ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืฉืืื; ืืืณ ืขืืื
ืื ืืืจื ืฉืืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื; ืืืืจ ืืคื ืืื
ืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืื:
ืื ืืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืืคื ืืืื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืื ืืื
ืื ื ืืชื ืืืืืื ืืจื ืืชื ืืชื ืื ืืืฉื
ืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืณ;
ืืฉืืื ืืืจ ืื ืชืื ืืื ืื ืืชืื ืื ืื ืคืืฉืชืืื
ืืืืฆื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืื ื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืโฆ
ืื ืืืจื ืฉืืื ืืืคื ื ืืื: ืื ืืื ืืณ ืขืืโฆ
ืื โฆืืืฆื ืืืื ืืคื ื ืืขืื
โฆ
ืโฆืืืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืขื ืื ืฉื ืืืืืืโฆ
These psukim add no detail (except for the story of ืืจื; more on that later) to the previous parshiot, but serve to give us more of the thoughts of Saul and ืื ื ืืฉืจืื. This repetition with slightly different words, from a slightly different perspective is what we call โparallelismโ and is what distinguishes Hebrew poetry from prose.
Lacking rhyme, metre, and any overt device such as comparison, these lines are what we should normally call poetry only by virtue of their compactness; two statements are made as if they are connected, and the reader is forced to consider their relations for himself.
William Empson (1947) Seven Types of Ambiguity
, cited by Adele Berlin (2008) The Dynamics of Biblical Parallelism
, page 6
Even though we think of ื ืืืื ืจืืฉืื ืื as prose books, they are books of ื ืืืื and need to be analyzed as such; this will be the basis of how we will analyze the differences between ืืืจื ืืืืื and ืฉืืืื when we come to ืฉืืืื ื.
In this case, the parallels between the earlier pasuk ืืณ:โ ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืขื ืื ืฉื ืืืืืื and the later pasuk ืืดื:โ ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืณ; ืืฉืืื ืืืจ ืื ืชืื ืืื ืื ืืชืื ืื ืื ืคืืฉืชืื make it clear that Saulโs intentions were never good; he made David a general with the hope that he would die in battle.
ืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืฉืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืคืืช ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืืืื
ืื ืืืื ืืขืช ืชืช ืืช ืืจื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืืื; ืืืื ื ืชื ื ืืขืืจืืื ืืืืืชื ืืืฉืื
Everyone knows that Davidโs first wife, the daughter of ืฉืืื, was ืืืื:
ืืืืื ืื ื ืฉืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืืฉืืข; ืืฉื ืฉืชื ืื ืชืื ืฉื ืืืืืจื ืืจื ืืฉื ืืงืื ื ืืืืื
So what is ืืจื doing here? Most of the commentaties interpret these psukim to say that ืขืช ืชืช means โthe time for her to be givenโ (cf. ืจืฉืดื:โ ืืฉืืืืข ืืื ืฉืงืืขื ืืชืชื ืื, ืืืขืื ืฉืืื ืืชืขืกืงืื ืืชืชื ืื, ื ืชืืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืชื ื ืืขืืจืืื), and that the marriage never happened, but the gemara understands it as meaning the time of ื ืฉืืืื, when the man and woman actually live together, implying that the ืงืืืืฉืื already happened. At ืงืืืืฉืื the couple are exclusively dedicated to each other, so how could she be given to ืขืืจืืื? And even if we say that was wrong (as we will see with a similar story with ืืืื), how could David marry two sisters?
ืืืฉื ืื ืืืชื ืื ืชืงื; ืืฆืจืจ ืืืืืช ืขืจืืชื ืขืืื ืืืืืื
The gemara gives one possible answer:
ืฉืืื ืชืืืืืื ืืช ืจืณ ืืืกื ืืืื ื ืฉื ืืื ืฉืชื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืชืช ืืืจื ื ืฉืื
But that is very difficult to understand in light of a later pasuk:
ืืืงื ืืืื ืืช ืฉื ื ืื ื ืจืฆืคื ืืช ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืจืื ื ืืืช ืืคืืฉืช; ืืืช ืืืฉืช ืื ื ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืขืืจืืื ืื ืืจืืื ืืืืืชืื
ืืจืณ ืืืืฉืข ืื ืงืจืื ื ืื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืืฉืช ืื ื ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจ ืื ืจืื ืืืืฉืข ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืคืืื ื ืงืจืื ืขื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืชืื ืืชืื ืืืชื ืืขืื ืขืืื ืืืชืื ืืืืื ืืืื
How could ืืืจื have five children before she died, from the time she is given to ืขืืจืืื to the time ืืืื marries David? I prefer the other explanation given in the gemara:
ืจืณ ืืืืฉืข ืื ืงืจืื ืืืืจ ืงืืืืฉื ืืขืืช ืืื ืื ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืฉืืืื ื ื) ืชื ื ืืช ืืฉืชื ืืช ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืจืกืชื ืื ืืืื ืขืจืืืช ืคืืฉืชืื ืืื ืชืืืืื ืืืจ ืจื ืคืคื ืืืื ืืฉืชื ืืื ืืืจื ืืฉืชื ืืื ืงืืืืฉื ืืขืืช ืืืชืื (ืฉืืืื ื ืื) ืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืื ื ืืขืฉืจื ื ืืืื ืขืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืืณ ืืื ืงืืืื ืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืงืืฉ ืืืืื ืืื ื ืืงืืืฉืช ืืื ืืืื ืืขืืจืืื ืืืชืื (ืฉืืืื ื ืื)โ ืืืื ืืขืช ืชืช ืืช ืืืจื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืณ
ื ืืชืืื ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืช ืืื; ืืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืืขืื ืืื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืชื ื ื ืื ืืชืื ืื ืืืืงืฉ ืืชืื ืื ืื ืคืืฉืชืื; ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืชืื ืชืชืืชื ืื ืืืืื
ืื ืืืฆื ืฉืืื ืืช ืขืืื ืืืจื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืื ื ืืคืฅ ืื ืืืื ืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืื; ืืขืชื ืืชืืชื ืืืืื
ืื ืืืืืจื ืขืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืื; ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืงืื ืืขืื ืืื ืืชืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืฉ ืจืฉ ืื ืงืืื
ืื ืืืืื ืขืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืืจ: ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืื ืชืืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืืคืฅ ืืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืขืจืืืช ืคืืฉืชืื ืืื ืงื ืืืืื ืืืื; ืืฉืืื ืืฉื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืคืืฉืชืืื
ืื ืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืืขืื ื ืืื ืืืชืืชื ืืืื; ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื
ืื ืืืงื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืคืืฉืชืื ืืืชืื ืืืฉ ืืืื ืืื ืืช ืขืจืืชืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืชืืชื ืืืื; ืืืชื ืื ืฉืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื
The ืคืืฉืชืื are the only people in ืชื ืดื consistently called ืขืจืืื. Native Canaanites practiced circumcision (remember the Philistines were foreigners) (though the Shechemites in the time of Yaakov obviously were not circumcised). So bringing ืขืจืืืช proved that he had killed ืคืืฉืชืื.
The text attributed to the Phoenician priest Sanchuniathon that author Baruch Margalit cites makes clear that the practice of circumcision is directly related to this rite of human sacrifice. We learn there that once, when destruction threatened his city, the god El offered his only son as a sacrifice to his father, the god Heaven; he also circumcised himself and ordered his followers to do the same. Circumcision is thus a substitute for human sacrifice, an offering of a part of the body in place of the whole. In Canaanite religion, it served as a reminder to El of the offering of his own son that he himself had performed.
Circumcision was also adopted by some Semitic peoples living in or around Egypt. Herodotus reported that circumcision is only practiced by the Egyptians, Colchians, Ethiopians, Phoenicians, the โSyrians of Palestineโ, and โthe Syrians who dwell about the rivers Thermodon and Parthenius, as well as their neighbours the Macronians and Macronesโ. He also reports, however, that โthe Phoenicians, when they come to have commerce with the Greeks, cease to follow the Egyptians in this custom, and allow their children to remain uncircumcised.โ
Wikipedia, History of male circumcision (Accessed 2013-06-09)
The gemara is more interested in the halachic issues of such an arrangement, especially in light of the ืงืืืืฉื ืืขืืช that we attributed to ืืืจื:
ืืดื ืื ืืขืืช ืืืชื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืชื ืื ืืื ืขืจืืืช ืคืืฉืชืื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืดื ืืืื ืืคืจืืื ืืืช ืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืกืืจ ืืืื ืืคืจืืื ืืขืชืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืกืืจ ืืืื ืืคืจืืื ืืขืชืื ืืคืจืืื ืืืืืขืืช ืืืื ืืืืื ืขืืื ืืืื ืืคืจืืื ืืขืชืื ืืคืจืืื ืฉืืื ืกืืจ ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืกืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืจื