ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: The Battle of Jerusalem

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

For the past 3 or so months, weโ€™ve been looking at the importance of Jerusalem and why David wanted to move his capital there. Now itโ€™s time to look at the conquest of Jerusalem itself:

ื• ื•ื™ืœืš ื”ืžืœืš ื•ืื ืฉื™ื• ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืกื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื“ื•ื“ ืœืืžืจ ืœื ืชื‘ื•ื ื”ื ื” ื›ื™ ืื ื”ืกื™ืจืš ื”ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืกื—ื™ื ืœืืžืจ ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ืƒ ื– ื•ื™ืœื›ื“ ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืžืฆื“ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืจ ื“ื•ื“ืƒ ื— ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ืžื›ื” ื™ื‘ืกื™ ื•ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืฆื ื•ืจ ื•ืืช ื”ืคืกื—ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ืื• (ืฉื ื•ืื™) ื ืคืฉ ื“ื•ื“; ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืืžืจื• ืขื•ืจ ื•ืคืกื— ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืชืƒ ื˜ ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื“ื” ื•ื™ืงืจื ืœื” ืขื™ืจ ื“ื•ื“; ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืชื”ืƒ ื™ ื•ื™ืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ; ื•ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืขืžื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื”

Does that make any sense? There are only five psukim here:

  1. David invests Jerusalem and is told he will not be able to enter
  2. David takes the fortress
  3. David makes an oath (with aposiopesis) about taking Jerusalem, and an aphorism is cited
  4. David settles in Jerusalem
  5. David is great

Now, I will assume that ืคืกื•ืง ื– is an introduction to the rest: David takes the fortress, and hereโ€™s how. And ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื˜-ื™ are the conclusion. But whatโ€™s all this about ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคืกื—ื™ื? And whatโ€™s a ืฆื ื•ืจ, and how is it relevant?

Hopefully, the parallel paragraph in ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื will help:

ื“ ื•ื™ืœืš ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื ื™ื‘ื•ืก; ื•ืฉื ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ื™ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅืƒ ื” ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ื™ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ื‘ื•ืก ืœื“ื•ื™ื“ ืœื ืชื‘ื•ื ื”ื ื”; ื•ื™ืœื›ื“ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืืช ืžืฆื“ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื“ืƒ ื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื›ืœ ืžื›ื” ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื•ืœืฉืจ; ื•ื™ืขืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืœืจืืฉืƒ ื– ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื“; ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืงืจืื• ืœื• ืขื™ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื“ืƒ ื— ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื•ื ื•ืขื“ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘; ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ื™ื—ื™ื” ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื™ืจืƒ ื˜ ื•ื™ืœืš ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ; ื•ื”ืณ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืขืžื•ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื™ื

This completes the aposiopesis, and introduces Yoav as the actual conqueror of Jerusalem. So now I have another question: what happened to the ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคืกื—ื™ื and the ืฆื ื•ืจ? Why is Yoav left out of ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘?

Thereโ€™s a fifth question that is much more subtle: whereโ€™s the battle of Jerusalem?

Itโ€™s hard to notice something that isnโ€™t there if youโ€™re not looking for it.

[Gregory, Scotland Yard detective:] โ€œIs there any other point to which you would wish to draw my attention?โ€

[Sherlock Holmes:] โ€œTo the curious incident of the dog in the night-time.โ€

โ€œThe dog did nothing in the night-time.โ€

โ€œThat was the curious incident,โ€ remarked Sherlock Holmes.

Arthur Conan Doyle, Silver Blaze

Battle Plans

ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ loves battles. We know how many soldiers on each side, where they are deployed, what weapons they carry, what strategies they used. Itโ€™s like reading a Tom Clancy novel. A few examples:

ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ื™ืฆื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงืจืืช ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื™ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื–ืจ ื•ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืคืงืƒ ื‘ ื•ื™ืขืจื›ื• ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื˜ืฉ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื™ื ื’ืฃ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืœืฉืชื™ื; ื•ื™ื›ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื›ืืจื‘ืขืช ืืœืคื™ื ืื™ืฉืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื“

