ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: What's Love Got to do With It

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

ื™ื“ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื›ืœ ื“ืจื›ื• ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ; ื•ื”ืณ ืขืžื•ืƒ
ื˜ื• ื•ื™ืจื ืฉืื•ืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ืžืื“; ื•ื™ื’ืจ ืžืคื ื™ื•ืƒ
ื˜ื– ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื”ื‘ ืืช ื“ื•ื“:
ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื•ื‘ื ืœืคื ื™ื”ืืƒ
ื™ื– ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืื•ืœ ืืœ ื“ื•ื“
ื”ื ื” ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืจื‘ ืืชื” ืืชืŸ ืœืš ืœืืฉื”
ืืš ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืœื‘ืŸ ื—ื™ืœ ื•ื”ืœื—ื ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืณ;
ื•ืฉืื•ืœ ืืžืจ ืืœ ืชื”ื™ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื• ื•ืชื”ื™ ื‘ื• ื™ื“ ืคืœืฉืชื™ืืƒ

ื”ื•ื™ืฆื ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉื›ื™ืœโ€ฆ
ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืจื ืฉืื•ืœ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื“ื•ื“: ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืณ ืขืžื•โ€ฆ

ื™ื’ โ€ฆื•ื™ืฆื ื•ื™ื‘ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขืืƒ
โ€ฆ

ื”โ€ฆื•ื™ืฉืžื”ื• ืฉืื•ืœ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”โ€ฆ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื™ื—

These psukim add no detail (except for the story of ืžืจื‘; more on that later) to the previous parshiot, but serve to give us more of the thoughts of Saul and ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. This repetition with slightly different words, from a slightly different perspective is what we call โ€œparallelismโ€ and is what distinguishes Hebrew poetry from prose.

Lacking rhyme, metre, and any overt device such as comparison, these lines are what we should normally call poetry only by virtue of their compactness; two statements are made as if they are connected, and the reader is forced to consider their relations for himself.

William Empson (1947) Seven Types of Ambiguity, cited by Adele Berlin (2008) The Dynamics of Biblical Parallelism, page 6

Even though we think of ื ื‘ืื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื as prose books, they are books of ื ื‘ื•ืื” and need to be analyzed as such; this will be the basis of how we will analyze the differences between ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื and ืฉืžื•ืืœ when we come to ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘.

In this case, the parallels between the earlier pasuk ื”ืณ:โ€Ž ื•ื™ืฉืžื”ื• ืฉืื•ืœ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” and the later pasuk ื™ืดื–:โ€Ž ื”ืœื—ื ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืณ; ื•ืฉืื•ืœ ืืžืจ ืืœ ืชื”ื™ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื• ื•ืชื”ื™ ื‘ื• ื™ื“ ืคืœืฉืชื™ื make it clear that Saulโ€™s intentions were never good; he made David a general with the hope that he would die in battle.


ื™ื— ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ืžื™ ืื ื›ื™ ื•ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ื—ืชืŸ ืœืžืœืšืƒ ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ืขืช ืชืช ืืช ืžืจื‘ ื‘ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื“ื•ื“; ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืชื ื” ืœืขื“ืจื™ืืœ ื”ืžื—ืœืชื™ ืœืืฉื”ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื™ื—

Everyone knows that Davidโ€™s first wife, the daughter of ืฉืื•ืœ, was ืžื™ื›ืœ:

ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื•ื™ืฉื•ื™ ื•ืžืœื›ื™ืฉื•ืข; ื•ืฉื ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื ืชื™ื• ืฉื ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื” ืžืจื‘ ื•ืฉื ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืžื™ื›ืœืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื“:ืžื˜

So what is ืžืจื‘ doing here? Most of the commentaties interpret these psukim to say that ืขืช ืชืช means โ€œthe time for her to be givenโ€ (cf. ืจืฉืดื™:โ€Ž ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ืœืชืชื” ืœื•, ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืชืขืกืงื™ื ืœืชืชื” ืœื•, ื ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื ืชื ื” ืœืขื“ืจื™ืืœ), and that the marriage never happened, but the gemara understands it as meaning the time of ื ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, when the man and woman actually live together, implying that the ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ already happened. At ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ the couple are exclusively dedicated to each other, so how could she be given to ืขื“ืจื™ืืœ? And even if we say that was wrong (as we will see with a similar story with ืžื™ื›ืœ), how could David marry two sisters?

ื•ืืฉื” ืืœ ืื—ืชื” ืœื ืชืงื—; ืœืฆืจืจ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืขืจื•ืชื” ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ืƒ

ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื—:ื™ื—

The gemara gives one possible answer:

ืฉืืœื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืืช ืจืณ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื”ื™ืืš ื ืฉื ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืชื™ ืื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ ืืžืจ ืœื”ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืื—ืจ ืžื™ืชืช ืžื™ืจื‘ ื ืฉืื”

ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื™ื˜,ื‘

But that is very difficult to understand in light of a later pasuk:

ื•ื™ืงื— ื”ืžืœืš ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืจืฆืคื” ื‘ืช ืื™ื” ืืฉืจ ื™ืœื“ื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืืจืžื ื™ ื•ืืช ืžืคื‘ืฉืช; ื•ืืช ื—ืžืฉืช ื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ื›ืœ ื‘ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ืœื“ื” ืœืขื“ืจื™ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื–ืœื™ ื”ืžื—ืœืชื™ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื:ื—

ื•ืจืณ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืงืจื—ื” ื ืžื™ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืืช ื—ืžืฉืช ื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ื›ืœ ื‘ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ืืžืจ ืœืš ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื›ื™ ืžื™ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ื” ื•ื”ืœื ืžื™ืจื‘ ื™ืœื“ื” ืžื™ืจื‘ ื™ืœื“ื” ื•ืžื™ื›ืœ ื’ื™ื“ืœื” ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ืงืจืื• ืขืœ ืฉืžื” ืœืœืžื“ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื™ืชื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืชื• ืžืขืœื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืœื“ื•

ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื™ื˜,ื‘

How could ืžื™ืจื‘ have five children before she died, from the time she is given to ืขื“ืจื™ืืœ to the time ืžื™ื›ืœ marries David? I prefer the other explanation given in the gemara:

ืจืณ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืงืจื—ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื‘ืžื™ืจื‘ ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื’) ืชื ื” ืืช ืืฉืชื™ ืืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืืจืกืชื™ ืœื™ ื‘ืžืื” ืขืจืœื•ืช ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืžืื™ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ืคืคื ืžื™ื›ืœ ืืฉืชื™ ื•ืœื ืžื™ืจื‘ ืืฉืชื™ ืžืื™ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื–) ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื ื• ื™ืขืฉืจื ื• ื”ืžืœืš ืขื•ืฉืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื’ื•ืณ ืื–ืœ ืงื˜ืœื™ื” ืืžืจ ืœื• ืžืœื•ื” ืื™ืช ืœืš ื’ื‘ืื™ ื•ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืœื•ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช ืื–ืœ ื™ื”ื‘ื” ืœืขื“ืจื™ืืœ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื—)โ€Ž ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ืขืช ืชืช ืืช ืžื™ืจื‘ ื‘ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื“ื•ื“ ื•ื’ื•ืณ

ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื™ื˜,ื‘


ื› ื•ืชืื”ื‘ ืžื™ื›ืœ ื‘ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื“ื•ื“; ื•ื™ื’ื“ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื™ืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืƒ ื›ื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืื•ืœ ืืชื ื ื” ืœื• ื•ืชื”ื™ ืœื• ืœืžื•ืงืฉ ื•ืชื”ื™ ื‘ื• ื™ื“ ืคืœืฉืชื™ื; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืื•ืœ ืืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืชื™ื ืชืชื—ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืืƒ ื›ื‘ ื•ื™ืฆื• ืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื“ื• ื“ื‘ืจื• ืืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืœื˜ ืœืืžืจ ื”ื ื” ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืš ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ืื”ื‘ื•ืš; ื•ืขืชื” ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ื‘ืžืœืšืƒ ื›ื’ ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื ืงืœื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ื‘ืžืœืš ื•ืื ื›ื™ ืื™ืฉ ืจืฉ ื•ื ืงืœื”ืƒ ื›ื“ ื•ื™ื’ื“ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื• ืœืืžืจ: ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ื“ืƒ ื›ื” ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืื•ืœ ื›ื” ืชืืžืจื• ืœื“ื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืคืฅ ืœืžืœืš ื‘ืžื”ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืื” ืขืจืœื•ืช ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืœื”ื ืงื ื‘ืื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืœืš; ื•ืฉืื•ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื“ ืคืœืฉืชื™ืืƒ ื›ื• ื•ื™ื’ื“ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ืœื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ื™ืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ื‘ืžืœืš; ื•ืœื ืžืœืื• ื”ื™ืžื™ืืƒ ื›ื– ื•ื™ืงื ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ืœืš ื”ื•ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื• ื•ื™ืš ื‘ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืžืืชื™ื ืื™ืฉ ื•ื™ื‘ื ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืขืจืœืชื™ื”ื ื•ื™ืžืœืื•ื ืœืžืœืš ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ื‘ืžืœืš; ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ื‘ืชื• ืœืืฉื”ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื™ื—

The ืคืœืฉืชื™ื are the only people in ืชื ืดืš consistently called ืขืจืœื™ื. Native Canaanites practiced circumcision (remember the Philistines were foreigners) (though the Shechemites in the time of Yaakov obviously were not circumcised). So bringing ืขืจืœื•ืช proved that he had killed ืคืœืฉืชื™ื.

The text attributed to the Phoenician priest Sanchuniathon that author Baruch Margalit cites makes clear that the practice of circumcision is directly related to this rite of human sacrifice. We learn there that once, when destruction threatened his city, the god El offered his only son as a sacrifice to his father, the god Heaven; he also circumcised himself and ordered his followers to do the same. Circumcision is thus a substitute for human sacrifice, an offering of a part of the body in place of the whole. In Canaanite religion, it served as a reminder to El of the offering of his own son that he himself had performed.

Biblical Archeology Review, 13:02, Mar/Apr 1987

Circumcision was also adopted by some Semitic peoples living in or around Egypt. Herodotus reported that circumcision is only practiced by the Egyptians, Colchians, Ethiopians, Phoenicians, the โ€œSyrians of Palestineโ€, and โ€œthe Syrians who dwell about the rivers Thermodon and Parthenius, as well as their neighbours the Macronians and Macronesโ€. He also reports, however, that โ€œthe Phoenicians, when they come to have commerce with the Greeks, cease to follow the Egyptians in this custom, and allow their children to remain uncircumcised.โ€

Wikipedia, History of male circumcision (Accessed 2013-06-09)

The gemara is more interested in the halachic issues of such an arrangement, especially in light of the ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื˜ืขื•ืช that we attributed to ืžื™ืจื‘:

ืืดืœ ืื™ ื‘ืขื™ืช ื“ืืชืŸ ืœืš ืžื™ื›ืœ ื–ื™ืœ ืื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื™ ืžืื” ืขืจืœื•ืช ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืื–ืœ ืื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื™ื” ืืดืœ ืžืœื•ื” ื•ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ืื™ืช ืœืš ื’ื‘ืื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ืกื‘ืจ ืžืœื•ื” ื•ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ื“ืขืชื™ื” ืืžืœื•ื” ื•ื“ื•ื“ ืกื‘ืจ ืžืœื•ื” ื•ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ื“ืขืชื™ื” ืืคืจื•ื˜ื” ื•ืื™ื‘ืขื™ืช ืื™ืžื ื“ื›ื•ืœื™ ืขืœืžื ืžืœื•ื” ื•ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ื“ืขืชื™ื” ืืคืจื•ื˜ื” ืฉืื•ืœ ืกื‘ืจ ืœื ื—ื–ื• ื•ืœื ืžื™ื“ื™ ื•ื“ื•ื“ ืกื‘ืจ ื—ื–ื• ืœื›ืœื‘ื™ ื•ืฉื•ื ืจื™

ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื™ื˜,ื‘