This was the noblest Roman of them all:
โฆ
His life was gentle, and the elements
So mixโd in him that Nature might stand up
And say to all the world โThis was a man!โ
ื ืืคืืฉืชืื ื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื; ืืื ืกื ืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืคื ื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืคืื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืืืืขื
ื ืืืืืงื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืืช ืื ืื; ืืืื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืช ืืืื ืชื ืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืช ืืืืืฉืืข ืื ื ืฉืืืื
ื ืืชืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืฆืืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืฉืื ืืงืฉืช; ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจืืื
ื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืฉืืฃ ืืจืื ืืืงืจื ื ืื ืคื ืืืืื ืืขืจืืื ืืืื ืืืงืจื ื ืืืชืขืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ื ืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืจื ืืื; ืืืงื ืฉืืื ืืช ืืืจื ืืืคื ืขืืืื
ื ืืืจื ื ืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืช ืฉืืื; ืืืคื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืจืื ืืืืช ืขืืื
ื ืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืฉืืฉืช ืื ืื ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืื ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื
ื ืืืจืื ืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืืจ ืืขืืง ืืืฉืจ ืืขืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ื ืกื ืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืชื ืฉืืื ืืื ืื; ืืืขืืื ืืช ืืขืจืื ืืื ืกื ืืืืื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื
I am going to leave the most important question in this paragraphโSaulโs suicideโfor another time, and concentrate on the rest of it. First, letโs review how we got here, to the battle of ืืจ ืืืืข. We first see the modern ืคืืฉืชืื back in ืกืคืจ ืฉืืคืืื, though we do not know any details:
ืืืกืืคื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืจืข ืืขืื ื ืืณ; ืืืชื ื ืืณ ืืื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืจืืขืื ืฉื ืื
And they rule Israel for that 40 years (itโs not clear how far north and west their domain goes, but it definitely includes ืืืืื,โ ืื,โ ืื ืืืื and ืืคืจืื). By the end of the 40 years, the people of ืืืืื take it for granted that they are ืคืืืฉืชื citizens. Then there are the 20 years of ืฉืืฉืื's one-man guerrilla war:
ืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืฉืช ืืืคืื ืืืฉ ืืืืืื ืื ืกืขืืฃ ืกืืข ืขืืื ืืืืืจื ืืฉืืฉืื ืืื ืืืขืช ืื ืืฉืืื ืื ื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืื ืืืช ืขืฉืืช ืื ื; ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืขืฉื ืื ืื ืขืฉืืชื ืืืื
โฆ
ื ืืืฉืคื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืคืืฉืชืื ืขืฉืจืื ืฉื ืื
Then we go into ืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื and ืขืื's 40 year term. Itโs not clear how much of that, if any, overlaps with the 60 years of ืคืืืฉืชื rule mentioned in ืกืคืจ ืฉืืคืืื, and we do not have any details of what happened when he was ืฉืืคื. But he must have done something, since at the end of his life ืื ื ืืฉืจืื have gone from a collection of fractious tribes to a united army, finally fighting back against the ืคืืฉืชืื. The battle is in Efek, near modern Tel Aviv, and, as we know, fails. The Mishkan is destroyed, the ืืจืื is taken, and Israel remains under ืคืืืฉืชื rule:
ื ืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื; ืืืฆื ืืฉืจืื ืืงืจืืช ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืคืืฉืชืื ืื ื ืืืคืงื ื ืืืขืจืื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืงืจืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฃ ืืฉืจืื ืืคื ื ืคืืฉืชืื; ืืืื ืืืขืจืื ืืฉืื ืืืจืืขืช ืืืคืื ืืืฉื
โฆ
ืื ืืขืื ืื ืชืฉืขืื ืืฉืื ื ืฉื ื; ืืขืื ืื ืงืื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืืชื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืฉ ืื ืขืื ืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืขืจืื ืืื ื ืื ืืืขืจืื ื ืกืชื ืืืื; ืืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืื ืื ืืืขื ืืืืฉืจ ืืืืืจ ื ืก ืืฉืจืื ืืคื ื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืื ืืืคื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืขื; ืืื ืฉื ื ืื ืื ืืชื ืืคื ื ืืคืื ืืก ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ื ืืงืืื
ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืจื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืืงืื ืืืคื ืืขื ืืืกื ืืืจื ืืช ืืขื ืื ืืฉืขืจ ืืชืฉืืจ ืืคืจืงืชื ืืืืช ืื ืืงื ืืืืฉ ืืืื; ืืืื ืฉืคื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืจืืขืื ืฉื ืื