ื” ื•ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื ืืกืคื• ืœื”ืœื—ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœืฉื™ื ืืœืฃ ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืฉืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ืคืจืฉื™ื ื•ืขื ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ื™ื ืœืจื‘; ื•ื™ืขืœื• ื•ื™ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžื›ืžืฉ ืงื“ืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ืื•ืŸืƒ ื• ื•ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืื• ื›ื™ ืฆืจ ืœื• ื›ื™ ื ื’ืฉ ื”ืขื; ื•ื™ืชื—ื‘ืื• ื”ืขื ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืกืœืขื™ื ื•ื‘ืฆืจื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืชืƒ ื– ื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื’ื“ ื•ื’ืœืขื“; ื•ืฉืื•ืœ ืขื•ื“ื ื• ื‘ื’ืœื’ืœ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื—ืจื“ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื™ื’

ื ื•ื™ืืกืคื• ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืืช ืžื—ื ื™ื”ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื™ืืกืคื• ืฉื›ื” ืืฉืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื”; ื•ื™ื—ื ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื–ืงื” ื‘ืืคืก ื“ืžื™ืืƒ ื‘ ื•ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืืกืคื• ื•ื™ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ืืœื”; ื•ื™ืขืจื›ื• ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืงืจืืช ืคืœืฉืชื™ืืƒ ื’ ื•ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืขืžื“ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื”ืจ ืžื–ื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืžื“ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื”ืจ ืžื–ื”; ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืืƒ

โ€ฆ

ื ื‘ ื•ื™ืงืžื• ืื ืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืจืขื• ื•ื™ืจื“ืคื• ืืช ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืขื“ ื‘ื•ืืš ื’ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืฉืขืจื™ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ; ื•ื™ืคืœื• ื—ืœืœื™ ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืขืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ ื’ืช ื•ืขื“ ืขืงืจื•ืŸืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื™ื–

But the conquest of Jerusalem, the capital of the united kingdom of Israel? Gornisht. ื•ื™ืœื›ื“ ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืžืฆื“ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ. Where is the the battle of Jerusalem?

Answering that may turn out to be the key to understanding the entire text.


Handicap Accessible

But first, what are ื”ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืกื—ื™ื? Iโ€™m going to assume that it canโ€™t be literal; Jerusalem was not defended by an army of the blind and lame. It may have been a well-known expression at the time that unfortunately means nothing to us:

Inside Joke

If the Jebisites had yelled from the fortress walls, โ€œyour mother was a hamster and your father smelled of elderberriesโ€, I would understand immediately. Normal people would not. The Abarbanel and ืžืฆื•ื“ืช suggest this sort of thing here:

ื›ื™ ืื ื”ืกื™ืจืš ื•ื›ื•ืณ: ืืžืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืœื’ื” ื•ื’ื•ื–ืžื ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื ื” ื›ื™ ืื ืžืงื•ื“ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื™ืจืš ืžืคื” ื›ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื”ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืกื—ื™ื ื›ื™ ืื ื™ืฉืืจ ืžื™ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ื™ื“ื ืœืขื›ื‘ ื‘ื™ืืชืš ื”ื ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื—ื•ื–ืง ื”ืžืงื•ื.

ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื” ืคืกื•ืง ื•

This explains ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืืžืจื• ืขื•ืจ ื•ืคืกื— ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช;โ€Ž ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืืžืจื• would mean โ€œin situations like this, people saidโ€. But that doesnโ€™t go with Davidโ€™s response, which apparently takes it seriously.

Yigal Yadin, the Israeli archeologist, suggests itโ€™s a different cultural catchphrase:

Yigal Yadin made an interesting suggestion in his book, Torat Ha-Lechima Be-Artzot Ha-Mikra. Yadin relies on a Hittite document that describes a ceremony in which the Hittite army swears allegiance to its king. There it is stated that anyone who thinks badly of the king will himself become blind or lame. The Yevusites, who understood that they would not be able to stand up against David, brought the blind and the lame up on the wall, and threatened David with a staged ceremony featuring an oath at the end of which the punishment of blindness and lameness was promised to anyone who touches the blind or the lame or any of the Yevusites. Our chapter does not cite the entire oath, but only its beginning. In any event, in the wake of the oath, David had to promise a special reward to one who proved to the entire army that nothing would happen to those who entered the city and smote the blind and the lame.

