- peccavi
- An acknowledgment of sin, literally in Latin, โI have sinnedโ
General Sir Charles Napier, commanding the East India Companyโs Bombay Presidency army, defeated the Muslim rulers of Sindh. He then proceeded, against orders, to conquer the entire province.
He informed his superiors by sending a single-word despatch: โPeccaviโโ the Latin for โI have sinned.โ
ืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ื ืชื ืืืืชื ืืืณ;
ืืืืืจ ื ืชื ืื ืืื ืื ืืณ ืืขืืืจ ืืืืชื ืื ืชืืืชื
ืื ืืคืก ืื ื ืืฅ ื ืืฆืช ืืช ืืืื ืืณ ืืืืจ ืืื; ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืช ืืืืชื
Even though it wasnโt explicitly mentioned in Nathanโs speech to David, (he spoke of ืื ืชืกืืจ ืืจื ืืืืชื and ืืงืืชื ืืช ื ืฉืื ืืขืื ืื ืื ืชืชื ืืจืขืื) itโs clear that if not for Davidโs ืืืืชื he would have died. David is facing the same fate as Saul: to die ignominiously, to lose four of his children, and to lose the kingship. The difference is in their reactions to the news. Saul goes into denial:
ื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืจ ืฉืืขืชื ืืงืื ืืณ ืืืื ืืืจื ืืฉืจ ืฉืืื ื ืืณ; ืืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืขืืืง ืืืช ืขืืืง ืืืจืืชืื
ืื ืืืงื ืืขื ืืืฉืื ืฆืื ืืืงืจ ืจืืฉืืช ืืืจื ืืืื ืืืณ ืืืงืื ืืืืืื
David simply says ืืืืชื ืืืณ. He admits his guilt. And ืืณ commutes his death sentence, but the other parts of his punishment remain. Thatโs because ืชืฉืืื is more than just confession:
ื ืื ืืืฆืืืช ืฉืืชืืจืโฆืื ืขืืจ ืืื ืขื ืืืช ืืืโฆืืฉืืขืฉื ืชืฉืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืชืืืืืชโฆ
ื ืืืฆื ืืชืืืื? ืืืืจ ืื ื ืืณ ืืืืชื ืขืืืืชื ืคืฉืขืชื ืืคื ืื, ืืขืฉืืชื ืื ืืื, ืืืจื ื ืืืืชื ืืืืฉืชื ืืืขืฉืื, ืืืขืืื ืืื ื ืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืโฆ
ืืืืจื ืจืืืดื ืืื ืขืืื, ืื ืกืืจ ืืชืฉืืื ืืื ืื: ื. ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืจืืฉืื. ื. ืืืจืื ืขื ืืขืืจ.
ื. โืงืืื ืืขืชืืโ ืฉืื ืืืื.
The remainder of ืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื is fundamentally the story of Davidโs ืชืฉืืื. The punishment still happens; he loses four sons as we discussed last time, and he will lose his kingdom and see his wives publicly taken from him, but he will regain that kingship and end up with a son, Shlomo, who continues his legacy.
There is a well-known ืคืจืง ืชืืืืื that expands Davidโs mental state with his ืืืืชื ืืืณ, that we quote three times a day. It is the true expression of Davidโs ืืืืืื:
ื ืืื ืฆื ืืืืืจ ืืืืื
ื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืื ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืื ืื ืืช ืฉืืขื
ื ืื ื ื ืืืงืื ืืืกืื; ืืจื ืจืืืื ืืื ืคืฉืขืื
ื ืืจืื (ืืจื) ืืืกื ื ืืขืื ื; ืืืืืืชื ืืืจื ืื
ื ืื ืคืฉืขื ืื ื ืืืข; ืืืืืชื ื ืืื ืชืืืื
David asks for forgiveness for his sin, and admits that he sinnedโืคืฉืขื ืื ื ืืืขโ but doesnโt mention the sin. The Rambam points out that a true ืืืืืื needs to be specific: ืืขืฉืืชื ืื ืืื. Rabbi Avi Baumol points out that the ืืืชืจืช is part of the ืคืจืง, and it is very specific: ืืืฉืจ ืื ืื ืืช ืฉืืข.
This verse, which is the title of psalm, is quite incriminating. If we accept the assumption that the songs of David were not his private hymns, but rather a popular vehicle for connecting with G-d during his time and eternally, then we have a strange phenomenon. David publicly incriminates himself!
Could David not have left out this damning verse? Would he not have saved face by not revealing to the nation his desires, his iniquities and his darkest actions? Why include this psalm at all in the songs of David?
โฆDespite the fact that the prophet told David his repentance was genuinely accepted and that he would not lose his kingdom or his life, David did not feel exonerated, since his repentance happened in private, behind royally closed doors. As representative of the nation, he felt he must make a statement pouring out his shame before his ministers, his army and the peasants who work the fields. He would write a song, a story of his sin, his darkest hour and his forgiving G-d who saw his genuine teshuva and granted him another chance.
โฆIn this regard, Psalm 51 belongs in the Psalter, perhaps even with distinction, as it represents a defining quality of leadership which appeared in David but rarely in anyone before or after him.
ืื ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืจืข ืืขืื ืื ืขืฉืืชื;
ืืืขื ืชืฆืืง ืืืืจื ืชืืื ืืฉืคืืื
ืื ืืืื ืืืืชื is the hardest pasuk to understand. His sin was against Bat Sheva and Uriah; what does ืื ืืืื mean? Certainly Nathan accuses him of sinning against G-d as well: (ืฉืืืื ื ืื:ื)โ ืืืืข ืืืืช ืืช ืืืจ ืืณ ืืขืฉืืช ืืจืข ืืขืื ื. When David abuses his power for his own personal needs, it is a ืืืื ืืณ:
ืื ืจืื ืฉืืืจ ืืณ ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืืืืืื, ืฉืขืืฉืื ืึผึดืึธื ืืืชื ืืืจ ืฉืืืืจ ืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืื ืืณโฆ
And David will certainly have to do ืชืฉืืื for what happened to Bat Sheva and Uriah; weโve talked about the concept of ืืืื, and the requirement for an ืืื ืก to marry his victim. But Rabbi Baumol points out thatโs not what this perek is about.
ืื ืืืื: ืื ืืืจ ืืช ืฉืืข ืืกืชืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืืืข ืืืืชืโฆืืืชื ืืืขืช ืืฉื ื ืืืืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืืจืข ืืื ืืืคืืจ ืืืื. ืืืืืื ืจื ืกืขืืื ืคืืจืืฉโฆโืืโ ืืืืืจ ืื ื ืืชืืื ืืืืืจ โืืืืชืโ, ืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืคืจืกื ืืืื ืืืืืชื.
In other words, ืคืฉืขื ืื ื ืืืข, I publicly acknowledge my sin, even though ืื ืืืื ืืืืชื, only You knew the truth about it, ืืืขื ืชืฆืืง ืืืืจื, in order to demonstrate Your justice. As Rabbi Baumol says (p. 111) โI thought my sin would be only before G-d but now I realize that I must confess my sin before all my peersโ.
ืืืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืชืืืืชื ืขื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืกืืฃ ืืืจืื (ืชืืืื ื ื) ืืืื ืืืงืื ืจืื ื ืฉืืจื ืื ื ืฉืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืื ืชืืื. ืจืื ื ืฉืืจื. ืจืื ื ืืืื. ืืืื ื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืขื ืืขืืงืจื ืืชืฉืืื. ืื ืืืืืืจ ืืื ืืกืื ืืืกื ืืขืืงืจื ืืชืฉืืื.
ื ืื ืืขืืื ืืืืืชื; ืืืืื ืืืืชื ื ืืืื
ื ืื ืืืช ืืคืฆืช ืืืืืช; ืืืกืชื ืืืื ืชืืืืขื ืื
ื ืชืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืืจ; ืชืืืกื ื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืื
ื ืชืฉืืืขื ื ืฉืฉืื ืืฉืืื; ืชืืื ื ืขืฆืืืช ืืืืชื
ืื ืืกืชืจ ืคื ืื ืืืืื; ืืื ืขืื ืชื ืืืื
ืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืจื ืื ืืืงืื; ืืจืื ื ืืื ืืืฉ ืืงืจืืื
ืื ืื ืชืฉืืืื ื ืืืคื ืื; ืืจืื ืงืืฉื ืื ืชืงื ืืื ืื
ืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืฉืฉืื ืืฉืขื; ืืจืื ื ืืืื ืชืกืืื ืื
ืื ืืืืื ืคืฉืขืื ืืจืืื; ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืื
โืชืืืืื ืคืจืง ื ื
The next part of the perek sets up the fundamental dialectic of humanity: ืืขืืื ืืืืืชื but ืื ืืืืจ ืืจื ืื ืืืงืื. First he deals with the negative: I was conceived in sin. But this isnโt the Christian concept of Original Sin, that we start life having already sinned. We are only born with a tendency to self-interest (ืืฆืจ ืืจืข):โ (ืืจืืฉืืช ื:ื)โ ืืคืชื ืืืืช ืจืืฅ. Deep inside me is the truth, ืืืช ืืคืฆืช ืืืืืช, and with Your help I can go from my misery (ืขืฆืืืช ืืืืช) to joy. ืชืฉืืื is possible, but only with G-dโs help, and only if we start the process:
ืคืชืื ืื ืคืชื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืื ื ืืคืชื ืืื ืืคืชืื ืฉื ืืืื.
And then the parallel stich is the positive: ืื ืืืืจ ืืจื ืื ืืืงืื. The complete pasuk in (ืืจืืฉืืช ื:ื) is ืืคืชื ืืืืช ืจืืฅ; ืืืืื ืชืฉืืงืชื ืืืชื ืชืืฉื ืื. We are not our ืืฆืจ ืืจืข. And, David adds, if I can achieve repentance and forgiveness, I will be an example to others: ืืืืื ืคืฉืขืื ืืจืืื.
So save me from this โblood guiltโ and I will write this very song that is the ืืกืื ืืืกื ืืขืืงืจื ืืชืฉืืื:
ืืฆืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืงื ืชืฉืืขืชื;
ืชืจื ื ืืฉืื ื ืฆืืงืชืื
ืื ืึพืื ื ืฉืคืชื ืชืคืชื; ืืคื ืืืื ืชืืืชืื
ืื ืื ืื ืชืืคืฅ ืืื ืืืชื ื; ืขืืื ืื ืชืจืฆืื
ืื ืืืื ืืืงืื ืจืื ื ืฉืืจื;
ืื ื ืฉืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืื ืชืืืื
ื ืืืืืื ืืจืฆืื ื ืืช ืฆืืื; ืชืื ื ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืื
ืื ืื ืชืืคืฅ ืืืื ืฆืืง ืขืืื ืืืืื;
ืื ืืขืื ืขื ืืืืื ืคืจืืื
We introduce our ืชืคืืืืช with the pasuk of ืึพืื ื ืฉืคืชื ืชืคืชื because we are in the same situation as David is. He cannot offer a sacrifice in the ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ because it has not been built, and due to his sins it will not be built. He accepts that. (There is a ืืฉืื in ืืืขืื, but thatโs really not the same thing. Weโve noted several times that the ืืฉืื never appears in ืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื after the destruction of ืืฉืื ืฉืืื.โ ืืืืืดื). For us, we cannot offer a sacrifice in the ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ because it has been destroyed. But both of us can offer a prayer instead:
ืงึฐืืึผ ืขึดืึผึธืึถื ืึผึฐืึธืจึดืื ืึฐืฉืืึผืืึผ ืึถื ืืณ ืึดืึฐืจืึผ ืึตืึธืื ืึผึธื ืชึผึดืฉึผืึธื ืขึธืึนื ืึฐืงึทื ืืึนื ืึผื ึฐืฉืึทืึผึฐืึธื ืคึธืจึดืื ืฉืึฐืคึธืชึตืื ืึผื
And a sincere prayer is even better than a sacrifice (ืื ืชืืคืฅ ืืื ืืืชื ื; ืขืืื ืื ืชืจืฆื), which is a pretty radical idea but itโs exactly what Samuel told Saul:
ืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืคืฅ ืืืณ ืืขืืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืืข ืืงืื ืืณ; ืื ื ืฉืืข ืืืื ืืื ืืืงืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืืื
ืื ืื ืืืืช ืงืกื ืืจื ืืืื ืืชืจืคืื ืืคืฆืจ; ืืขื ืืืกืช ืืช ืืืจ ืืณ ืืืืืกื ืืืืื
And this relates to an obscure pasuk at the end of ืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื:
ืึฐืึตืึผึถื ืึผึดืึฐืจึตื ืึธืึดื ืึธืึทืึฒืจึนื ึดืื; ื ึฐืึปื ืึผึธืึดื ืึผึถื ืึดืฉืึทื ืึผื ึฐืึปื ืึทืึผึถืึถืจ ืึปืงึทื ืขึธื ืึฐืฉืึดืืึท ืึฑืึนืงึตื ืึทืขึฒืงึนื ืึผื ึฐืขึดืื ืึฐืึดืจืึนืช ืึดืฉืึฐืจึธืึตืื
ืจืื ืฉืืืื ืืจ ื ืืื ื ืืดืจ ืืื ืชื: ืืื ืืืชืื (ืฉืืืื ื ืื) ื ืื ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืงื ืขื? ื ืื ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉืืงืื ืขืืื ืฉื ืชืฉืืื.
ืขืืื ืฉื ืชืฉืืื is generally understood as ืขึนืืึธืึผ: โthe yoke of repentanceโ. David by admitting his guilt with Bat Sheva becomes the exemplar of someone who bears the burden of repentance. The Maharsha says thatโs not what the gemara is talking about; there is no โyokeโ of repentance. The Gemara is referring to the ืขึนืืึธื, the โburnt offeringโ of repentance:
ืืืช ืชืืจืช ืืขืืื ืืืืณ: ืื ืฉื ื ืจืืืชืื ื ืืืชื ืขืืื ืืืื ืงืืืฉื ืืคื ื ืฉืื ืืืชื ืื ืขื ืขืื ืืช, ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืืืืืช, ืืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืื ืื ืขื ืืืืช ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืขื ืืจืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืื, ืืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืงืจืื ืืขืืืโฆืืชืืข ืื ืฉืงืจืื ืขืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืจืืืจ ืืื, ืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืงืจืื ืขื ืื ืื ืฉื ืืณ (ืืืื ื:ื) ืึทืึฐืึดื ืึผึดื ืึดืงึผึดืืคืึผ ืึฐืึตื ืึทืึผึดืฉืึฐืชึผึถื ืึทืึผึดืฉืึฐืึทื ืึดืึผืึนื ืึทืึฐืงึทืึผึฐืฉืึตื ืึฐืึดืฉืึฐืึผึดืื ืึผึทืึผึนืงึถืจ ืึฐืึถืขึฑืึธื ืขึนืืึนืช ืึดืกึฐืคึผึทืจ ืึผึปืึผึธื ืึผึดื ืึธืึทืจ ืึดืึผืึนื ืืึผืึทื ืึธืึฐืืึผ ืึธื ึทื ืึผืึตืจึฐืืึผ ืึฑึพืึนืึดืื ืึผึดืึฐืึธืึธื. ืืื ืืชื ืืืฆื ืฉืขื ืืจืืืจ ืืื ืืชืงืื ืืคืจื ืืื, ืืืื ืงืจืื ืขืืื.
ืฉืืงืื ืขืืื ืฉื ืชืฉืืื ืืืณ: ืืฉ ืืคืจืฉ ืื ืงื ืขืืื ืฉื ืชืฉืืื ืขืดืฉ ืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืขืฉื ืืช ืฉืืข ืืืืืจืื ื ืคืจืง ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืืชืืช ืืื ืืืชื ืืืฉืชื ืืืื ืื ืืืคืจืข ืืื ืืคื ืืขืืื ืขื ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืืืช ืื ืขื ืฉ ืขืืืโฆ
The ืขืืื is a tool for ืชืฉืืื. It is the only ืงืจืื that can be correctly translated as โsacrificeโ. ืืณ doesnโt need it, we do, to put ourselves in the correct frame of mind to change:
ืืื ืฉืืืฉืื ืืื ืืขืฉืืชื ืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืงืื ืืืืคื ืืื ืคืฉื ืืจืืื ืื ืฉืืฉืคื ืืื ืืืฉืจืฃ ืืืคื ืืืื ืืกื ืืืืจื ืฉืืงื ืืื ื ืชืืืจื ืืืคืจ ืืงืจืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืชืืช ืืื ื ืคืฉ ืชืืช ื ืคืฉ ืืจืืฉื ืืืจื ืืงืจืื ืื ืื ืจืืฉื ืืืจืื.
ืฆื ืืช ืืืจื ืืืช ืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืช ืชืืจืช ืืขืื; ืืื ืืขืื ืขื ืืืงืื ืขื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืืงืจ ืืืฉ ืืืืื ืชืืงื ืืื
ืืืช ืชืืจืช ืืขืืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืขื ืืืงืื: ืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืจื, ืืืกืืืื ืืืคืจืฉืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืืืืข ืฉืื ืืขืืกืง ืืชืืจืช ืขืืื ืืืืื ืืงืจืื ืขืืื ืืขื ืื ืืืจ ืืืช ืชืืจืช ืืขืืื ืืขืืกืง ืืชืืจืช ืืขืืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืงืจืืช ืืขืืื ืขืฆืืโฆ
ืืืืืืข ืื ื ืืืชืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืืืงืจ, ืืขืื ืฉโืขื ืืืืงืจโ ืืืืชืจ, ืืืืื ืืขืช ืืช ืืขื ืขื ืฆื ืืจืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืืืงืจ ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืขืืกืง ืืชืืจืช ืขืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืจืื ืขืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืฉื ืืืืื ืื ืื ืฆืจืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืื ืคืจืื ืฉืคืชืืชืืื, ืืขื ืืืืงืจ ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืขืื ืืืงืจื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืขืื ืขื ืืืื ืืณ ืคืจืื ืืืฉ, ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืชืืืื ื ื:ืื) ืืณ ืฉืคืชื ืืืืณ ืืืืืชื ืื ื ืืืงืฉ ืฉืชืงืื ื ืื ืฉืคืชื, ืื ืื ืชืืคืืฅ ืืื ืืืชื ื (ืฉื ืคืกืืง ืื), ืืืฉืื ืื ืืืจื ืขื ืืืื ืืจืฆื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืชืืคืืฅ ืืื ืืขื ืืืชื ืืื ืื ื ืืืงืฉ ืฉืชืงืื ืืจืฉืช ืฉืคืชื ืืืงืื ืืงืจืื ืื ืขื ืืื ืืขืกืง ืืชืืจืช ืืงืจืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืจืื ื ืฉืืจื ืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืฉื ืคืกืืง ืื) ืืืื ืืืงืื ืจืื ื ืฉืืจื ืื ื ืฉืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืื ืชืืื, ืืืืงืืืจ ืื ืชืืื ืฉืืข ืืื ื ืฉืขืกืง ืืงืจืื ืขืฆืื ื ืืืจ ืืืณ ืืืชืจ ืื ืืขืกืง ืืชืืจืช ืขืืื. ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืืช ืชืืจืช ืืขืืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ื ืืืงื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืื ืื, ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืืจ ืื (ืฉื ืคืกืืงืื ื-ืื) ืืืืืื ืืจืฆืื ื ืืช ืฆืืื ืืืืณ ืื ืชืืคืืฅ ืืืื ืฆืืง ืื ืืขืื ืขื ืืืืื ืคืจืื.
So now we can go back to the gemara that claims that David never sinned:
ืืืจ ืจืื ืฉืืืื ืืจ ื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืจืื ืืื ืชื: ืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืขื.
Thereโs another gemara that has a similar message, that David wasnโt really at fault in the affair of Bat Sheva:
ืืืืื ื ืืืดืจ ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืจืดืฉ ืื ืืืืื: ืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืชื ืืขืฉื [ืจืฉืดื: ืืืช ืฉืืข] ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืจืืืื ืืืืชื ืืขืฉืโฆืืื ืืื ืขืฉื? ืืืืจ ืื, ืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืืฆื ืืืื [ืจืฉืดื: ืืืืจืช ืืื ืืืชื ืืืชื ืคืชืืื ืคื ืืฉืืื], ืืื ืืืื ืฆืืืจ ืืืืจืืโฆ ืืฆื ืฆืืืจ.
How can we say David didnโt sin, or that he only did it as a lesson for ืืขืื ืชืฉืืื? I think we are mis-reading the gemara. In the context of ืชื ืดื, the David of the Bat Sheva incident is inconsistent with the David of the rest of ืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื and the rest of ืชื ืดื. That doesnโt mean it didnโt happen in the life of the historical David. But why write it as as such a major part of the literary work that we have before us? Itโs for the lesson about ืืืชื ืคืชืืื ืคื ืืฉืืื.โ ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืขื means that if you read this and all you can say is ืืื ืืื then you are ืืื ื ืืื ืืืขื. You are missing the point. You are making Meir Sternbergโs mistake, reading a single chapter as an independent short story. There is a novel here, with an arc of character development that cannot conclude with ืืื ืืื.
[T]his is the wonder of teshuva. If someone fully and sincerely repents, then Hashem considers it as if the crime had never been done. Instead of ืืฉ ืืืื we have ืืื ืืืฉ. He turns the ืืฉ of the crime into an ืืืโa negation of an act that has already taken place. So, in this sense, teshuva was created before the formation of the world. Because teshuva returns conditions to where they were before the Creation to the status of ืืื. The misdeed is considered null and void.
This explains the statement of Chazal that โืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืขืโWhoever says that King David sinned is mistakenโ. On the surface, it seems strange for the Chachamim to have come to this conclusion. After all, the Tanach is very direct in its description of Davidโs actions; it does not whitewash anyone. Certainly, it is clear from the Tanach that David committed some ืืื in regard to Batsheva. Why, then, is it wrong to think that David did something improper?
The answer is that David sinned, but he also did teshuvaโฆ[O]nce someone has repented wholeheartedly and has committed himself to not repeating his mistake, it is as if he has not sinned at allโฆ
And that is how to read David and Bat Sheva.