ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: Peccavi

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

peccavi
An acknowledgment of sin, literally in Latin, โ€œI have sinnedโ€
Merriam Webster online, Peccavi

General Sir Charles Napier, commanding the East India Companyโ€™s Bombay Presidency army, defeated the Muslim rulers of Sindh. He then proceeded, against orders, to conquer the entire province.

He informed his superiors by sending a single-word despatch: โ€˜Peccaviโ€™โ€” the Latin for โ€œI have sinned.โ€

Awesome pun by Catherine Winkworth, published in the British humor magazine Punch, 1844

ื™ื’ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœ ื ืชืŸ ื—ื˜ืืชื™ ืœื”ืณ;
ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื ืชืŸ ืืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื’ื ื”ืณ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื—ื˜ืืชืš ืœื ืชืžื•ืชืƒ ื™ื“ ืืคืก ื›ื™ ื ืืฅ ื ืืฆืช ืืช ืื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืณ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”; ื’ื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื•ื“ ืœืš ืžื•ืช ื™ืžื•ืชืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื™ื‘

Even though it wasnโ€™t explicitly mentioned in Nathanโ€™s speech to David, (he spoke of ืœื ืชืกื•ืจ ื—ืจื‘ ืžื‘ื™ืชืš and ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ื ืฉื™ืš ืœืขื™ื ื™ืš ื•ื ืชืชื™ ืœืจืขื™ืš) itโ€™s clear that if not for Davidโ€™s ื—ื˜ืืชื™ he would have died. David is facing the same fate as Saul: to die ignominiously, to lose four of his children, and to lose the kingship. The difference is in their reactions to the news. Saul goes into denial:

ื› ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืื•ืœ ืืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืฉืจ ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื”ืณ ื•ืืœืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืฉืจ ืฉืœื—ื ื™ ื”ืณ; ื•ืื‘ื™ื ืืช ืื’ื’ ืžืœืš ืขืžืœืง ื•ืืช ืขืžืœืง ื”ื—ืจืžืชื™ืƒ ื›ื ื•ื™ืงื— ื”ืขื ืžื”ืฉืœืœ ืฆืืŸ ื•ื‘ืงืจ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื—ืจื ืœื–ื‘ื— ืœื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ืš ื‘ื’ืœื’ืœืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื˜ื•

David simply says ื—ื˜ืืชื™ ืœื”ืณ. He admits his guilt. And ื”ืณ commutes his death sentence, but the other parts of his punishment remain. Thatโ€™s because ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” is more than just confession:

ื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื”โ€ฆืื ืขื‘ืจ ืื“ื ืขืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸโ€ฆื›ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื˜ืื•, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื“ื•ืชโ€ฆ

ื‘ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืชื•ื•ื“ื”? ืื•ืžืจ ืื ื ื”ืณ ื—ื˜ืืชื™ ืขื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืคืฉืขืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ืš, ื•ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื ื™ื—ืžืชื™ ื•ื‘ื•ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื™, ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื”โ€ฆ

ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื

ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืžื‘ืดื ืืœื• ืขื•ืœื”, ื›ื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืš: ื. ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื‘. ื”ื—ืจื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ. ื’. โ€ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขืชื™ื“โ€œ ืฉืœื ื™ื—ื˜ื.

ื”ืจื‘ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจ, ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ืจื˜ื” ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขืชื™ื“

The remainder of ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ is fundamentally the story of Davidโ€™s ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. The punishment still happens; he loses four sons as we discussed last time, and he will lose his kingdom and see his wives publicly taken from him, but he will regain that kingship and end up with a son, Shlomo, who continues his legacy.


There is a well-known ืคืจืง ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื that expands Davidโ€™s mental state with his ื—ื˜ืืชื™ ืœื”ืณ, that we quote three times a day. It is the true expression of Davidโ€™s ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™:

ื ืœืžื ืฆื— ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ื“ืƒ
ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื•ื ืืœื™ื• ื ืชืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ืืœ ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืขืƒ
ื’ ื—ื ื ื™ ืืœืงื™ื ื›ื—ืกื“ืš; ื›ืจื‘ ืจื—ืžื™ืš ืžื—ื” ืคืฉืขื™ืƒ
ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” (ื”ืจื‘) ื›ื‘ืกื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™; ื•ืžื—ื˜ืืชื™ ื˜ื”ืจื ื™ืƒ
ื” ื›ื™ ืคืฉืขื™ ืื ื™ ืื“ืข; ื•ื—ื˜ืืชื™ ื ื’ื“ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ื ื

David asks for forgiveness for his sin, and admits that he sinnedโ€”ืคืฉืขื™ ืื ื™ ืื“ืขโ€” but doesnโ€™t mention the sin. The Rambam points out that a true ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ needs to be specific: ื•ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš. Rabbi Avi Baumol points out that the ื›ื•ืชืจืช is part of the ืคืจืง, and it is very specific: ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ืืœ ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืข.

This verse, which is the title of psalm, is quite incriminating. If we accept the assumption that the songs of David were not his private hymns, but rather a popular vehicle for connecting with G-d during his time and eternally, then we have a strange phenomenon. David publicly incriminates himself!

Could David not have left out this damning verse? Would he not have saved face by not revealing to the nation his desires, his iniquities and his darkest actions? Why include this psalm at all in the songs of David?

โ€ฆDespite the fact that the prophet told David his repentance was genuinely accepted and that he would not lose his kingdom or his life, David did not feel exonerated, since his repentance happened in private, behind royally closed doors. As representative of the nation, he felt he must make a statement pouring out his shame before his ministers, his army and the peasants who work the fields. He would write a song, a story of his sin, his darkest hour and his forgiving G-d who saw his genuine teshuva and granted him another chance.

โ€ฆIn this regard, Psalm 51 belongs in the Psalter, perhaps even with distinction, as it represents a defining quality of leadership which appeared in David but rarely in anyone before or after him.

Rabbi Avi Baumol, The Poetry of Prayer, pp. 107-108

ืœืš ืœื‘ื“ืš ื—ื˜ืืชื™ ื•ื”ืจืข ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืš ืขืฉื™ืชื™;
ืœืžืขืŸ ืชืฆื“ืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจืš ืชื–ื›ื” ื‘ืฉืคื˜ืšืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื ื:ื•

ืœืš ืœื‘ื“ืš ื—ื˜ืืชื™ is the hardest pasuk to understand. His sin was against Bat Sheva and Uriah; what does ืœืš ืœื‘ื“ืš mean? Certainly Nathan accuses him of sinning against G-d as well: (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื™ื‘:ื˜)โ€Ž ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื–ื™ืช ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืข ื‘ืขื™ื ื•. When David abuses his power for his own personal needs, it is a ื—ืœื•ืœ ื”ืณ:

ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืžืœื™ื›ื•, ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ึผึดื–ึธื” ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืจืื• ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืณโ€ฆ

ื›ืœื™ ื™ืงืจ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื™ื‘:ื˜

And David will certainly have to do ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” for what happened to Bat Sheva and Uriah; weโ€™ve talked about the concept of ื™ื‘ื•ื, and the requirement for an ืื•ื ืก to marry his victim. But Rabbi Baumol points out thatโ€™s not what this perek is about.

ืœืš ืœื‘ื“ืš: ื›ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ืกืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื–ื•ืœืชืšโ€ฆื•ืืชื” ื™ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืœื‘ื‘ื™ ืœื”ืจืข ื•ืœื ืื›ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื˜ื. ื•ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืกืขื“ื™ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉโ€ฆโ€ืœืšโ€œ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื ื™ ืžืชื•ื“ื” ื•ืื•ืžืจ โ€ื—ื˜ืืชื™โ€œ, ืœืš ืœื‘ื“ืš, ื•ืœื ืืคืจืกื ื”ื—ื˜ื ืœื–ื•ืœืชื™.

ืจื“ืดืง, ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื ื:ื•

In other words, ืคืฉืขื™ ืื ื™ ืื“ืข, I publicly acknowledge my sin, even though ืœืš ืœื‘ื“ืš ื—ื˜ืืชื™, only You knew the truth about it, ืœืžืขืŸ ืชืฆื“ืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจืš, in order to demonstrate Your justice. As Rabbi Baumol says (p. 111) โ€œI thought my sin would be only before G-d but now I realize that I must confess my sin before all my peersโ€.

Simpsons cartoon

ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื”ืชื•ื“ื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืื• ื‘ื‘ื•ื ืืœื™ื• ื ืชืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• (ืชื”ืœื™ื ื ื) ื–ื‘ื—ื™ ืืœืงื™ื ืจื•ื— ื ืฉื‘ืจื” ืœื‘ ื ืฉื‘ืจ ื•ื ื“ื›ื” ืืœืงื™ื ืœื ืชื‘ื–ื”. ืจื•ื— ื ืฉื‘ืจื”. ืจื•ื— ื ืžื•ื›ื”. ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื–ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื›ื ืขื” ืžืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื›ื™ ื”ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžื•ืกื“ ืœืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.

ืฉืขืจื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื:ื›ื’

ื– ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืœืชื™; ื•ื‘ื—ื˜ื ื™ื—ืžืชื ื™ ืืžื™ืƒ
ื— ื”ืŸ ืืžืช ื—ืคืฆืช ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช; ื•ื‘ืกืชื ื—ื›ืžื” ืชื•ื“ื™ืขื ื™ืƒ
ื˜ ืชื—ื˜ืื ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ื‘ ื•ืื˜ื”ืจ; ืชื›ื‘ืกื ื™ ื•ืžืฉืœื’ ืืœื‘ื™ืŸืƒ
ื™ ืชืฉืžื™ืขื ื™ ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืžื—ื”; ืชื’ืœื ื” ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื“ื›ื™ืชืƒ
ื™ื ื”ืกืชืจ ืคื ื™ืš ืžื—ื˜ืื™; ื•ื›ืœ ืขื•ื ืชื™ ืžื—ื”ืƒ

ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื ืœื™ ืืœืงื™ื; ื•ืจื•ื— ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื™ืƒ

ื™ื’ ืืœ ืชืฉืœื™ื›ื ื™ ืžืœืคื ื™ืš; ื•ืจื•ื— ืงื“ืฉืš ืืœ ืชืงื— ืžืžื ื™ืƒ
ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื™ ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืขืš; ื•ืจื•ื— ื ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืชืกืžื›ื ื™ืƒ
ื˜ื• ืืœืžื“ื” ืคืฉืขื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ืš; ื•ื—ื˜ืื™ื ืืœื™ืš ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืƒ

โ€”ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ื ื

The next part of the perek sets up the fundamental dialectic of humanity: ื‘ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืœืชื™ but ืœื‘ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื ืœื™ ืืœืงื™ื. First he deals with the negative: I was conceived in sin. But this isnโ€™t the Christian concept of Original Sin, that we start life having already sinned. We are only born with a tendency to self-interest (ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข):โ€Ž (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“:ื–)โ€Ž ืœืคืชื— ื—ื˜ืืช ืจื‘ืฅ. Deep inside me is the truth, ืืžืช ื—ืคืฆืช ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช, and with Your help I can go from my misery (ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื“ื›ื™ืช) to joy. ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” is possible, but only with G-dโ€™s help, and only if we start the process:

ืคืชื—ื• ืœื™ ืคืชื— ื›ื—ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ื˜ ื•ืื ื™ ืืคืชื— ืœื›ื ื›ืคืชื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืœื.

ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื” (ื•ื™ืœื ื) ืคืจืฉื” ื”:ื‘

And then the parallel stich is the positive: ืœื‘ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื ืœื™ ืืœืงื™ื. The complete pasuk in (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“:ื–) is ืœืคืชื— ื—ื˜ืืช ืจื‘ืฅ; ื•ืืœื™ืš ืชืฉื•ืงืชื• ื•ืืชื” ืชืžืฉืœ ื‘ื•. We are not our ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข. And, David adds, if I can achieve repentance and forgiveness, I will be an example to others: ืืœืžื“ื” ืคืฉืขื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ืš.

So save me from this โ€œblood guiltโ€ and I will write this very song that is the ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžื•ืกื“ ืœืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”:

ื”ืฆื™ืœื ื™ ืžื“ืžื™ื ืืœืงื™ื ืืœืงื™ ืชืฉื•ืขืชื™;
ืชืจื ืŸ ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืฆื“ืงืชืšืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื ื:ื˜ื–

ื™ื– ืึพื“ื ื™ ืฉืคืชื™ ืชืคืชื—; ื•ืคื™ ื™ื’ื™ื“ ืชื”ืœืชืšืƒ
ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืœื ืชื—ืคืฅ ื–ื‘ื— ื•ืืชื ื”; ืขื•ืœื” ืœื ืชืจืฆื”ืƒ
ื™ื˜ ื–ื‘ื—ื™ ืืœืงื™ื ืจื•ื— ื ืฉื‘ืจื”;
ืœื‘ ื ืฉื‘ืจ ื•ื ื“ื›ื” ืืœืงื™ื ืœื ืชื‘ื–ื”ืƒ
ื› ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ืš ืืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ; ืชื‘ื ื” ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืืƒ
ื›ื ืื– ืชื—ืคืฅ ื–ื‘ื—ื™ ืฆื“ืง ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื›ืœื™ืœ;
ืื– ื™ืขืœื• ืขืœ ืžื–ื‘ื—ืš ืคืจื™ืืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ื ื

We introduce our ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช with the pasuk of ืึพื“ื ื™ ืฉืคืชื™ ืชืคืชื— because we are in the same situation as David is. He cannot offer a sacrifice in the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ because it has not been built, and due to his sins it will not be built. He accepts that. (There is a ืžืฉื›ืŸ in ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ, but thatโ€™s really not the same thing. Weโ€™ve noted several times that the ืžืฉื›ืŸ never appears in ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ after the destruction of ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื”.โ€Ž ื•ืื›ืžืดืœ). For us, we cannot offer a sacrifice in the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ because it has been destroyed. But both of us can offer a prayer instead:

ืงึฐื—ื•ึผ ืขึดืžึผึธื›ึถื ื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ื•ึผ ืึถืœ ื”ืณ ืึดืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืึตืœึธื™ื• ื›ึผึธืœ ืชึผึดืฉึผื‚ึธื ืขึธื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐืงึทื— ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ื•ึผื ึฐืฉืึทืœึผึฐืžึธื” ืคึธืจึดื™ื ืฉื‚ึฐืคึธืชึตื™ื ื•ึผืƒ

ื”ื•ืฉืข ื™ื“:ื’

And a sincere prayer is even better than a sacrifice (ืœื ืชื—ืคืฅ ื–ื‘ื— ื•ืืชื ื”; ืขื•ืœื” ืœื ืชืจืฆื”), which is a pretty radical idea but itโ€™s exactly what Samuel told Saul:

ื›ื‘ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ืœื”ืณ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื•ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ื›ืฉืžืข ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื”ืณ; ื”ื ื” ืฉืžืข ืžื–ื‘ื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืžื—ืœื‘ ืื™ืœื™ืืƒ ื›ื’ ื›ื™ ื—ื˜ืืช ืงืกื ืžืจื™ ื•ืื•ืŸ ื•ืชืจืคื™ื ื”ืคืฆืจ; ื™ืขืŸ ืžืืกืช ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ื•ื™ืžืืกืš ืžืžืœืšืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื˜ื•

And this relates to an obscure pasuk at the end of ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ:

ื•ึฐืึตืœึผึถื” ื“ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ื“ึธื•ึดื“ ื”ึธืึทื—ึฒืจึนื ึดื™ื; ื ึฐืึปื ื“ึผึธื•ึดื“ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ื™ึดืฉืึทื™ ื•ึผื ึฐืึปื ื”ึทื’ึผึถื‘ึถืจ ื”ึปืงึทื ืขึธืœ ืžึฐืฉืึดื™ื—ึท ืึฑืœึนืงึตื™ ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ื•ึผื ึฐืขึดื™ื ื–ึฐืžึดืจื•ึนืช ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื’:ื

ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืžื ื™ ืืดืจ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ: ืžืื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื’) ื ืื ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ ื•ื ืื ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืงื ืขืœ? ื ืื ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ ืฉื”ืงื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื”,ื

ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” is generally understood as ืขึนื•ืœึธื”ึผ: โ€the yoke of repentanceโ€œ. David by admitting his guilt with Bat Sheva becomes the exemplar of someone who bears the burden of repentance. The Maharsha says thatโ€™s not what the gemara is talking about; there is no โ€œyokeโ€ of repentance. The Gemara is referring to the ืขึนื•ืœึธื”, the โ€œburnt offeringโ€ of repentance:

ื–ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื’ื•ืณ: ื›ืš ืฉื ื• ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื ืขืœ ืขื•ื ื•ืช, ืืฉื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื–ื™ืœื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื” ืœื ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืืช ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื’ื–ืœ ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืจื”ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื”โ€ฆื•ืชื“ืข ืœืš ืฉืงืจื‘ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ืœื ื‘ื ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ื”ืœื‘, ืžืŸ ืื™ื•ื‘ ืืชื” ืœืžื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉื ืืณ (ืื™ื•ื‘ ื:ื”) ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึดืงึผึดื™ืคื•ึผ ื™ึฐืžึตื™ ื”ึทืžึผึดืฉืึฐืชึผึถื” ื•ึทื™ึผึดืฉืึฐืœึทื— ืึดื™ึผื•ึนื‘ ื•ึทื™ึฐืงึทื“ึผึฐืฉืึตื ื•ึฐื”ึดืฉืึฐื›ึผึดื™ื ื‘ึผึทื‘ึผึนืงึถืจ ื•ึฐื”ึถืขึฑืœึธื” ืขึนืœื•ึนืช ืžึดืกึฐืคึผึทืจ ื›ึผึปืœึผึธื ื›ึผึดื™ ืึธืžึทืจ ืึดื™ึผื•ึนื‘ ืื•ึผืœึทื™ ื—ึธื˜ึฐืื•ึผ ื‘ึธื ึทื™ ื•ึผื‘ึตืจึฐื›ื•ึผ ืึฑึพืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึดืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ึธื. ื”ื•ื™ ืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืขืœ ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื›ืคืจื” ืœื”ื, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืขื•ืœื”.

ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื (ื•ืจืฉื) ืคืจืฉืช ืฆื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™ื’

ืฉื”ืงื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื•ืณ: ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืฉ ื“ื ืงื˜ ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืดืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื“ ืœื ื—ื˜ื ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืข ื›ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ืคืจืง ื‘ืžื” ื‘ื”ืžื” ื“ื’ื˜ ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืœืืฉืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื” ื’ื˜ ืœืžืคืจืข ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื—ื˜ื ืžื™ื”ืช ื•ื ืขื ืฉ ืขืœื™ื•โ€ฆ

ืžื”ืจืฉืดื, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืื’ื“ื•ืช, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื”,ื

The ืขื•ืœื” is a tool for ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. It is the only ืงืจื‘ืŸ that can be correctly translated as โ€œsacrificeโ€. ื”ืณ doesnโ€™t need it, we do, to put ourselves in the correct frame of mind to change:

ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื“ื ื‘ืขืฉื•ืชื• ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื›ื™ ื—ื˜ื ืœืืœืงื™ื• ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœื• ืฉื™ืฉืคืš ื“ืžื• ื•ื™ืฉืจืฃ ื’ื•ืคื• ืœื•ืœื ื—ืกื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ืฉืœืงื— ืžืžื ื• ืชืžื•ืจื” ื•ื›ืคืจ ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื™ื”ื ื“ืžื• ืชื—ืช ื“ืžื• ื ืคืฉ ืชื—ืช ื ืคืฉ ื•ืจืืฉื™ ืื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืจืืฉื™ ืื‘ืจื™ื•.

ืจืžื‘ืดืŸ, ื•ื™ืงืจื ื:ื˜

ืฆื• ืืช ืื”ืจืŸ ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ืœืืžืจ ื–ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืขืœื”; ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืœื” ืขืœ ืžื•ืงื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืขื“ ื”ื‘ืงืจ ื•ืืฉ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ืชื•ืงื“ ื‘ื•ืƒ

ื•ื™ืงืจื ื•:ื‘

ื–ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืžื•ืงื“ื”: ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืขื•ืœื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืขื•ืœื” ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืืžืจ ื–ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื–ื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืžื• ื”ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืขืฆืžื”โ€ฆ

ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื ื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉโ€ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจโ€œ ืžื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืขื ืขืœ ืฆื“ ื”ืจืžื– ื›ืžื• ืฉื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื›ืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื–ื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืขื•ืœื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืขื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฉืœ ืœืœื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ืื– ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉืœื ืคืจื™ื ืฉืคืชื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ืœื ืขื“ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื›ื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืขืœื” ื‘ื•ืงืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื– ื™ืขืœื• ืขืœ ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืณ ืคืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ, ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ื ื:ื™ื–) ื”ืณ ืฉืคืชื™ ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ืื™ืžืชื™ ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืชืงื‘ืœ ื ื™ื‘ ืฉืคืชื™, ื›ื™ ืœื ืชื—ืคื•ืฅ ื–ื‘ื— ื•ืืชื ื” (ืฉื ืคืกื•ืง ื™ื—), ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืจืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ืชื—ืคื•ืฅ ื–ื‘ื— ื•ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืชืงื‘ืœ ืืจืฉืช ืฉืคืชื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื— ื ืฉื‘ืจื” ื–ื” ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉื ืคืกื•ืง ื™ื˜) ื–ื‘ื—ื™ ืืœืงื™ื ืจื•ื— ื ืฉื‘ืจื” ืœื‘ ื ืฉื‘ืจ ื•ื ื“ื›ื” ืืœืงื™ื ืœื ืชื‘ื–ื”, ื•ืžื“ืงืืžืจ ืœื ืชื‘ื–ื” ืฉืžืข ืžื™ื ื” ืฉืขืกืง ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืณ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืขืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืขื•ืœื”. ื•ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื–ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืงื ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื‘ื— ื•ืžื ื—ื”, ื•ื–ื” ืฉืืžืจ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš (ืฉื ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื›-ื›ื) ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ืš ืืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื•ืณ ืื– ืชื—ืคื•ืฅ ื–ื‘ื—ื™ ืฆื“ืง ืื– ื™ืขืœื• ืขืœ ืžื–ื‘ื—ืš ืคืจื™ื.

ื›ืœื™ ื™ืงืจ, ื•ื™ืงืจื ื•:ื‘

So now we can go back to the gemara that claims that David never sinned:

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืžื ื™ ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ: ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื˜ื ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื˜ื•ืขื”.

ืฉื‘ืช ื ื•,ื

Thereโ€™s another gemara that has a similar message, that David wasnโ€™t really at fault in the affair of Bat Sheva:

ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ืืดืจ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืจืดืฉ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืื™: ืœื ื“ื•ื“ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืื•ืชื• ืžืขืฉื” [ืจืฉืดื™: ื“ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืข] ื•ืœื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืชื• ืžืขืฉื”โ€ฆืืœื ืœืžื” ืขืฉื•? ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืš, ืฉืื ื—ื˜ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื• ื›ืœืš ืืฆืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ [ืจืฉืดื™: ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ืžืœืš ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ืชืŸ ืคืชื—ื•ืŸ ืคื” ืœืฉื‘ื™ื], ื•ืื ื—ื˜ืื• ืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืžืจื™ืโ€ฆ ืืฆืœ ืฆื‘ื•ืจ.

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื“,ื‘-ื”,ื

How can we say David didnโ€™t sin, or that he only did it as a lesson for ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”? I think we are mis-reading the gemara. In the context of ืชื ืดืš, the David of the Bat Sheva incident is inconsistent with the David of the rest of ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ and the rest of ืชื ืดืš. That doesnโ€™t mean it didnโ€™t happen in the life of the historical David. But why write it as as such a major part of the literary work that we have before us? Itโ€™s for the lesson about ืœื™ืชืŸ ืคืชื—ื•ืŸ ืคื” ืœืฉื‘ื™ื.โ€Ž ื”ืื•ืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื˜ื ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื˜ื•ืขื” means that if you read this and all you can say is ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื˜ื then you are ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื˜ื•ืขื”. You are missing the point. You are making Meir Sternbergโ€™s mistake, reading a single chapter as an independent short story. There is a novel here, with an arc of character development that cannot conclude with ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื˜ื.

[T]his is the wonder of teshuva. If someone fully and sincerely repents, then Hashem considers it as if the crime had never been done. Instead of ื™ืฉ ืžืื™ืŸ we have ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฉ. He turns the ื™ืฉ of the crime into an ืื™ืŸโ€”a negation of an act that has already taken place. So, in this sense, teshuva was created before the formation of the world. Because teshuva returns conditions to where they were before the Creation to the status of ืื™ืŸ. The misdeed is considered null and void.

This explains the statement of Chazal that โ€œื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื˜ื ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื˜ื•ืขื”โ€”Whoever says that King David sinned is mistakenโ€. On the surface, it seems strange for the Chachamim to have come to this conclusion. After all, the Tanach is very direct in its description of Davidโ€™s actions; it does not whitewash anyone. Certainly, it is clear from the Tanach that David committed some ื—ื˜ื in regard to Batsheva. Why, then, is it wrong to think that David did something improper?

The answer is that David sinned, but he also did teshuvaโ€ฆ[O]nce someone has repented wholeheartedly and has committed himself to not repeating his mistake, it is as if he has not sinned at allโ€ฆ

Rav Shimon Schwab, Selected Speeches, p. 44

And that is how to read David and Bat Sheva.