Amnon Bazak, The Conquest of Jerusalem

But interpreting this based on a single document from 500 years before and 500 miles away is far-fetched, to say the least.

Rashi and the targum give a straightforward explanation:

ื”ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืกื—ื™ื: ื”ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื”:ื•

ื•ึทืึฒืžึทืจื•ึผ ืœึฐื“ึธื•ึดื“ ืœึฐืžึตื™ืžึทืจ ืœึธื ืชึตื™ืขื•ึผืœ ื”ึทืœึฐื›ึธื ืึฑืœึธื”ึตื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืึทืขึฐื“ึธื™ื•ึผืชึธืšึฐ ื—ึทื˜ึธืึทื™ึธื ื•ึฐื—ึทื™ึธื‘ึทื™ึธืโ€ฆ

ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื”:ื•

The Jebusites didnโ€™t call their idols ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคืกื—ื™ื; that was an editorial comment by the author, as we say in Hallel:

ื“ ืขืฆื‘ื™ื”ื ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื–ื”ื‘; ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ืืƒ
ื” ืคื” ืœื”ื ื•ืœื ื™ื“ื‘ืจื•; ืขื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื ื•ืœื ื™ืจืื•ืƒ
ื• ืื–ื ื™ื ืœื”ื ื•ืœื ื™ืฉืžืขื•; ืืฃ ืœื”ื ื•ืœื ื™ืจื™ื—ื•ืŸืƒ
ื– ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื•ืœื ื™ืžื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืœื ื™ื”ืœื›ื•; ืœื ื™ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื’ืจื•ื ืืƒ
ื— ื›ืžื•ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื™ื”ื ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ื”ืืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืงื˜ื•

Thatโ€™s the most ืคืฉื˜ explanation, I think. But the Malbim has a fascinating theory, based on the ืฆื ื•ืจ which in mishnaic and modern Hebrew means โ€œpipeโ€:

ื›ืคื™ ื”ืคืฉื˜ ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืœื‘ืดื’, ืฉื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืขืฉื• ืฆืœืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคืกื—ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื” ืฉื™ืจื™ืžื• ื•ื™ื ื™ืขื• ื‘ื›ื—ื ืžืงืœื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ, ืชื ื•ืขื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืงืจื‘ ืฉื ื›ื™ ื™ื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฆืœืžื™ื ื‘ืžืงืœื•ืช (ื•ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ืดื› ืขืžื“ื• ืชื—ืชื™ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคืกื—ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืขืชื) ื•ื”ื™ื• ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœืฆื ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆื ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืžื™ื ืžืคื™ื•, ื•ืขืดื™ ื”ื’ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืฉื˜ื™ืคืชื ื”ืชื ืขื ืขื• ื”ืฆืœืžื™ื ื•ื”ืžืงืœื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืื” ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•, ืขื›ืดื“. ื•ื›ืคื™ ื–ื” ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฉืขืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆืœืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืขื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื” ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆืœืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืคืกื—ื™ื, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื”ืฆื ื•ืจ ืžื•ื’ื™ืจ ื”ืžื™ื.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื”:ื•

battle robot

MegaBots raises $2.4 million to create league of human-piloted, giant fighting robots

Giant hydraulic battle robots! Iโ€™d watch that movie. But I find that even more far-fetched than the Hittite curse explanation.

The Midrash looks specifically at the terms ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคืกื—ื™ื. Who were the most famous blind and lame people in ืชื ืดืš?

ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ื™ ื–ืงืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ืชื›ื”ื™ืŸ ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืžืจืืช; ื•ื™ืงืจื ืืช ืขืฉื• ื‘ื ื• ื”ื’ื“ืœ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื• ื”ื ื ื™ืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื–:ื

ื•ื™ื–ืจื— ืœื• ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ืคื ื•ืืœ; ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆืœืข ืขืœ ื™ืจื›ื•ืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื‘:ืœื‘

And Rashi brings up the midrash that ties them to Jerusalem. It goes back to Abraham and his treaty with Avimelech, the treaty of โ€œson and grandsonโ€:

ื›ื‘ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื•ื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืื‘ื™ืžืœืš ื•ืคื™ื›ืœ ืฉืจ ืฆื‘ืื• ืืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœืืžืจ; ืืœืงื™ื ืขืžืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืขืฉื”ืƒ ื›ื’ ื•ืขืชื” ื”ืฉื‘ืขื” ืœื™ ื‘ืืœืงื™ื ื”ื ื” ืื ืชืฉืงืจ ืœื™ ื•ืœื ื™ื ื™ ื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™; ื›ื—ืกื“ ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืขืžืš ืชืขืฉื” ืขืžื“ื™ ื•ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ื’ืจืชื” ื‘ื”ืƒ ื›ื“ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื ื›ื™ ืืฉื‘ืขืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืง ื›ื

ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื”ื•ืจื™ืฉื : ืฉื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืงืจื—ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืืœื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉื ืฉื‘ืข ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœืื‘ื™ืžืœืš, ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ื–ื” ืœื ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืืœื ืžื’ื“ืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืฉืžื• ื™ื‘ื•ืก ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื•ื– ืžืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื•ื›ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ืจื™ืฉื• ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื•ื–.

ืจืฉืดื™, ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื˜ื•:ืกื’

ื•ืืžืจื• ืจื–ืดืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืืœื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจืฉืื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉื ืฉื‘ืข ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœืื‘ื™ืžืœืš. ื•ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ื”ื–ื”โ€ฆืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื• ื™ื‘ื•ืก ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืžื–ืจืข ืื‘ื™ืžืœืš ื•ื ืงืจื ื”ืžืงื•ื ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื™ื‘ื•ืก ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืโ€ฆ

ืจื“ืดืง, ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื˜ื•:ืกื’

ืžื” ืขืฉื• ืื ืฉื™ ื™ื‘ื•ืก ืขืฉื• ืฆืœืžื™ ื ื—ืฉืช ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื•ื›ืฉื‘ืื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืฅ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžืคื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื, ืฉื ืณ ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืœื ื”ื•ืจื™ืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื›ืฉืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ื•ืœื ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืื•ืชื•, ืฉื ืณ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื“ื•ื“ ืœื ืชื‘ื ื”ื ื” ื•ื›ื•ืณ ื•ื”ื™ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ืืœื ื‘ื›ื— ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื‘ืจื”ืโ€ฆื•ืื™ืŸ ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชื™ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืœืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ืื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื, ืฉื ืณ ื›ื™ ืื ื”ืกื™ืจืš ื”ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืกื—ื™ื.

ืคืจืงื™ ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ (ื”ื™ื’ืจ)โ€”โ€ื—ื•ืจื‘โ€œ ืคืจืง ืœื”

ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ืžืฉื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœืื‘ื™ืžืœืš ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืฆืœืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ืฉื ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคืกื—ื™ื ื›ื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื ื•ืœื ื™ืจืื• ืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ื”ืœื›ื• ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืฆืœืžื™ื ื”ื”ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืขื•ืจ ื•ืคืกื— ื”ืขื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ื• ื›ื”ื• ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืžืจืื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืกื— ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืœืข ืขืœ ื™ืจื™ื›ื• ื•ืขืฉื• ื–ื” ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืฉืชืœืฉ ืœื”ื ื–ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœื. ื•ืœื–ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื” ืืžืจ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ืœื“ื•ื“ ืœื ืชื‘ื ื”ื ื” ืื ืœื ื”ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืชื—ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืกื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื–ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืืžืจ ืœื ื™ื‘ื ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื ื” ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืœื• ื”ืฆืœืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื–ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.

ืจืœื‘ืดื’, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื”:ื•

Itโ€™s a nice idea, but why would removing the statues end the treaty? ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ still canโ€™t betray the Jebusites if they swore not to!


Politically Incorrect

Weโ€™ll come back to that. So we have 4 different explanations of ื”ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืกื—ื™ื: cultural expression, idols, robots, and memorials. How does that fit with ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืืžืจื• ืขื•ืจ ื•ืคืกื— ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช?

If we read it straight, it means, โ€œtherefore they say, the blind and the lame will not come to the houseโ€, meaning that because of this battle, the ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคืกื—ื™ื cannot come into Jerusalem any more. The Radak takes this literally:

ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืืžืจื•: ื›ื™ ืžื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื•ืื™ืœืš ืœื ื™ื‘ื ืขื•ืจ ื•ืคืกื— ืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืกื—ื™ื ื•ืœื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืืš ืœื›ื“ื” ื“ื•ื“.

ืจื“ืดืง, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื”:ื—

But thatโ€™s taking it too literally. If we read ื”ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืกื—ื™ื as โ€œidolsโ€ then it makes sense:

ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึตืŸ ื™ึตื™ืžึฐืจื•ึผืŸ ื—ึทื˜ึธืึทื™ึธื ื•ึฐื—ึทื™ึธื‘ึทื™ึธื ืœึธื ื™ึทืขึฒืœื•ึผืŸ ืœึฐื‘ึตื™ืชึธืืƒ

ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื”:ื—

David would allow the Jebusites to remain in Jerusalem (he will later buy the site of the altar from ืืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื‘ืกื™) but no idolatry.

If we read ื”ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืกื—ื™ื as an pre-existing expression, it has to mean, โ€œthus [in situations like this], people say: The blind and the lame! Donโ€™t come to the house!โ€. That works.

The other explanations need us to realize that the syntax of ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืืžืจื• ืขื•ืจ ื•ืคืกื— ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช is very ambiguous. ืขื•ืจ ื•ืคืกื— could be the subject of ื™ื‘ื•ื, so the sentence means โ€œThey say: the blind and the lame will not comeโ€. But ืขื•ืจ ื•ืคืกื— could also be the subject of ื™ืืžืจื•: โ€The blind and the lame say: he will not comeโ€œ, referring to David specifically.

Also, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ in ืชื ืดืš may not mean โ€œthereforeโ€ (A ืขืœ ื›ืŸ B means A causes B). It can mean โ€œbecauseโ€ (A ืขืœ ื›ืŸ B means B causes A). One example:

ื– ื•ื™ืืžืจ; ืืœ ื ื ืื—ื™ ืชืจืขื•ืƒ ื— ื”ื ื” ื ื ืœื™ ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืื™ืฉ ืื•ืฆื™ืื” ื ื ืืชื”ืŸ ืืœื™ื›ื ื•ืขืฉื• ืœื”ืŸ ื›ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื; ืจืง ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœ ืืœ ืชืขืฉื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื• ื‘ืฆืœ ืงืจืชื™ืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืง ื™ื˜

So ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืืžืจื• ืขื•ืจ ื•ืคืกื— ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช means that David announced ื›ืœ ืžื›ื” ื™ื‘ืกื™ ื•ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืฆื ื•ืจ ื•ืืช ื”ืคืกื—ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจื™ื because โ€the blind and the lameโ€œ (which the Jebusites are depending on to defend their city) โ€œsayโ€ (their very existence means) โ€œhe [David] cannot enterโ€.

ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืืžืจื•: ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ืื•ืžืจื™ื.

ืขื•ืจ ื•ืคืกื—: ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืขื•ืจ ื•ื”ืคืกื— ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืืŸ ืœื ื™ื‘ื ื•ื’ื•ืณ.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื”:ื—

ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืืžืจื• ืขื•ืจ ื•ืคืกื—. ืจืดืœ ื™ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืกื—ื™ื ื™ืืžืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื ื“ื•ื“ ืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื”:ื—

Pipe Dreams

Now, what was the ืฆื ื•ืจ that David wanted attacked?

Almost all the early ืžืคืจืฉื™ื understand it to be the name of a tower:

ื›ึผึธืœ ื“ึฐื™ึดืงึฐื˜ึทืœ ื™ึฐื‘ื•ึผืกึธืึธื” ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉืึฐืจึตื™ ืœึฐืžึดื›ึฐื‘ึผึทืฉื ื›ึผึฐืจึทื›ึผึธื

ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื”:ื—

ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆืœืžื™ื [ืขื•ืจ ื•ืคืกื—] ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ื ืงืจื ืฆื ื•ืจ.

ืืœืฉื™ืš,ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื”:ื—

ื›ืœ ืžื›ื” ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™: ืžื™ ืืฉืจ ื™ืขืœื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ื•ืžืชื—ืœื” ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืฆื ื•ืจ ืœื”ืคื™ืœื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ื—ื–ืง ืืฉืจ ืชืœื• ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื.

ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ื“,ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื”:ื—

But the word does appear in ืชื ืดืš two other times, and both times the modern sense of โ€œpipeโ€ or โ€œwatercourseโ€ fits better:

ื– ืืœืงื™ ืขืœื™ ื ืคืฉื™ ืชืฉืชื•ื—ื—;
ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื–ื›ืจืš ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืจื“ืŸ; ื•ื—ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืจ ืžืฆืขืจืƒ
ื— ืชื”ื•ื ืืœ ืชื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื ืœืงื•ืœ ืฆื ื•ืจื™ืš;
ื›ืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ืš ื•ื’ืœื™ืš ืขืœื™ ืขื‘ืจื•ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืžื‘

7 O my G-d, my soul is cast down within me;
therefore do I remember Thee from the land of Jordan, and the Hermons, from the hill Mizar.
8 Deep calleth unto deep at the voice of Thy cataracts;
all Thy waves and Thy billows are gone over me.

Psalms 42

ื— ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ืืœื™ ืœืืžืจืƒ ื˜ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืจื‘ื‘ืœ ื™ืกื“ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ื” ื•ื™ื“ื™ื• ืชื‘ืฆืขื ื”; ื•ื™ื“ืขืช ื›ื™ ื”ืณ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืฉืœื—ื ื™ ืืœื™ื›ืืƒ ื™ ื›ื™ ืžื™ ื‘ื– ืœื™ื•ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื—ื• ื•ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ ื–ืจื‘ื‘ืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืืœื”; ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืณ ื”ืžื” ืžืฉื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅืƒ ื™ื ื•ืืขืŸ ื•ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื•; ืžื” ืฉื ื™ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื•ืขืœ ืฉืžืื•ืœื”ืƒ ื™ื‘ ื•ืืขืŸ ืฉื ื™ืช ื•ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื•; ืžื” ืฉืชื™ ืฉื‘ืœื™ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืฆื ืชืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ืžืจื™ืงื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื–ื”ื‘ืƒ

ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ืคืจืง ื“

So, as we mentioned, the Malbim translates as โ€œpipeโ€ for waterworks:

ืื– ืืžืจ ืฉืžื™ ืฉื™ืœื—ื ืžืฆื“ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ืœืื”, ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ืชื—ืœื”, ืฉื”ื ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื™ืœ ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืœืžื™ื, ื•ืื—ืดื› ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืฆื ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื’ื™ืจ ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœืžื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืžืฆื“ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื“ืจ ืคื’ื™ืขืชื• ืชื—ืœื” ื‘ื”ืฆื ื•ืจ ื•ืื—ืดื› ื‘ื”ืคืกื—ื™ื ื•ืื—ืดื› ื‘ื”ืขื•ืจื™ื.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื”:ื—

David is planning the strategy: first take out the guards, then the ืฆื ื•ืจ, then you can take out the ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคืกื—ื™ื.

But more likely than a pipe, itโ€™s a tunnel that is part of the water supply for Jerusalem. Before Hezekiah built his tunnel, the water supply came from the Gihon spring just outside the wall.

In 1867 the archeologist and treasure hunter Captain Charles Warren uncovered a secret access tunnel that led from the city deep into the mountain, meeting a 13-meter shaft descending to the Gihon Spring. Warren claimed this shaft was the place of the Biblical โ€œpipeโ€ used in King Davidโ€™s capture of the city, and was used by the ancient Jerusalemites to draw their water from the Gihon Spring. Recent excavations have revealed that while Warren succeeded in uncovering a significant portion of the secret system, unbeknownst to him the secret tunnel continued another ten meters through what appeared to be a solid rock wall, leading to the massive Spring House and the true water compound of the time. This in fact may have been what King David was referring to when he challenged Joab Ben Zuriah โ€œand David saidโ€ฆhe who conquers the Jebusites, grabs the pipeโ€ฆโ€ (Samuel II 5:8)

The Water System Warrens shaftโ€”City of David

From Warrenโ€™s sketches, via the Israel Antiquities Authority: Warren's Shaft

The recent findings, from Ronnie Reich and Eli Shukron, Light at the End of the Tunnel, Biblical Archaeology Review 25:1, JanuaryFebruary 1999<a>:
Old Model New Model

Like most archeological findings, this is โ€œcuteโ€. It may be true but it certainly tells a nice story.


An Offer They Canโ€™t Refuse

So we put together the story: Davidโ€™s army surrounds Jerusalem, then Yoav attacks the guards in the spring house, climbs through the ืฆื ื•ืจ and destroys the ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคืกื—ื™ื. Then the story ends. Whereโ€™s the battle?

I suspect thereโ€™s no battle for Jerusalem in the text because there was no battle. The Jebusites were clearly depending on their ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคืกื—ื™ื (however we interpret this). Yoavโ€™s ability to sneak in and destroy them let David make them an offer they couldnโ€™t refuse. I think David conquered Jerusalem without a shot being fired.

The Midrash supports this (more metaphorically):

ื ืœืžื ืฆื— ืœืขื‘ื“ ื”ืณ ืœื“ื•ื“;
ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืณ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช
ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืœ ื”ืณ ืื•ืชื• ืžื›ืฃ ื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ื™ื• ื•ืžื™ื“ ืฉืื•ืœืƒ
ื‘ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืจื—ืžืš ื”ืณ ื—ื–ืงื™ืƒ
โ€ฆ ืœ ื›ื™ ื‘ืš ืืจืฅ ื’ื“ื•ื“; ื•ื‘ืืœืงื™ ืึฒื“ึทืœึผึถื’ ืฉืื•ึผืจืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ื™ื—

What wall did David jump?

ื›ื™ ื‘ืš ืืจื•ืฅ ื’ื“ื•ื“: ืจืณ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืจืณ ืœื•ื™ ืืžืจ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืœ ืžื›ื” ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ื•ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืฆื ื•ืจ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื”:ื—), ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืœ ืžื›ื” ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ [ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื”] ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื•ืœืฉืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื™ื:ื•), ืžื” ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืื‘, ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืจืขื ืŸ, ื•ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื•ืžื”, ื•ื›ืคืฃ ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืš, ื•ืขืœื” ืขืœ ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“, ื•ื ืชืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืฉ, ื•ื“ื™ืœื’ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžื”, ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื™ึถื”ึถืœึฐืžึตื ึดื™ ืฆึทื“ึผึดื™ืง ื—ึถืกึถื“ ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนื›ึดื™ื—ึตื ึดื™ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงืžื ื”), ืžื” ืขืฉื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื, ืงื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžื”, ื•ืขืœื” ื“ื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื‘ืืœืงื™ ืื“ืœื’ ืฉื•ืจ.

ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื”ืœื™ื (ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ) ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ื™ื—:ื›ื“

And as we mentioned, David left (at least some of) the Jebusites alive. When David wants to build the altar in the place that would eventually be the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, he buys it.

ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืืœ ืืจื•ื ื” ืœื ื›ื™ ืงื ื• ืืงื ื” ืžืื•ืชืš ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื•ืœื ืืขืœื” ืœื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ ืขืœื•ืช ื—ื ื; ื•ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืŸ ื•ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืงืœื™ื ื—ืžืฉื™ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื›ื“: ื›ื“

The parallel text in ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื has a different amount:

ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืœืืจื ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืงืœื™ ื–ื”ื‘ ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืฉ ืžืื•ืชืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื›ื: ื›ื”

There are lots of explanations of the difference, but the ืคืจืงื™ ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ says it was for two different things:

ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืขืœื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื™ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆืœืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืืฉ, ื•ืขืœื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืœืจืืฉ. ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืงื ื” ืืช ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื›ืจ ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืขื•ืœื ืœืื—ื•ื–ืช ืขื•ืœื, ืžื” ืขืฉื” ืœืงื— ืžื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื—ืžืฉื™ื ืฉืงืœื™ื ื”ืจื™ ื›ืœื ืฉืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืฉืงืœื™ื, ืฉื ืณ ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืืจื ื•ืŸ.

ืคืจืงื™ ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ (ื”ื™ื’ืจ)โ€”โ€ื—ื•ืจื‘โ€œ ืคืจืง ืœื”

David didnโ€™t conquer Jerusalem, he paid for it.

(Admittedly, it was an absurdly small amount. Yoavโ€™s commando raid made it clear that the Jebusites did not have any good options.)


Placing the Blame

So why the differences between ืฉืžื•ืืœ and ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื?โ€Ž ืฉืžื•ืืœ has ื”ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืกื—ื™ื;โ€Ž ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื has Yoav.

I donโ€™t know, but I think it is due to the different purposes of the two books. ืฉืžื•ืืœ pulls no punches in highlighting Davidโ€™s ethical lapses. ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, written to inspire the Jews rebuilding Israel, presents David as the archetype of the Jewish king. He never sins; Batsheva is never mentioned; the murder of innocents in Ziklag never comes up. Even the one sin recorded, the census, is not Davidโ€™s fault:

ื•ื™ืขืžื“ ืฉื˜ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ื™ืกืช ืืช ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื›ื:ื

So I would read this story as: Yoav destroyed the memorials to the treaty between Avimelech and Abraham and then the Jebusites surrendered. David technically never violated the treaty, but the implied threat certainly leaves a bad taste in our mouths. ืฉืžื•ืืœ makes it clear that this was in fact Davidโ€™s responsibility. ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื places it all on Yoavโ€™s shoulders (and incidentally introduces us to Yoav, who has not shown up in ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื yet).

This idea, that Yoav was Davidโ€™s โ€enforcerโ€œ, is consistent with his role throughout the ืชื ืดืš:

ื˜ื• ื•ื™ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืขืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื›ืœ ืขืžื•ืƒ ื˜ื– ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื; ื•ื™ื”ื•ืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืœื•ื“ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื—

ืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืชืชืŸ ืœืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืขืจื™ืš ืืฉืจ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ืš ื ืชืŸ ืœืš ืœืฉื‘ื˜ื™ืš; ื•ืฉืคื˜ื• ืืช ื”ืขื ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฆื“ืงืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื–:ื™ื—

ืจืณ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืืžืจ ืื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืคื˜โ€ฆืืžืจ ืจืณ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืคื“ืช ืื™ืœืžืœื ืฉื™ื˜ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืื‘, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ โ€ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื›ืœ ืขืžื• ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืโ€œ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—:ื˜ื•-ื˜ื–), ื•ื›ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื•, ืืœื ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืข ืœื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื•ืกืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื“ ื™ื•ืื‘, ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ืŸ ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ื•.

ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื (ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ) ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ื’

Urban Renewal

After David takes over, he builds the city: ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืชื” (and ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ื™ื—ื™ื” ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ). What was the ืžืœื•ื?

Radak says it was a defensive moat:

ื•ืžืœืื• ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื” ื”ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื—ื–ืง ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื ืกื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.

ืจืœื‘ืดื’, ืฉื

But we have no archeological evidence for such a thing, and thereโ€™s no way to get that much water around Jerusalem.

Others say it was a housing development (which complements Yoavโ€™s role in urban renewal, ื™ื—ื™ื” ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ):

ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื—ื•ืžื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ื•ืžืžืœืื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืขืคืจ ื•ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืชืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืข, ื•ืžืฉืคืข ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื›ืœ ืจื•ื—, ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื™ ืžืœื•ื, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื ื” ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืชื™ื.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื”:ื˜, ื“ืดื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืชื”

ืกืžื•ืš ืœื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื”ื ื™ื— ืžืงื•ื ืคื ื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืืกืฃ ืฉื ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืื ืฉื™ืโ€ฆื•ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื•ื ื•ืœืคื ื™ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืชื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘.

ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ื“, ืฉื

Itโ€™s more evidence that the battle of Jerusalem never took place. The Jebusites were not displaced from their homes; the Israelites built new settlements alongside them. And so the last Canaanite stronghold in the land of Israel falls into Israelite hands. The conquest that started under Joshua 400 years earlier has finally ended, and now ื™ืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืขืžื•.