ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: There Is Too Much; Let Me Sum Up

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

Let me explain.

No, there is too much. Let me sum up

Inigo Montoya, The Princess Bride

We have come to the end of ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื. We have spoken about the fact that the book ends with Israel in much the same position that it started, under the rule of the Philistines, divided, without a king. How are we to look at Saulโ€™s reign? Our two sources, ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ and ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื have very different endings that give very different impressions of Saul. ืฉืžื•ืืœ ends on a positive note, with the honor of Saul at his burial:

ื•ื™ืงื—ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžืชื™ื”ื ื•ื™ืงื‘ืจื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”; ื•ื™ืฆืžื• ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืœื:ื™ื’

While ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื emphasizes everything Saul did wrong:

ื™ื’ ื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืžืขืœื• ืืฉืจ ืžืขืœ ื‘ื”ืณ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ืืฉืจ ืœื ืฉืžืจ; ื•ื’ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ื‘ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉืƒ ื™ื“ ื•ืœื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื”ืณ ื•ื™ืžื™ืชื”ื•; ื•ื™ืกื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืœื“ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื™

ืชื ื™ ืขืœ ื—ืžืฉ ื—ื˜ืื•ืช ืžืช ืื•ืชื• ืฆื“ื™ืง ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืžืขืœื•, ื•ืฉื”ืจื’ ื ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืจ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ืฉื—ืžืœ ืขืœ ืื’ื’, ื•ืขืœ ืฉืœื ืฉืžืข ืœืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฉืืดืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ื ืชื•ื—ื™ืœ, ื•ื’ื ืฉื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืื•ื‘ ื•ื™ื“ืขื•ื ื™.

ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืจืžื– ืงืœื˜

So was Saul a success or a failure?

Yes.

Weโ€™ve seen everything he did wrong, ending with his ignominious defeat and death. But there is a lot of emphasis on the respect he is owed, simply by being Israelโ€™s first king.

ืžืื™ ื˜ืขืžื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ื”ื• ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘:ื›ื) ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืจืขื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื” [ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืณ]..โ€ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœโ€œโ€ฆืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื ืกืคื“ ื›ื”ืœื›ื”โ€ฆ

ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืขื—,ื‘

He is called (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื:ื•)โ€Ž ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจ ื”ืณ. And David treats him with the greatest respect:

ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ืงื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื ื• ืžืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื‘ื™ืฉ ื’ืœืขื“ ืืฉืจ ื’ื ื‘ื• ืืชื ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืŸ ืืฉืจ ืชืœื•ื (ืชืœืื•ื) ืฉื ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ื (ืฉืžื” ืคืœืฉืชื™ื) ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื•ืช ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ื’ืœื‘ืขืƒ ื™ื’ ื•ื™ืขืœ ืžืฉื ืืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื ื•; ื•ื™ืืกืคื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงืขื™ืืƒ ื™ื“ ื•ื™ืงื‘ืจื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืฆืœืข ื‘ืงื‘ืจ ืงื™ืฉ ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื™ืขืฉื• ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื” ื”ืžืœืš; ื•ื™ืขืชืจ ืืœื”ื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื›ื

Rabbi Shalom Carmy wrote an essay about a similar leader who was in a similar position:

Prime Minister Menachem Begin took time off, during the 1981 election campaign, to deliver a lecture on the Bible. His thesis was that king Saul had been treated badly by the prophet Samuel.

โ€ฆ

Beginโ€ฆ is a 19th century liberal nationalist who recognizes spiritual and legal limits to executive power. He fought for judicial supremacy in opposition, and accepted judicial authority when in power. He experiences Samuelโ€™s religious authority as legitimate: for that reason, Samuelโ€™s turning away from Saul is a personal rejectionโ€ฆIt is as if Samuel were a father figure whom nothing that Saul does can satisfy.

Begin seems hurt by Samuelโ€™s lack of appreciation for Saulโ€™s success. For two reasons he deems Samuelโ€™s rejection particularly unfair: First, despite deviation from the prophetโ€™s instructions, the war had gone well; Saul was triumphantโ€”he had gotten the job done. Secondly, as Saul points out in his defense, it was not his fault but that of the people, who were about to disperse (in chapter 13) and who took plunder (in chapter 15).

It is impossible for anyone who values Menachem Beginโ€™s lifelong commitment to the Jewish people to read Prime Minister Beginโ€™s defense of Saul without a keen sense of its autobiographical aspects. I do not mean only the palpable cry of the wounded servant of his people who, despite everything, is still disparaged and forever shunned by the entitled elitesโ€” this, after achieving the peace treaty with Egypt! More painfully, the two excuses Begin offers on Saulโ€™s behalfโ€”that the military goal had been accomplished and that he had been unable to control the peopleโ€” fatefully foreshadow the Lebanon War of 1982. Here, as you will recall, the military operation was successful, but its benefits were undermined [by] moral flaws that had not been part of his plan, as Ariel Sharonโ€ฆpressed ahead, exceeded his instructions and left Begin to confront the consequences.

Shalom Carmy, Samuel Unfair to Saul?, Tradition 46:1, pp 1-7

Saul did what the people expected of him: he won wars and created peace:

ืžื– ื•ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื›ื“ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ื™ืœื—ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ื™ื• ื‘ืžื•ืื‘ ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืื“ื•ื ื•ื‘ืžืœื›ื™ ืฆื•ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ืคื ื” ื™ืจืฉื™ืขืƒ ืžื— ื•ื™ืขืฉ ื—ื™ืœ ื•ื™ืš ืืช ืขืžืœืง; ื•ื™ืฆืœ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื™ื“ ืฉืกื”ื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื™ื“

But ื”ืณ expected more of him, more than he could handle. It certainly seems unfair. But that is the nature of being a king. As Rabbi Shulman has said, we talk about (ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื›ื”,ื‘)โ€Ž ื™ืคืชื— ื‘ื“ื•ืจื• ื›ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•. This means not only that we have to respect the leaders that we have, but we also get the leaders that we deserve (no contemporary politics, please!). The leader of a nation in fact has less free will than the individual:

ืคืœื’ื™ ืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืžืœืš ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืณ; ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ืคืฅ ื™ื˜ื ื• ืƒ

ืžืฉืœื™ ื›ื:ื

ืžื™ื ืขืžืงื™ื ืขืฆื” ื‘ืœื‘ ืื™ืฉืƒ ื•ืื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื™ื“ืœื ื”ืƒ

ืžืฉืœื™ ื›:ื”

ื”ื’ื ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื•, ืœื ื›ืŸ ืœื‘ ื”ืžืœืš, ืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื• ืชืœื•ื™ ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืื ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืจืข ื™ืฉื—ื™ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื, ืœื›ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ื• ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืณ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉื•ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”. ื•ืžื“ืžื”ื• ืœืคืœื’ื™ ืžื™ื, ืฉื”ืžื™ื, ื‘ืจื“ืชื ืžื”ืจืจื™ ืขื“โ€ฆื™ืฉืชื“ืœื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืชืขืœื” ื•ืœื”ื˜ื•ืชื ืืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื, ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉืจื ื•ืœื”ืกื‘ ืื•ืชื ืžืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืšโ€ฆื›ืŸ ืœื‘ ืžืœืšโ€ฆ ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืณ ื•ื™ื˜ื” ืื•ืชื ื›ืคื™ ืจืฆื•ื ื•, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ื›ืœืœโ€ฆ

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืžืฉืœื™ ื›ื:ื

Erel Segal-Halevi points out that the tells us that Saul changed in this way, in his ืœื‘:

ื•ื”ื™ื” ื›ื”ืคื ืชื• ืฉื›ืžื• ืœืœื›ืช ืžืขื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื•ื™ื”ืคืš ืœื• ืืœืงื™ื ืœื‘ ืื—ืจ; ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ื›ืœ ื”ืืชื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™:ื˜

Rabbi Joshua Cypess points out that the people asked for a king inappropriately, and Saulโ€™s appointment was a divine ืžื“ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื“ื”:

ื›ื™ ืชื‘ื ืืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ืš ื ืชืŸ ืœืš ื•ื™ืจืฉืชื” ื•ื™ืฉื‘ืชื” ื‘ื”; ื•ืืžืจืช ืืฉื™ืžื” ืขืœื™ ืžืœืš ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื–:ื™ื“

ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืืœื™ื• ื”ื ื” ืืชื” ื–ืงื ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ืš ืœื ื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ืš; ืขืชื” ืฉื™ืžื” ืœื ื• ืžืœืš ืœืฉืคื˜ื ื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื—:ื”

So what do we expect from a Jewish king?

ื ืœืžื ืฆื— ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ื“ืƒ
ื‘ ื”ืณ ื‘ืขื–ืš ื™ืฉืžื— ืžืœืš; ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืขืชืš ืžื” ื™ื’ื™ืœ (ื™ื’ืœ) ืžืื“ืƒ
ื’ ืชืื•ืช ืœื‘ื• ื ืชืชื” ืœื•; ื•ืืจืฉืช ืฉืคืชื™ื• ื‘ืœ ืžื ืขืช ืกืœื”ืƒ
ื“ ื›ื™ ืชืงื“ืžื ื• ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘; ืชืฉื™ืช ืœืจืืฉื• ืขื˜ืจืช ืคื–ืƒ
ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืืœ ืžืžืš ื ืชืชื” ืœื•; ืืจืš ื™ืžื™ื ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“ืƒ
ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืขืชืš; ื”ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื“ืจ ืชืฉื•ื” ืขืœื™ื•ืƒ
ื– ื›ื™ ืชืฉื™ืชื”ื• ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœืขื“; ืชื—ื“ื”ื• ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ืืช ืคื ื™ืšืƒ
ื— ื›ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ื”ืณ; ื•ื‘ื—ืกื“ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœ ื™ืžื•ื˜ืƒ
ื˜ ืชืžืฆื ื™ื“ืš ืœื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ื™ืš; ื™ืžื™ื ืš ืชืžืฆื ืฉื ืื™ืšืƒ
ื™ ืชืฉื™ืชืžื• ื›ืชื ื•ืจ ืืฉ ืœืขืช ืคื ื™ืš;
ื”ืณ ื‘ืืคื• ื™ื‘ืœืขื; ื•ืชืื›ืœื ืืฉืƒ
ื™ื ืคืจื™ืžื• ืžืืจืฅ ืชืื‘ื“; ื•ื–ืจืขื ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ืืƒ
ื™ื‘ ื›ื™ ื ื˜ื• ืขืœื™ืš ืจืขื”; ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืžื–ืžื” ื‘ืœ ื™ื•ื›ืœื•ืƒ
ื™ื’ ื›ื™ ืชืฉื™ืชืžื• ืฉื›ื; ื‘ืžื™ืชืจื™ืš ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ืืƒ
ื™ื“ ืจื•ืžื” ื”ืณ ื‘ืขื–ืš; ื ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื ื–ืžืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชืšืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ื›ื

ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ืชืžื™ื“

What does ื™ืฉืžื— ืžืœืš mean? ืฉืžื—ื” is different from ืฆื—ื•ืง.โ€Ž ืฆื—ื•ืง, laughter, is the response to things that are incongruous, that donโ€™t fit together. We find humor in puns, pratfalls and the unexpected blessing, and to these we laugh. Sometimes the distance between what we want and what reality presents us with is so great, we say โ€œif I donโ€™t laugh, Iโ€™ll cry.โ€ ืฉืžื—ื”, joy, is different. ืฉืžื—ื” is the feeling that things are as they should be, that everything has worked out, the feeling of ื ื—ืช ืจื•ื—.

David describes the ideal king as one who feels that confidence in the ืขื– and ื™ืฉื•ืขื” of ื”ืณ, in contrast to Saul who could not wait for Samuel, who needed to go to the ื‘ืขืœืช ืื•ื‘. Such a king will victorious as ื”ืณ fulfils his (the kingโ€™s) desires, and even anticipates them (ืชืงื“ืžื ื• ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘).

The introduction ends (at ืกืœื”) with the reward: ื”ืณ will fulfill ืืจืฉืช ืฉืคืชื™ื•.

ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ื”ืณ

The two verses of the introduction are expanded in the remainder of the ืคืจืง:

The ideal king is not interested in his own aggrandizement; he sees his glory in ื”ืณ's salvation: ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืขืชืš.

Part one ends with the summary, ื›ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ื”ืณ.

The perek then describes the battle with the wicked; again, it is all ื”ืณ's work.

ืชืฉื™ืชืžื• ืฉื›ื

ืฉื›ื is a hard word to translate. Hirsch translates it with its usual meaning, shoulder, as somehow G-d setting His shoulder to pull the bow, ื‘ืžื™ืชืจื™ืš ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ. Most commentators translate it in the sense of (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื—:ื›ื‘)โ€Ž ื•ืื ื™ ื ืชืชื™ ืœืš ืฉื›ื ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืื—ื™ืš, a portion. The verse is read as โ€œื”ืณ set them (the kingโ€™s enemies) apart, so they can be shot downโ€.

And David, who is this ideal king (at least the David of ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื is), ends with ื ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื ื–ืžืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชืš.