For the past 3 or so months, weโve been looking at the importance of Jerusalem and why David wanted to move his capital there. Now itโs time to look at the conquest of Jerusalem itself:
ื ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืืืกื ืืืฉื ืืืจืฅ; ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืชืืื ืื ื ืื ืื ืืกืืจื ืืขืืจืื ืืืคืกืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืื
ื ืืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืฆืืช ืฆืืื ืืื ืขืืจ ืืืื
ื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืกื ืืืืข ืืฆื ืืจ ืืืช ืืคืกืืื ืืืช ืืขืืจืื ืฉื ืื (ืฉื ืืื) ื ืคืฉ ืืื; ืขื ืื ืืืืจื ืขืืจ ืืคืกื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืชื
ื ืืืฉื ืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืงืจื ืื ืขืืจ ืืื; ืืืื ืืื ืกืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืื
ื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื; ืืืณ ืืืงื ืฆืืืืช ืขืืื
Does that make any sense? There are only five psukim here:
- David invests Jerusalem and is told he will not be able to enter
- David takes the fortress
- David makes an oath (with aposiopesis) about taking Jerusalem, and an aphorism is cited
- David settles in Jerusalem
- David is great
Now, I will assume that ืคืกืืง ื is an introduction to the rest: David takes the fortress, and hereโs how. And ืคืกืืงืื ื-ื are the conclusion. But whatโs all this about ืขืืจืื ืืคืกืืื? And whatโs a ืฆื ืืจ, and how is it relevant?
Hopefully, the parallel paragraph in ืืืจื ืืืืื will help:
ื ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืก; ืืฉื ืืืืืกื ืืฉืื ืืืจืฅื
ื ืืืืืจื ืืฉืื ืืืืก ืืืืื ืื ืชืืื ืื ื; ืืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืฆืืช ืฆืืื ืืื ืขืืจ ืืืืื
ื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืกื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืจ; ืืืขื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืื ืื ืฆืจืืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉื
ื ืืืฉื ืืืื ืืืฆื; ืขื ืื ืงืจืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืืื
ื ืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืกืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืขื ืืกืืื; ืืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืจ ืืขืืจื
ื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื; ืืืณ ืฆืืืืช ืขืืื
This completes the aposiopesis, and introduces Yoav as the actual conqueror of Jerusalem. So now I have another question: what happened to the ืขืืจืื ืืคืกืืื and the ืฆื ืืจ? Why is Yoav left out of ืฉืืืื ื?
Thereโs a fifth question that is much more subtle: whereโs the battle of Jerusalem?
Itโs hard to notice something that isnโt there if youโre not looking for it.
[Gregory, Scotland Yard detective:] โIs there any other point to which you would wish to draw my attention?โ
[Sherlock Holmes:] โTo the curious incident of the dog in the night-time.โ
โThe dog did nothing in the night-time.โ
โThat was the curious incident,โ remarked Sherlock Holmes.
Battle Plans
ืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื loves battles. We know how many soldiers on each side, where they are deployed, what weapons they carry, what strategies they used. Itโs like reading a Tom Clancy novel. A few examples:
ื ืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื; ืืืฆื ืืฉืจืื ืืงืจืืช ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืคืืฉืชืื ืื ื ืืืคืงื
ื ืืืขืจืื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืงืจืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฃ ืืฉืจืื ืืคื ื ืคืืฉืชืื; ืืืื ืืืขืจืื ืืฉืื ืืืจืืขืช ืืืคืื ืืืฉื
ื ืืคืืฉืชืื ื ืืกืคื ืืืืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืฉืื ืืืฃ ืจืื ืืฉืฉืช ืืืคืื ืคืจืฉืื ืืขื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืขื ืฉืคืช ืืื ืืจื; ืืืขืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืฉ ืงืืืช ืืืช ืืืื
ื ืืืืฉ ืืฉืจืื ืจืื ืื ืฆืจ ืื ืื ื ืืฉ ืืขื; ืืืชืืืื ืืขื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืกืืขืื ืืืฆืจืืื ืืืืจืืชื
ื ืืขืืจืื ืขืืจื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืจืฅ ืื ืืืืขื; ืืฉืืื ืขืืื ื ืืืืื ืืื ืืขื ืืจืื ืืืจืืื
ื ืืืืกืคื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืกืคื ืฉืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืื; ืืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืขืืงื ืืืคืก ืืืืื
ื ืืฉืืื ืืืืฉ ืืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคื ืืืื ื ืืขืืง ืืืื; ืืืขืจืื ืืืืื ืืงืจืืช ืคืืฉืชืืื
ื ืืคืืฉืชืื ืขืืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืขืืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืื; ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื
โฆ
ื ื ืืืงืื ืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืขื ืืืจืืคื ืืช ืืคืืฉืชืื ืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืขื ืฉืขืจื ืขืงืจืื; ืืืคืื ืืืื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืจื ืฉืขืจืื ืืขื ืืช ืืขื ืขืงืจืืื
But the conquest of Jerusalem, the capital of the united kingdom of Israel? Gornisht. ืืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืฆืืช ืฆืืื. Where is the the battle of Jerusalem?
Answering that may turn out to be the key to understanding the entire text.
Handicap Accessible
But first, what are ืืขืืจืื ืืืคืกืืื? Iโm going to assume that it canโt be literal; Jerusalem was not defended by an army of the blind and lame. It may have been a well-known expression at the time that unfortunately means nothing to us:
If the Jebisites had yelled from the fortress walls, โyour mother was a hamster and your father smelled of elderberriesโ, I would understand immediately. Normal people would not. The Abarbanel and ืืฆืืืช suggest this sort of thing here:
ืื ืื ืืกืืจื ืืืืณ: ืืืจ ืืืจื ืืคืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืชืืื ืืืื ืื ื ืื ืื ืืงืืื ืืืื ืืกืืจื ืืคื ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืฃ ืืขืืจืื ืืืคืกืืื ืื ืื ืืฉืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืขืื ืืืืชื ืื ื ืืขืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืง ืืืงืื.
This explains ืขื ืื ืืืืจื ืขืืจ ืืคืกื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืช;โ ืขื ืื ืืืืจื would mean โin situations like this, people saidโ. But that doesnโt go with Davidโs response, which apparently takes it seriously.
Yigal Yadin, the Israeli archeologist, suggests itโs a different cultural catchphrase:
Yigal Yadin made an interesting suggestion in his book, Torat Ha-Lechima Be-Artzot Ha-Mikra. Yadin relies on a Hittite document that describes a ceremony in which the Hittite army swears allegiance to its king. There it is stated that anyone who thinks badly of the king will himself become blind or lame. The Yevusites, who understood that they would not be able to stand up against David, brought the blind and the lame up on the wall, and threatened David with a staged ceremony featuring an oath at the end of which the punishment of blindness and lameness was promised to anyone who touches the blind or the lame or any of the Yevusites. Our chapter does not cite the entire oath, but only its beginning. In any event, in the wake of the oath, David had to promise a special reward to one who proved to the entire army that nothing would happen to those who entered the city and smote the blind and the lame.
But interpreting this based on a single document from 500 years before and 500 miles away is far-fetched, to say the least.
Rashi and the targum give a straightforward explanation:
ืืขืืจืื ืืืคืกืืื: ืื ืขืืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉืืื.
ืึทืึฒืึทืจืึผ ืึฐืึธืึดื ืึฐืึตืืึทืจ ืึธื ืชึตืืขืึผื ืึทืึฐืึธื ืึฑืึธืึตืื ืึผึฐืึทืขึฐืึธืืึผืชึธืึฐ ืึทืึธืึทืึธื ืึฐืึทืึธืึทืึธืโฆ
The Jebusites didnโt call their idols ืขืืจืื ืืคืกืืื; that was an editorial comment by the author, as we say in Hallel:
ื ืขืฆืืืื ืืกืฃ ืืืื; ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืืื
ื ืคื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจื; ืขืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืจืืื
ื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืขื; ืืฃ ืืื ืืื ืืจืืืืื
ื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืจืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื; ืื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืื
ื ืืืืื ืืืื ืขืฉืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืื
Thatโs the most ืคืฉื explanation, I think. But the Malbim has a fascinating theory, based on the ืฆื ืืจ which in mishnaic and modern Hebrew means โpipeโ:
ืืคื ืืคืฉื ืขืจืืื ืขืื ืืืจื ืืจืืืดื, ืฉืืฉืขืจ ืืขืืจ ืขืฉื ืฆืืืื ืืืืืช ืขืืจืื ืืคืกืืื ืืืื ืขืฉืืืื ืืืืคื ืืืชืืืืื ืฉืืจืืื ืืื ืืขื ืืืื ืืงืืืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืจืื ืจืื ืืืฉืงื, ืชื ืืขื ืืืงื ืืขื ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืืงืจื ืฉื ืื ืืื ืืืชื ืืฆืืืื ืืืงืืืช (ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืืดื ืขืืื ืชืืชืืื ืขืืจืื ืืคืกืืื ืืืฉ ืขืืืจืื ืืื ืขืชื) ืืืื ืกืืืืื ืืฆื ืืจ ืืืื ืืืืคื ืฉืืื ืืฆื ืืจ ืืืฆืื ืืืื ืืคืื, ืืขืดื ืืืจืช ืืืื ืืฉืืืคืชื ืืชื ืขื ืขื ืืฆืืืื ืืืืงืืืช ืืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืจืืืื, ืืืื ืฉืจืื ืชืืืืืืช ืืื ืืขืื ืื, ืขืืดื. ืืืคื ืื ืืขืืืื ืกืืื ืืฉืขืจ ืืขืืจ ืฉืืจื ืฉื ืฆืืืื ืืืืืช ืขืืจืื, ืืืืจืื ืฉืืจื ืฉื ืฆืืืื ืืืืืช ืคืกืืื, ืืืืจืืื ืืฆื ืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืื.
Giant hydraulic battle robots! Iโd watch that movie. But I find that even more far-fetched than the Hittite curse explanation.
The Midrash looks specifically at the terms ืขืืจืื ืืคืกืืื. Who were the most famous blind and lame people in ืชื ืดื?
ืืืื ืื ืืงื ืืฆืืง ืืชืืืื ืขืื ืื ืืจืืช; ืืืงืจื ืืช ืขืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ื ืื
ืืืืจื ืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืืฉืจ ืขืืจ ืืช ืคื ืืื; ืืืื ืฆืืข ืขื ืืจืืื
And Rashi brings up the midrash that ties them to Jerusalem. It goes back to Abraham and his treaty with Avimelech, the treaty of โson and grandsonโ:
ืื ืืืื ืืขืช ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืคืืื ืฉืจ ืฆืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืืืืจ; ืืืงืื ืขืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืขืฉืื
ืื ืืขืชื ืืฉืืขื ืื ืืืืงืื ืื ื ืื ืชืฉืงืจ ืื ืืื ืื ื ืืื ืืื; ืืืกื ืืฉืจ ืขืฉืืชื ืขืื ืชืขืฉื ืขืืื ืืขื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืืจืชื ืืื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืฉืืขื
ืื ืืืื ืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืจืืฉื : ืฉื ืื ื ืืกืคืจื ืจืื ืืืืฉืข ืื ืงืจืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืจืฉืืื ืืืืช ืืฉืืืขื ืฉื ืฉืืข ืืืจืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืืืกื ืื ืื ืขื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืก ืืื ื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืคืืฉืชืื ืืื ืืืฉืืืฉื ืื ื ืืืืื ืืช ืืจืืฉืืื ืื ืืืจืืฉื ืืช ืื ื ืืืชื ืืืื.
ืืืืจื ืจืืดื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืจืฉืืื ืืคื ื ืืฉืืืขื ืฉื ืฉืืข ืืืจืื ืืืืืืื. ืืืืืืกื ืืืโฆืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืฉืื ืืืืก ืืืื ืืคืืฉืชืื ืืืจืข ืืืืืื ืื ืงืจื ืืืงืื ืขื ืฉืื ืืืืก ืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืคืื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืืโฆ
ืื ืขืฉื ืื ืฉื ืืืืก ืขืฉื ืฆืืื ื ืืฉืช ืืืขืืืื ืืืชื ืืจืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืชืื ืขืืืื ืฉืืืขืช ืืืจืื, ืืืฉืืื ืืฉืจืื ืจืฅ ืืืื ืก ืืขืืจ ืืืืืกื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืคื ื ืืจืืช ืืืจืื, ืฉื ืณ ืืืช ืืืืืกื ืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืืจืืฉื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืงืฉ ืืืื ืก ืืขืืจ ืืืืืกื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืชื, ืฉื ืณ ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืชืื ืื ื ืืืืณ ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืืขื ืืืจืืช ืืืจืืโฆืืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืื ืก ืืขืืจ ืืืืืกื ืขื ืฉืืชืืจ ืื ืืฆืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืชืื ืขืืืื ืฉืืืขืช ืืืช ืืจืืช ืืืจืื, ืฉื ืณ ืื ืื ืืกืืจื ืืขืืจืื ืืืคืกืืื.
