After David confesses his guilt, Nathan informs him of the final sentence: David will not die, but the newborn infant will.
So David prays for the child:
And fasting has a special meaning here; David is asking ה׳ to accept his suffering in lieu of the child’s:
I find a huge moral problem here. How can ה׳ make an innocent child suffer, to punish the guilty adult? It’s not an easy question, and I don’t have a pat answer. But the concept certainly exists:
Rav Dessler has an approach that I think is the place to start (again, it doesn’t answer all the problems):
Babies have no moral agency. We as parents make all decisions for them, and they bear the consequences of that, for better or worse. It may not be “fair” but it is real. Children become “people” by a gradual process of learning to make moral judgments, and ה׳ punishes them in accordance to their ability to make those judgments. But until then, they are extensions of their parents, and suffer the consequences of their parents' judgments.
However, that can’t be the complete answer, not least because it implies that infants have no rights from a human, בין אדם לחבירו, perspective. If you warrant punishment, I, a human judge, can’t make your children suffer to punish you. On the other hand, putting a parent in prison is making the children suffer. I have no solution but must live with the inconsistency.
There is a פרק תהילים that may be related to David’s ויבקש דוד את האלקים בעד הנער:
The Malbim reads אל בקצפך תוכיחני; ובחמתך תיסרני as “Don’t both chastise me and make me suffer. You are punishing me multiple times for a single crime.”
Most of the perek deals with the physical punishment:
David describes himself as suffering. We could look at this in a number of ways: an actual illness (of which we have no record in ספר שמואל), or as projection: a description of the illness of the child that David feels as his own, or a prayer: let me suffer rather than the child.
אין מתם בבשרי forms the inclusio of this section. It could mean, “None of my body is left whole”:
Or “I am so afflicted, I am no longer human”:
And the rest of the stich is a description of disease (again, we could read this as the disease of the child or of David).
Then David turns from the physical affliction to his mental misery, including the fact that his friends and allies isolated themselves from him (ויראו עבדי דוד להגיד לו):
The whispering campaign about him and Bat Sheva is not described in ספר שמואל, but there must have been rumors. Human nature doesn’t change.
This is the first accusation of “fake news” for political gain:
And David will not respond (אני כחרש לא אשמע) because he has faith that ה׳ will defend him:
And he realizes that if he tries to defend himself, he will only appear more guilty (כי אמרתי פן ישמחו לי), especially since there is some truth behind the rumors.
אני לצלע נכון literally means (per Artscroll) “I am set always to limp”, but there’s a hint to the story of Bat Sheva as the cause of all his suffering:
But the child dies, and David lives:
David seems not to mourn this child at all, which is recognized in Jewish law:
But there is some expression of mourning. אני הלך אליו והוא לא ישוב אלי is a heart-wrenching expression of what it means to lose an infant.
David, and our narrative move on. There is still more תשובה to accomplish.
We don’t know what וינחם דוד את בת שבע אשתו means; that’s Bat Sheva’s private decision. David has to get to the point of וירצהו . But whatever it was, it happened. She goes from אשת אוריה in the entire perek to בת שבע אשתו . That is part of another piece of the teshuva, the חרטה על העבר. But the crime against Uriah can’t be forgiven. Uriah is no longer alive. David can only attempt to redeem himself for that act.
That is accomplished when this child is born, the one that G-d loves, ידידיה. Rabbi David Fohrman, in his lecture from the 2017 ימי עיון בתנ״ך connects the story of Shlomo’s birth with the famous story of Shlomo’s dream and his wisdom:
So what does Shlomo do with his dream? It’s more that something is done to him. ה׳ sets up a situation where he can demonstrate his wisdom:
The wisdom here is understanding human nature, לב שמע לשפט את עמך. A strictly just solution would in fact involve dividing the infant:
(presumably with a joint custody agreement, not a sword)
But Rabbi Fohrman says there’s something much deeper here. ה׳ is teaching Shlomo something about himself. Who was Shlomo? It goes back to David and Bat Sheva and our perek.
Rabbi Fohrman notices the parallels between our perek and the נשים זנות story: there are two infants, one alive, one dead. There are two parents, David and Uriah. While the baby is biologically David’s, the history of David’s family involves a lot of יבום, the idea that the child of a widow is the spiritual heir of her late husband. In this model, Shlomo is being metaphorically told that this very case came before הקב״ה: two parents with a claim to an infant. How should Bat Sheva’s child be divided?
There is precedent for this idea. We are familiar with the story of Naval and Avigail, and how David marries Avigail right after Naval dies. She has a son:
We see through ספר שמואל and ספר מלכים all the jockeying for power among David’s sons, but כלאב בן אביגיל never comes up. Rav Medan notes other oddities: his mother is called אשת נבל הכרמלי, even though נבל is dead. And he seems to be named after נבל:
We’ve previously discussed the underlying concept of יבום: (דברים כה:ו) והיה הבכור אשר תלד יקום על שם אחיו המת. The child is the spiritual child of the dead. Therefore כלאב will not carry on David’s legacy, and everyone knows it. He will never be king.
So what about Bat Sheva’s sons? What I’m going to say is a little different from the way Rabbi Fohrman presented it, but I think it represents an interesting way to look at the text.
When David prays for Bat Sheva’s baby, ויבקש דוד את האלקים בעד הנער, what is he praying for? He needs this baby:
The key phrase there is אשר יצא ממעיך, in the future. Not only will David not build the בית המקדש, but none of the children he has now will build it. This child represents his hope of a legacy, of a future. He can’t give it up. But after the sin of Uriah and Bat Sheva, נתן told him (שמואל ב יב:י) ועתה לא תסור חרב מביתך עד עולם. This, Rabbi Forhman says, is the meaning of (מלכים א ג:כד) ויאמר המלך קחו לי חרב. Both Uriah and David have a spiritual claim to the child. ה׳ says, OK, split him in half. But no child can survive that. The child dies because David will not give up his claim, זה בני.
But in the case of Shlomo, Rabbi Fohrman understands that David realizes that he cannot be the father. The text says ותלד בן, without the key word from before, (שמואל ב יא:כז) ותלד לו בן. He is willing to let the יבום stand and remove this son from his legacy (similar to the way we understood כלאב above). Then ה׳ says, now this child can be your legacy. But remember that he is not really yours; he is Mine: אני אהיה לו לאב והוא יהיה לי לבן. And so ה׳ gives him an additional name: וה׳ אהבו; וישלח ביד נתן הנביא ויקרא את שמו ידידיה בעבור ה׳.
With the incident of the two זנות, ה׳ gives Shlomo a glimpse of his own past and his own destiny, as it said in the dream: לא היה כמוך איש במלכים כל ימיך.
Here we have the second part of David’s תשובה, his חרטה על העבר. The fact that Bat Sheva is now אשתו, and the child is ידידיה, the beloved of G-d (note the amgiuity: does David give him the name, or does G-d? Yes) is teh way the text tells us that David is not טובל ושרץ בידו. But the birth of the child is only the potential for his legacy to be fulfilled. His teshuva is not complete, and he is still sentenced to lose his מלכות and all he is working for. He has yet to demonstrate קבלה על העתיד.