ืฉืืืื then takes over as ืฉืืคื, and starts a religious revival. How long that takes is unclear; it depends on how you read the ืขืฉืจืื ืฉื ื of the ืืจืื in ืงืจืืช ืืขืจืื; is it before or after the war in ืคืกืืง ืื? Rabbi Shulman talked extensively about the chronology, and we discussed it earlier. But 80 to 100 years after the ืคืืฉืชืื conquer Israel, the Israelites regain their independence:
ื ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืช ืืืจืื ืืงืจืืช ืืขืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืขืฉืจืื ืฉื ื; ืืื ืื ืื ืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืจื ืืณื
โฆ
ื ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืขืื ืืขืืื ืืคืืฉืชืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื; ืืืจืขื ืืณ ืืงืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืคื ืืคื ื ืืฉืจืืืโฆืื ืืืื ืขื ืืคืืฉืชืื ืืื ืืกืคื ืขืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืื; ืืชืื ืื ืืณ ืืคืืฉืชืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืืชืฉืื ื ืืขืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืงืื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืขืงืจืื ืืขื ืืช ืืืช ืืืืื ืืฆืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืคืืฉืชืื; ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืืืจืื
It seems that not all of Israel was liberated; southwestern ืืืืื (the area around Ziklag) is still ืคืืฉืชื, and they probably kept most of the central coastland. And shortly after ืฉืืืื's success, ืื ื ืืฉืจืื fire him and decide they want to be a real country now, with a real king. So ืฉืืื is annointed, and the ืคืืฉืชืื immediately attack, through ืื ืืืื in the battle of ืืืืฉ
ืืคืืฉืชืื ื ืืกืคื ืืืืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืฉืื ืืืฃ ืจืื ืืฉืฉืช ืืืคืื ืคืจืฉืื ืืขื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืขื ืฉืคืช ืืื ืืจื; ืืืขืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืฉ ืงืืืช ืืืช ืืืื
But ืื ื ืืฉืจืื are victorious:
ืื ืืื ืืืฉ ืืฉืจืื ืืืชืืืืื ืืืจ ืืคืจืื ืฉืืขื ืื ื ืกื ืคืืฉืชืื; ืืืืืงื ืื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืืืืฉืข ืืณ ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื; ืืืืืืื ืขืืจื ืืช ืืืช ืืืื
โฆ
ื ื ืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืืงื ืขื ืคืืฉืชืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืื; ืืจืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืฉ ืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืกืคืื ืืืืื
Then then ืคืืฉืชืื try again from the south, in the battle of ืขืืง ืืืื, and David defeats Goliath in single combat, ending that campaign:
ื ืืืืกืคื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืกืคื ืฉืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืื; ืืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืขืืงื ืืืคืก ืืืืื ื ืืฉืืื ืืืืฉ ืืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคื ืืืื ื ืืขืืง ืืืื; ืืืขืจืื ืืืืื ืืงืจืืช ืคืืฉืชืืืโฆื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืชื ืืืื ื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืขืืืื; ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืชืื ืืืืืชื ืื ื ืืขืืืื ืืขืืืชื ืืชื ืื
โฆ
ื ื ืืืจืฅ ืืื ืืืขืื ืื ืืคืืฉืชื ืืืงื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืฉืืคื ืืชืขืจื ืืืืชืชืื ืืืืจืช ืื ืืช ืจืืฉื; ืืืจืื ืืคืืฉืชืื ืื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืกืื ื ื ืืืงืื ืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืขื ืืืจืืคื ืืช ืืคืืฉืชืื ืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืขื ืฉืขืจื ืขืงืจืื; ืืืคืื ืืืื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืจื ืฉืขืจืื ืืขื ืืช ืืขื ืขืงืจืืื
And in fact the peace of Goliath holds for the rest of Saulโs reign, with only Philistine raids on Israelite territory, but no major battles until this one:
ืืืงืืฆื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืช ืื ืืื ืืื ืืคืงื; ืืืฉืจืื ืื ืื ืืขืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืจืขืืื
Note that the ืคืืฉืืื are staging their army in ืืคืง. This is already bad news, since that is supposedly Israelite territory. And we get to an actual battle, it is around ืืจ ืืืืข, near Beit Sheโan:
ืืคืืฉืชืื ื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื; ืืื ืกื ืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืคื ื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืคืื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืืืืขื
This is very bad. If the enemy from the southwest is fighting at the Jordan, then they must have lost many battles already. This is a must-win battle for ืื ื ืืฉืจืื; there is nowhere for them to retreat. In the words of Wikipedia:
Beit Sheโanโs location has always been strategically significant, due to its position at the junction of the Jordan River Valley and the Jezreel Valley, essentially controlling access from Jordan and the inland to the coast, as well as from Jerusalem and Jericho to the Galilee.
And they lose. So we end ืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื ื in the same way we started: with Israel under Philistine rule. It reminds me of France after the Germans invaded in World War II. David is crowned king of Judah, but he is still (as far as anyone knows) a loyal Philistine vassal, making a Vichy Israel in the south. The northern tribes are occupied and under the direct rule of the Philistines. ืืืฉ-ืืฉืช, the remaining son of ืฉืืื,is crowned king of the rest of Israel, but that coronation is in ืืื ืื, on the east side of the Jordan. The Free Israelite territory is only the Gilead, past the domain of the Philistines.
Then there is a 2-year war between ืืื and ืืืฉ-ืืฉืช, and 5 more years of anarchy after ืืืฉ-ืืฉืช's assassination (the chronology is a little confusing; we will have to discuss that). David accumulates political control and seven years from this battle, is crowned king of all Israel and takes over the impregnable fortress of Jerusalem. The Philistines suddenly realize that their loyal vassal isnโt, and go back to war. But that takes us too far into ืฉืืืื ื.
Back to our battle, and Saul himself. ืืืดื say Saul sinned 5 times:
ืชื ื ืขื ืืืฉ ืืืืืช ืืช ืืืชื ืฆืืืง ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืขืื, ืืฉืืจื ื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืื ืื, ืืขื ืฉืืื ืขื ืืื, ืืขื ืฉืื ืฉืืข ืืฉืืืื ืฉืืดื ืฉืืขืช ืืืื ืชืืืื, ืืื ืฉืืจืฉ ืืืื ืืืืขืื ื.
Four of these were against G-d, not listening to the ื ืืื, and caused him to lose his monarchy. But one was unforgiveable, and caused him to lose his life:
ืืดืจ ืืืืฉืข ืืกืื ืื ืืฉืดืจ ืืื ืืจืื ืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืจ ืืืจ ืืืืจืฉืื ืืืจ ืืืจ ืืฉืืคืืื ืืืจ ืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืคืืื ืืืจื ืืืจ ืืคื ืื ืจืืฉืดืข ืืื ืจืืฉืื ืฉืืขืืื ืขื ืื ืื ืืืงืจ ืืืจื ืืืจ ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืชื ืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืืจื ืฉืืงืืจืืื ืืืชื.
What was he thinking, the night before the battle? He had just gotten the news from the spirit of ืฉืืืืโ (ืฉืืืื ื ืื:ืื)โ ืืืืจ ืืชื ืืื ืื ืขืื; ืื ืืช ืืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืชื ืืณ ืืื ืคืืฉืชืื. How could he face that? ืืืดื see this as Saulโs last test, one he passes:
ื ืื ืฉืืฉื ืื ืื ืืืฆื ืืืืืื. ืืืจ ืจืืฉ ืืงืืฉ: ืืืืชื ืฉืขื ืงืจื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืจืช ืืืืจ ืืื: ืืื ืืจืื ืืจืื ืฉืืจืืชื ืืขืืืื! ืื ืืื ืฉืืขืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืชื ืืื ื ืืืืื ืื ืื ืขืื ืืคื ื ืืจืืืช ืืขืื, ืืื ืืืฆื ืืืืืื ืืืืืข ืฉื ืืจื ืื ืืื ืื ืื ืขืื ืืฉืื ืขื ืืืช ืืืื ืฉืคืืืขืช ืื.
ืืฉืืจ ืฆื ืืขืืช ืฉืืืชื ืื ืืจืื ืืืชื ืืืฆื ืืื ื ืฉืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืฆื ืืขืืช ืฉืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืฆืืช ืืื ื ืืกืชืจ ืืืื ืฆื ืืขืืช ืืืชื ืื ืืจืืโฆืืืชืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื) ืืืื ืืืงืจ ืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืขื ืืฉืชื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืชืื ืกืืื ืื ืฉืืกืจื ืจืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืข ืขื ืืฉืชื ืืคืืื ืืืชื ืืืฆื ืืื ื ืฉืืื. ืืื ืฆื ืืขืืช ืืืชื ืืฉืืื ืืืชืื (ืฉืืืื ื ื) ืืืช ืืืจ ืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืฆืืช ืืื ื ืืกืชืจ.