ืืื ื ืืื ืืืืืกื ืืืฉื ืืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืฆืืื ืืฉื ืืขืืืจ ืฉืืืขืช ืืืจืื ืืืืืืื ืฉืืืชื ืืชืืื ืืฆืืืื ืืฉืจ ืฉื ืฉืื ืขืืจืื ืืคืกืืื ืื ืขืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืจืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืฉืืื ืืฆืืืื ืืื ืืฆืืจืช ืขืืจ ืืคืกื ืืขืืจ ืืืืจืืช ืขื ืืจืืช ืืฆืืง ืฉืืกืืฃ ืืืื ืืื ืขืื ืื ืืจืืืช ืืืคืกื ืืขืืืจ ืืขืงื ืฉืืื ืฆืืืข ืขื ืืจืืื ืืขืฉื ืื ืืืืจืืช ืฉืืืจ ื ืฉืชืืฉ ืืื ืื ืืืจืืช ืขื ืืืืืช ืืืืื. ืืืืืช ืืกืื ืืืจ ืืืืืกื ืืืื ืื ืชืื ืื ื ืื ืื ืืกืืจืืช ืชืืื ืืขืืจืื ืืืคืกืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจืช ืื ืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืื ืื ื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืกืืจ ืืื ืืฆืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจืช ืื ืืืจืืช.
Itโs a nice idea, but why would removing the statues end the treaty? ืื ื ืืฉืจืื still canโt betray the Jebusites if they swore not to!
Politically Incorrect
Weโll come back to that. So we have 4 different explanations of ืืขืืจืื ืืืคืกืืื: cultural expression, idols, robots, and memorials. How does that fit with ืขื ืื ืืืืจื ืขืืจ ืืคืกื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืช?
If we read it straight, it means, โtherefore they say, the blind and the lame will not come to the houseโ, meaning that because of this battle, the ืขืืจืื ืืคืกืืื cannot come into Jerusalem any more. The Radak takes this literally:
ืขื ืื ืืืืจื: ืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืขืืจ ืืคืกื ืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืฆืืืช ืฆืืื ืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืขืืจืื ืืืคืกืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืื.
But thatโs taking it too literally. If we read ืืขืืจืื ืืืคืกืืื as โidolsโ then it makes sense:
ืขึทื ืึผึตื ืึตืืึฐืจืึผื ืึทืึธืึทืึธื ืึฐืึทืึธืึทืึธื ืึธื ืึทืขึฒืืึผื ืึฐืึตืืชึธืื
David would allow the Jebusites to remain in Jerusalem (he will later buy the site of the altar from ืืจืื ื ืืืืกื) but no idolatry.
If we read ืืขืืจืื ืืืคืกืืื as an pre-existing expression, it has to mean, โthus [in situations like this], people say: The blind and the lame! Donโt come to the house!โ. That works.
The other explanations need us to realize that the syntax of ืขื ืื ืืืืจื ืขืืจ ืืคืกื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืช is very ambiguous. ืขืืจ ืืคืกื could be the subject of ืืืื, so the sentence means โThey say: the blind and the lame will not comeโ. But ืขืืจ ืืคืกื could also be the subject of ืืืืจื: โThe blind and the lame say: he will not comeโ, referring to David specifically.
Also, ืขื ืื in ืชื ืดื may not mean โthereforeโ (A ืขื ืื B means A causes B). It can mean โbecauseโ (A ืขื ืื B means B causes A). One example:
ื ืืืืืจ; ืื ื ื ืืื ืชืจืขืื
ื ืื ื ื ื ืื ืฉืชื ืื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืื ืืืขื ืืืฉ ืืืฆืืื ื ื ืืชืื ืืืืื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืืขืื ืืื; ืจืง ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืื ืชืขืฉื ืืืจ ืื ืขื ืื ืืื ืืฆื ืงืจืชืื
So ืขื ืื ืืืืจื ืขืืจ ืืคืกื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืช means that David announced ืื ืืื ืืืกื ืืืืข ืืฆื ืืจ ืืืช ืืคืกืืื ืืืช ืืขืืจืื because โthe blind and the lameโ (which the Jebusites are depending on to defend their city) โsayโ (their very existence means) โhe [David] cannot enterโ.
ืขื ืื ืืืืจื: ืขื ืืฉืจ ืืืืจืื.
ืขืืจ ืืคืกื: ืืขืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืคืกื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืณ.
ืขื ืื ืืืืจื ืขืืจ ืืคืกื. ืจืดื ืืขื ืฉืืขืืจืื ืืืคืกืืื ืืืืจื ืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืช.
Pipe Dreams
Now, what was the ืฆื ืืจ that David wanted attacked?
Almost all the early ืืคืจืฉืื understand it to be the name of a tower:
ืึผึธื ืึฐืึดืงึฐืึทื ืึฐืืึผืกึธืึธื ืึฐืึดืฉืึฐืจึตื ืึฐืึดืึฐืึผึทืฉื ืึผึฐืจึทืึผึธื
ืืืื ืฉื ื ืืฆืืืื [ืขืืจ ืืคืกื] ืืืืื ืื ืงืจื ืฆื ืืจ.
ืื ืืื ืืืืกื: ืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืกื ืืืชืืื ืืืข ืืฆื ืืจ ืืืคืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืง ืืฉืจ ืชืื ืื ืื ืืืืื ื.
But the word does appear in ืชื ืดื two other times, and both times the modern sense of โpipeโ or โwatercourseโ fits better:
ื ืืืงื ืขืื ื ืคืฉื ืชืฉืชืืื;
ืขื ืื ืืืืจื ืืืจืฅ ืืจืื; ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืฆืขืจื
ื ืชืืื ืื ืชืืื ืงืืจื ืืงืื ืฆื ืืจืื;
ืื ืืฉืืจืื ืืืืื ืขืื ืขืืจืื
7 O my G-d, my soul is cast down within me;
therefore do I remember Thee from the land of Jordan, and the Hermons, from the hill Mizar.
8 Deep calleth unto deep at the voice of Thy cataracts;
all Thy waves and Thy billows are gone over me.
ื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืณ ืืื ืืืืจื
ื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืกืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืชืืฆืขื ื; ืืืืขืช ืื ืืณ ืฆืืืืช ืฉืืื ื ืืืืืื
ื ืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืงืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืืจืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืจืืื ืฉืืขื ืืื; ืขืื ื ืืณ ืืื ืืฉืืืืื ืืื ืืืจืฅื
ืื ืืืขื ืืืืจ ืืืื; ืื ืฉื ื ืืืืชืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืจื ืืขื ืฉืืืืืื
ืื ืืืขื ืฉื ืืช ืืืืจ ืืืื; ืื ืฉืชื ืฉืืื ืืืืชืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืฉื ื ืฆื ืชืจืืช ืืืื ืืืจืืงืื ืืขืืืื ืืืืื
So, as we mentioned, the Malbim translates as โpipeโ for waterworks:
ืื ืืืจ ืฉืื ืฉืืืื ืืฆื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืืืช ืืืืกื ืชืืื, ืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืฉืขืืื ืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืื ืืฆืืืื, ืืืืดื ืืืข ืืฆื ืืจ ืืืืืืจ ืืื ืขื ืืฆืืืื, ืื ืืื ืืฆื ืื ืืืื ืกืืจ ืคืืืขืชื ืชืืื ืืืฆื ืืจ ืืืืดื ืืืคืกืืื ืืืืดื ืืืขืืจืื.
David is planning the strategy: first take out the guards, then the ืฆื ืืจ, then you can take out the ืขืืจืื ืืคืกืืื.
But more likely than a pipe, itโs a tunnel that is part of the water supply for Jerusalem. Before Hezekiah built his tunnel, the water supply came from the Gihon spring just outside the wall.
In 1867 the archeologist and treasure hunter Captain Charles Warren uncovered a secret access tunnel that led from the city deep into the mountain, meeting a 13-meter shaft descending to the Gihon Spring. Warren claimed this shaft was the place of the Biblical โpipeโ used in King Davidโs capture of the city, and was used by the ancient Jerusalemites to draw their water from the Gihon Spring. Recent excavations have revealed that while Warren succeeded in uncovering a significant portion of the secret system, unbeknownst to him the secret tunnel continued another ten meters through what appeared to be a solid rock wall, leading to the massive Spring House and the true water compound of the time. This in fact may have been what King David was referring to when he challenged Joab Ben Zuriah โand David saidโฆhe who conquers the Jebusites, grabs the pipeโฆโ (Samuel II 5:8)
From Warrenโs sketches, via the Israel Antiquities Authority:
The recent findings, from Ronnie Reich and Eli Shukron, Light at the End of the Tunnel, Biblical Archaeology Review 25:1, JanuaryFebruary 1999<a>:
Like most archeological findings, this is โcuteโ. It may be true but it certainly tells a nice story.
An Offer They Canโt Refuse
So we put together the story: Davidโs army surrounds Jerusalem, then Yoav attacks the guards in the spring house, climbs through the ืฆื ืืจ and destroys the ืขืืจืื ืืคืกืืื. Then the story ends. Whereโs the battle?
I suspect thereโs no battle for Jerusalem in the text because there was no battle. The Jebusites were clearly depending on their ืขืืจืื ืืคืกืืื (however we interpret this). Yoavโs ability to sneak in and destroy them let David make them an offer they couldnโt refuse. I think David conquered Jerusalem without a shot being fired.
The Midrash supports this (more metaphorically):
ื ืืื ืฆื ืืขืื ืืณ ืืืื;
ืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืืณ ืืช ืืืจื ืืฉืืจื ืืืืช
ืืืื ืืฆืื ืืณ ืืืชื ืืืฃ ืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืื
ื ืืืืืจ ืืจืืื ืืณ ืืืงืื
โฆ
ื ืื ืื ืืจืฅ ืืืื; ืืืืืงื ืึฒืึทืึผึถื ืฉืืึผืจื
What wall did David jump?
ืื ืื ืืจืืฅ ืืืื: ืจืณ ืืืื ืืฉื ืจืณ ืืื ืืืจ ืืฉืขื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืืื ืขื ืืืืืกื, ืืชืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืืกื ืืืืข ืืฆื ืืจ (ืฉืืืื ื ื:ื), ืืืชืื ืืืจ ืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืืกื [ืืจืืฉืื ื] ืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืจ (ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืื:ื), ืื ืขืฉื ืืืื, ืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืื ืจืขื ื, ืืงืืขื ืืฆื ืืืืื, ืืืคืฃ ืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืจืืฉ ืฉืืื ืจื, ืืขืื ืขื ืจืืฉื ืฉื ืืื, ืื ืชืื ืขื ืืืจืืฉ, ืืืืื ืขื ืืืืื, ืืืจ ืืื ืึถืึถืึฐืึตื ึดื ืฆึทืึผึดืืง ืึถืกึถื ืึฐืืึนืึดืืึตื ึดื (ืชืืืื ืงืื ื), ืื ืขืฉื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื, ืงืืฆืจ ืืช ืืืืื, ืืขืื ืืื ืืืจืื, ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืืืงื ืืืื ืฉืืจ.
And as we mentioned, David left (at least some of) the Jebusites alive. When David wants to build the altar in the place that would eventually be the ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ, he buys it.
ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืืจืื ื ืื ืื ืงื ื ืืงื ื ืืืืชื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืขืื ืืืณ ืืืงื ืขืืืช ืื ื; ืืืงื ืืื ืืช ืืืจื ืืืช ืืืงืจ ืืืกืฃ ืฉืงืืื ืืืฉืืื
The parallel text in ืืืจื ืืืืื has a different amount:
ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืจื ื ืืืงืื ืฉืงืื ืืื ืืฉืงื ืฉืฉ ืืืืชื
There are lots of explanations of the difference, but the ืคืจืงื ืืจืื ืืืืขืืจ says it was for two different things:
ืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืื ืฉืืขืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืกืืจ ืืช ืืฆืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืชืื ืขืืืื ืืืช ืืจืืช ืฉืืืขืช ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉ, ืืขืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืื ืื ืฆืจืืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉ. ืืืืจ ืื ืงื ื ืืช ืขืืจ ืืืืืกื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืชื ืขืืื ืืืืืืช ืขืืื, ืื ืขืฉื ืืงื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืื ืฉืงืืื ืืจื ืืื ืฉืฉ ืืืืช ืฉืงืืื, ืฉื ืณ ืืืชื ืืื ืืืจื ืื.
David didnโt conquer Jerusalem, he paid for it.
(Admittedly, it was an absurdly small amount. Yoavโs commando raid made it clear that the Jebusites did not have any good options.)
Placing the Blame
So why the differences between ืฉืืืื and ืืืจื ืืืืื?โ ืฉืืืื has ืืขืืจืื ืืืคืกืืื;โ ืืืจื ืืืืื has Yoav.
I donโt know, but I think it is due to the different purposes of the two books. ืฉืืืื pulls no punches in highlighting Davidโs ethical lapses. ืืืจื ืืืืื, written to inspire the Jews rebuilding Israel, presents David as the archetype of the Jewish king. He never sins; Batsheva is never mentioned; the murder of innocents in Ziklag never comes up. Even the one sin recorded, the census, is not Davidโs fault:
ืืืขืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื; ืืืกืช ืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืช ืืฉืจืืื
So I would read this story as: Yoav destroyed the memorials to the treaty between Avimelech and Abraham and then the Jebusites surrendered. David technically never violated the treaty, but the implied threat certainly leaves a bad taste in our mouths. ืฉืืืื makes it clear that this was in fact Davidโs responsibility. ืืืจื ืืืืื places it all on Yoavโs shoulders (and incidentally introduces us to Yoav, who has not shown up in ืืืจื ืืืืื yet).
This idea, that Yoav was Davidโs โenforcerโ, is consistent with his role throughout the ืชื ืดื:
ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืขื ืื ืืฉืจืื; ืืืื ืืื ืขืฉื ืืฉืคื ืืฆืืงื ืืื ืขืืื
ืื ืืืืื ืื ืฆืจืืื ืขื ืืฆืื; ืืืืืฉืคื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจื
ืฉืคืืื ืืฉืืจืื ืชืชื ืื ืืื ืฉืขืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืณ ืืืงืื ื ืชื ืื ืืฉืืืื; ืืฉืคืื ืืช ืืขื ืืฉืคื ืฆืืงื
ืจืณ ืืืขืืจ ืืืจ ืื ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืคืโฆืืืจ ืจืณ ืืืขืืจ ืื ืคืืช ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืฉื ืืืื, ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืช ืืืื. ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ โืืืื ืืื ืขืืฉื ืืฉืคื ืืฆืืงื ืืื ืขืื ืืืืื ืื ืฆืจืืื ืขื ืืฆืืโ (ืฉืืืื ื ื:ืื-ืื), ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืคืืื ืืื, ืืื ืื ืื ืฉืืื ื ืฉืืืข ืืืืื, ืืืกืจืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืื, ืืืืฆืืืื ืืื ื ืืขื ืืจืื.
Urban Renewal
After David takes over, he builds the city: ืืืื ืืื ืกืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืชื (and ืืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืจ ืืขืืจ). What was the ืืืื?
Radak says it was a defensive moat:
ืืืืื ืืืคืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืขืืฉืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืง ืืขืืืจืืช ืฉืื ืืื ืกื ืืื ืฉืื ืืงืืืช.
But we have no archeological evidence for such a thing, and thereโs no way to get that much water around Jerusalem.
Others say it was a housing development (which complements Yoavโs role in urban renewal, ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืจ ืืขืืจ):
ืืืงืฃ ืืืื ื ืืืื, ืืืืืืื ืืืชื ืขืคืจ ืืืืื ืืชื ืืืืฆืข, ืืืฉืคืข ืืืืื ืืื ืจืื, ืืื ืงืจืื ืืืื, ืืขืืื ืื ื ืืื ืืชืื.
ืกืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืื ืืงืื ืคื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืกืฃ ืฉื ืืจืืืช ืื ืฉืืโฆืืื ืืืืื ืืืคื ืื ืื ื ืืชืื ืกืืื.
Itโs more evidence that the battle of Jerusalem never took place. The Jebusites were not displaced from their homes; the Israelites built new settlements alongside them. And so the last Canaanite stronghold in the land of Israel falls into Israelite hands. The conquest that started under Joshua 400 years earlier has finally ended, and now ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืณ ืืืงื ืฆืืืืช ืขืื.