will never again commit the sin, but rather that he has succeeded in attaining a level of kedusha, where, at this level, that sin is not a possibility. That is why the Rambam, uncharacteristically, chose to refer to Hashem as, โwho knows the innermost secrets of oneโs heartโ, i.e, He knows that this person has achieved the level of spirituality.
This why the Rambam continues that with this kind of teshuva the person can say, โI am no longer the same person that committed that sinโ (ibid. 2:4).
As I understand Rav Shagarโs analysis, a personโs teshuva changes the future by making them a different person. The miracle of teshuva is that Hashem changes the past as well. It is this new person who had committed the sinful act. This is how Rav Shagar reconciles the two approaches to teshuva. ืชืฉืืื ืืืจืื is active; the Rambamโs approach is ืชืฉืืื ืืืจืื. โThe person I was did wrong. I reject that person as I become betterโ. The ืืจืื is the fear, disgust with my own past.
ืชืฉืืื ืืืืื is passive, accepting. โI donโt reject the person I was. What happened, even though I shouldnโt have done it, was G-dโs will and it is part of what makes me a better person todayโ. The ืืืื is the love of who I was.
That is why ืชืฉืืื ืืืจืื leads to ืืืื ืืช ื ืขืฉืืช ืื ืืฉืืืืช. The act happened, but โwho I am todayโ would never have done such a thing. So the act is a ืฉืืื, negligent, not intentional. But ืชืฉืืื ืืืืื leads to ืืืื ืืช ื ืขืฉืืช ืื ืืืืืืช. The act happened, but โwho I am todayโ accepts it as an โact of G-dโ, not under my control, but it made me who I am today, which is a good thing, a ืืืืช.
[The problem with this approach is that it leads to antinomianism, that there are no laws and no right or wrong. Others have dealt with this in understanding the Ishbizter, and I wonโt deal with that here. But this is not about our behavior now; that is certainly subject to the laws of the Torah and is under our free will. The question is how do we look at our acts in the past. ืชืฉืืื requires ืืจืื ืขื ืืขืืจ before the ืืคืจื of acceptance is possible. ]
ืกืคืจ ืชืืืืื is Davidโs expression of ืืืืช ืืณ, and part of that is ืชืฉืืื ืืืืื.
ืึฐืึตืึผึถื ืึผึดืึฐืจึตื ืึธืึดื ืึธืึทืึฒืจึนื ึดืื; ื ึฐืึปื ืึผึธืึดื ืึผึถื ืึดืฉืึทื ืึผื ึฐืึปื ืึทืึผึถืึถืจ ืึปืงึทื ืขึธื ืึฐืฉืึดืืึท ืึฑืึนืงึตื ืึทืขึฒืงึนื ืึผื ึฐืขึดืื ืึฐืึดืจืึนืช ืึดืฉืึฐืจึธืึตืื
ืจืื ืฉืืืื ืืจ ื ืืื ื ืืดืจ ืืื ืชื: ืืื ืืืชืื (ืฉืืืื ื ืื) ื ืื ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืงื ืขื? ื ืื ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉืืงืื ืขืืื ืฉื ืชืฉืืื.
ืืื ืืืืืฉื ืฉื ืืื, ืืืงืื ืขืึผืืึผ ืฉื ืชืฉืืื. ืืฉืึนืื , ืื ื ืฉื ืืช-ืฉืืข ืฉึพ(ืชืืืื ื ื:ื) ืึตื ืึฐึผืขึธืืึนื ืืึนืึธืึฐืชึดึผื ืึผืึฐืึตืึฐื ืึถืึฑืึทืชึฐื ึดื ืึดืึดึผื, ืืืคื ืืืืืจ ืืณ, ืืฉื ืฉืืืื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืคืืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช.
Davidโs return to ืืืืืช, with Shlomo as his heir, is the result of ืชืฉืืื ืืืืื, growing from the past.
There is a ืคืจืง ืชืืืืื that deals with the nature of ืชืฉืืื.
ืืืื ืืฉืืื; ืืฉืจื ื ืฉืื ืคืฉืข; ืืกืื ืืืืื
David in this ืืฉืืื (a didactic poem) seems to be saying that ืืกืื ืืืื, one who covers up their sin, is happy, to be praised. Thatโs not the usual approach:
ืึฐืึทืกึถึผื ืคึฐืฉึธืืขึธืื ืึนื ืึทืฆึฐืึดืืึท ืึผืืึนืึถื ืึฐืขึนืึตื ืึฐืจึปืึธื.
The gemara says our pasuk is talking about publicizing a sin. Confession is always necessary; the question is whether everyone has to hear that confession:
ืืดืจ ืืืืื ืจื ืจืื ืืชืื (ืชืืืื ืื:ื) ืืฉืจื ื ืฉืื ืคืฉืข ืืกืื ืืืื ืืืชืื (ืืฉืื ืื:ืื) ืืืกื ืคืฉืขืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืื ืงืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืืคืืจืกื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืคืืจืกื. ืจื ืืืืจื ืืจ ืืืืื ืืืจ ืจื ื ืืื: ืืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืงืื.
But Hirsh says that ืืกืื ืืืื means one who has not sinned at all, and this pasuk is a contrast to the next:
ืึฐืึธืึดื ืึทืฉืึฐืึผึดืื ืึทืฉืึฐืจึตื ื ึฐืฉืืึผื ืคึผึถืฉืึทืข ืึผึฐืกืึผื ืึฒืึธืึธื: ืึทืฉืึฐืจึธืื ืึฐืึธืึธื ืฉืึถืืึผื ืึผึธืืึนืึผึท ืึดืคึผึดืฉืึฐืขืึน ืึฐืึนื ืคึผึดืฉืึฐืขืึน ืึผึธืืึนืึผึท ืึดืึผึถื ึผืึผ.
Happy is he of whom it can be said that he is both ื ืฉืื ืคืฉืข and ืืกืื ืืืื; that he is not guilty of any transgression, intentional or unintentional.
That is just the introduction; the remainder of the perek is for those who are not ื ืฉืื ืคืฉืข and ืืกืื ืืืื.
ืืืืืืจ ืืขืืจืจ ืชืฉืืืช ืื ืื ืืฉืื, ืฉืืื ื ืจืืื ืื ืื ืืืืืืจื ืชืืืื ืืื ืืชืคืืื ืืืืืจื ืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืจื. ืืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืืชื ื ืืฉืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืืชื ื ืืขืืงืจื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืช ืืจืขืืื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืจืช ืืฉื ืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืืขืื ืืชืื ืกืคืจ ืืฉืื: ืืืกื ืคืฉืขืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืจืืื. ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืโืื ืืืื ืืืฉ ืืกืคืจ ืืืืื. ืืื โืฉืืจโ ืืช ืืืื ืืฆืืจื ืคืืืืืช, ืืชืื ื ืกืืื ืืช ื ืคืฉ ืขืฆืื. ืืื ืืขืื ืืช ืจืืฉืืชืื ืืืฆืืื ืฉืื ืื, ืื ืืฉืขื ืฉืืื โืืืกื ืคืฉืขืืโ ืื ืืฉืขื ืฉืืืื ืืขืื ืืื ืจืืื. ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ื ืืช ืืืืจืขืืชืื ืื ืคืฉืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืื ืื ืืืงืื, ืขื ืืฉืจ ืืชืืืื ืื ืืืืคื. ืืชืื ืื ืื ื ืงืืจืืื ืืช ืืืืืืจ ืื ืืงืจืื ืืกืคืจึพืืืื ืืคืืื ืืืืืฉื, ืืื ืืงืจื ืืฉืืึผืจื ืืื ืืืืืืืืืืช ืฉืืฆืื ืื ืืื. ืืื ืืฆืื ืื ืคืฉ ื ืขื ื ืืืฉืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืฆืืช ืื ืื ืคืฉื.
The second pasuk is another ืืฉืจื:
ืืฉืจื ืืื ืื ืืืฉื ืืณ ืื ืขืื; ืืืื ืืจืืื ืจืืืื
But happy, too, is he to whom, even if he has sinned, the L-rd need not ascribe iniquity when He decrees his ultimate fateโฆ.He is not deceived in his own mind about his true worth. He bears within his soul a conscience that acts as a stern, incorruptible judge.
This was Davidโs own experience. When he tried to cover up the sin, everything got worse.
ื ืื ืืืจืฉืชื ืืื ืขืฆืื ืืฉืืืชื ืื ืืืืื
ื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืชืืื ืขืื ืืื;
ื ืืคื ืืฉืื ืืืจืื ื ืงืืฅ ืกืืื
ืื ืืืจืฉืชื: ืืืฉืจ ืืืจืฉืชื ืืืืชืืืืช ืขื ืคืฉืขื ืืคื ืื.
ืืื ืขืฆืื. ืืจืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืืืชื ืื ืืืืณ ืฉืืืืชื ืืืื ืืคื ื ืืคืืจืขื ืืช.
ื ืืคื ืืฉืื: ืืืืื ืฉืื, ืืื (ืืืืืจ ืื:ื) ืึฐืฉึทืื ืึทืฉึธึผืืึถื , ืืืืื ืฉืืโฆ:
ืืืจืืื ื ืงืืฅ: ืขื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืจื ืืงืืฅ ืืคื ื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืชื ืืืื ืขื ืืืืชื ืืืคืืื
ืืืืชื ืืืืืขื ืืขืื ื ืื ืืกืืชื
ืืืจืชื ืืืื ืขืื ืคืฉืขื ืืืณ;
ืืืชื ื ืฉืืช ืขืื ืืืืชื ืกืืื
We usually translate ื ืฉื ืขืื as โtolerating sinโ, not punishing. But I think here is is more literal: ืืณ โcarries the sinโ. In ืจืณ ืฆืืืง's terms we used above, ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืจืฆืื ืืฉืดื.
ืืืืื ืื ืฉื ืขืื ื ืื ืืืืคืจ ืืืื ืื ืจืง ืืขืื ืฉ ืฉืืื ืขืืื ืขืณ'ื (ืืฉืื ื:ืื) ืึฐืึทืฆึฐืชึธึผ ืึฐืึทืึฐึผืึธ ืชึดืฉึธึผืืโฆืืืืื ืื ืื ืืฉื ืขืื ื ืืขืฆืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืขืืื. ืื ืฉืืืช ืืื ืขื ืฉื ื ืืจืืื. ืืืจื ืืืืช ืฉืืืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืฉืื ืืขืื. ืืืืจื ืืืืจืช ืฉืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืขืื ืืื ืจืฉืข. ืืื ื ืื ืืฉื ืขืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืขืื ืืฉืื.
The past cannot literally be changed. The sin happened. But with ืชืฉืืื,โ ืืณ offers to bear the responsibility. That is part of what ืืืื ืืช ื ืขืฉืืช ืื ืืฉืืืืช means.
ื ืขื ืืืช ืืชืคืื ืื ืืกืื ืืืื ืืขืช ืืฆื;
ืจืง ืืฉืืฃ ืืื ืจืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืขืื
ื ืืชื ืกืชืจ ืื ืืฆืจ ืชืฆืจื ื;
ืจื ื ืคืื; ืชืกืืืื ื ืกืืื
ืืชืคืื means โto acknowledge and imbue oneself with the knowledge of truth and thus to acquire the proper insight concerning oneโs self and all of oneโs relationshipsโ, for the root ืคืื means โto judge, to pass judgmentโโฆThe man who truly serves G-d regards all material suffering only as a means sent him to awaken the right spiritual life within his soul.
When is ืขืช ืืฆื?
ืืจืฉื ืืณ ืืืืฆืื; ืงืจืืื ืืืืืชื ืงืจืืื
ืืชืื (ืืฉืขืื ื ื:ื): ืึดึผืจึฐืฉืืึผ ืืณ ืึฐึผืึดืึธึผืฆึฐืืึนโฆ ืืื ืขืฉืจื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืจืืฉ ืืฉื ื ืืืื ืืืืคืืจืื.
But here David is saying ืขืช ืืฆื is always, as long as we are honest with ourselves, seeing ืืณ's hand in whatever happens. Then, even in the face of the floodwaters, ืืืื ืื ืืืืขื, I am not washed away. Instead of being surrounded by danger, ืจื ื ืคืื ืชืกืืืื ื, I am surrounded by a song of salvation. My ืืืืื becomes a ืจื ื ืคืื.
And David concludes with the summary of his ืืฉืืื.
ื ืึทืฉืึฐืึผึดืืึฐืึธ ืึฐืืึนืจึฐืึธ ืืืจื ืื ืชืื; ืืืขืฆื ืขืืื ืขืื ืื
ื ืื ืชืืื ืืกืืก ืืคืจื ืืื ืืืื;
ืืืชื ืืจืกื ืขืืื ืืืืื; ืื ืงืจื ืืืืื
ื ืจืืื ืืืืืืื ืืจืฉืข; ืืืืืื ืืืณ ืืกื ืืกืืืื ืื
The theodicy of ืกืคืจ ืชืืืืื is ืื ืื ืืืืื. Everything is for the best. Even our checkered past is ืืืืื; it is what made it possible to be a ืืขื ืชืฉืืื, to grow into who we are now. And that is something to be celebrated.
ืฉืืื ืืืณ ืืืืื ืฆืืืงืื; ืืืจื ืื ื ืื ืืฉืจื ืืื