Rabbi Aryeh Leib Freidman wrote a ืกืคืจ titled ืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืืณ about Saul in ืชื ืดื and the midrash. He describes Saulโs last night:
ืืฉืืืื ืืฆืื ืืคื ืื ืฉืชื ืืจืืจืืช, ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืฆื ืืขืืืืดื ืื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืื ืืคื ื ืืณ, ืืงืืจืื ื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืจืืฃ ืขืืื ืืขื ืืืชื. ืื ืืงืื ืขืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืฆืืช ืขื ืื ืื ืืืืืื ืขืดื ืืืืจื ืืงืจื, ืืชืืื ืืืชืชื ืืคืจื ืขืืื ืืขื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืจ ืืืืืฆืช ืฉืืืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืื. ืืฉืืื ืืืจ ืืืจืืจื ืื ืืฉื ืื.
โฆ
ืืืื ืืืขืฉืื ืืื ืฆื ืืขืื ืืขืื ืจืืืื, ืขื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืชืโฆืืื ืืฉ ืืขืฉืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืฆื ืืขโฆืื ืืืชื ืื ืืื ืื ืกืชืจืช ืฉืจืง ืืงืืดื ืืขืื ืขืืื? ืื ืืืชื ืืฉืืื ืฉืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืคืืขื ืื. ืขื ืื ืื ืจืฆื ืืืืืื ืืืชืืคืง, ืืงืจื ืืคืืืืื ืฉื ืืขืื ืืืชืคืืจ ืืคื ืืื ืจืื ืืจืื ืฉืืจืืชื ืืขืืืื!
ืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืขืื ืฉืืื ืขื ืืฉืืื, ืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืื, ืฉืื ืกื ืืืกืืืจ ืืื ืืช ื ืืืืช ืฉืืืื, ืืืกืจ ืืคื ืืื ืืช ืฉืชื ืืืจืจืืช ืฉื ืชื ืื ืฉืืืื: ืืจืืจื ืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืณ ืืฉืงืืจืื ืฉื ื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืื ืื ืืจืืฃ ืขืืืื ืื ืืืืืโฆ
ืืกืืืจ ืืื ืืช ืืื ืืจืืืช ื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืื ื ืขื ืื ืืืจ ืื ืื ืืื ืขืืืื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืื, ืื ืชืืืฃ ืืืจื ืืืืืช ืขืืืง ืืฉื ืฉืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืคื ืฆืืืื ืืณ. ืืืืื ืื ืืจื ืจืืืฅ ืขื ืืืื ืโฆ
โฆืืืจื ืฉืืื ื ืืงืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืฉืช ืื ืื ืืงืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืกืืืื ืืืืื ืืจืฆืื ืืงืื ืขืืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืขืฉืจื ืืจืืื ืืืืืช, ืืื ืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืงืืืฉ ืื ื ืืงืืืื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืื ืืงืืืฉ, ืืชืื ืืืชืชืื ื ืืคืจื ืขืืื ื ืืขื ืื ืืฉืจืื.
What happens in the battle? The text says ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจืื, which the Targum translates as โwas afraidโ:
ืืชืงืืคื ืขืืื ืงืจืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืฉืืืืื ืงืฉืชืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืงืฉืชื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืงืฉืชืื.
But thatโs not the way that word is used elsewhere in ืชื ืดื:
ืืืืฉ ืืฉื ืืงืฉืช ืืชืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืืงืื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื; ืืืืืจ ืืจืืื ืืคื ืืื ืืืืฆืืื ื ืื ืืืื ื ืื ืืืืืชืื
ืืืจื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืื; ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืขืืืจืื ื ืื ืืืืืชื ืืืื
So I think the translation should be more in line with one brought by the ืืืจืดื ืงืจื:
โฆืืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืจืงืื ืื ืืฆืื
This changes how we look at the suicide: Saul is not running away because he is a coward; he is mortally wounded and needs to decide not if he will die but how he will die. The parameters of that decision we will explore next time.