ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: Politics by Other Means

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

We see, therefore, that war is not merely an act of policy but a true political instrument, a continuation of political intercourse carried on with other means.

Carl von Clausewitz, On War, 1:24

David now turns from his mourning to action:

ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉืืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืณ ืœืืžืจ ื”ืืขืœื” ื‘ืื—ืช ืขืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืืœื™ื• ืขืœื”; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืื ื” ืืขืœื” ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื—ื‘ืจื ื”ืƒ ื‘ ื•ื™ืขืœ ืฉื ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื’ื ืฉืชื™ ื ืฉื™ื• ืื—ื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ื–ืจืขืœื™ืช ื•ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืืฉืช ื ื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืจืžืœื™ืƒ ื’ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื• ืืฉืจ ืขืžื• ื”ืขืœื” ื“ื•ื“ ืื™ืฉ ื•ื‘ื™ืชื•; ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืขืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸืƒ ื“ ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ืื ืฉื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืžืฉื—ื• ืฉื ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ืœืžืœืš ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”; ื•ื™ื’ื“ื• ืœื“ื•ื“ ืœืืžืจ ืื ืฉื™ ื™ื‘ื™ืฉ ื’ืœืขื“ ืืฉืจ ืงื‘ืจื• ืืช ืฉืื•ืœืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื‘

ืจืณ ื”ื•ื ื ืืžืจ: ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ืื—ืจ ืกืžื•ืš, ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืคืœื’.

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืš ืœืš ืžื“:ื”

ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœืคืจืฉ ืœืฉื•ืŸ โ€ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸโ€œ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืŸ ื“ืืžืจ ืฉโ€ืื—ืจื™โ€œ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืžื•ืคืœื’, ืฉื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืžื™ ืื‘ืœื• ืฉืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ืžืœืš.

ืžืฉื‘ืฆื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื‘:ื

It is striking that despite the fact that David has already determined to expand his sphere of influence beyond Ziklag (ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœืœืžื“ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉืช ), he consults with the Urim Vโ€™Tumim first:

ืื—ืจ ืฉืกืคืจ ืขื“ ื”ื ื” ื›ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–ืงื” ื›ืขื‘ื“ ืžื•ืจื“ ื‘ืื“ื•ื ื™ื•, ืœื ื‘ืชื—ืœืชื• ื›ื™ ื ืžืฉื— ืขืคืดื™ ื ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื ืข ืœืคื ื™ื• ื›ืขื‘ื“ ื ืืžืŸ, ื•ืœื ื‘ืจื“ืคื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ื ืคืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื•ืœื ืฉืœื— ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืžืฉื™ื— ื”ืณ, ื•ืœื ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ื”ืจื’ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืฉืจ ืžื™ืชืชื• ื•ืกืคื“ ื’ื ืงื•ื ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•. ื™ืกืคืจ ื›ื™ ื’ื ืขืชื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืขื˜ืจื”, ื•ื—ืฉื‘ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืžืœื•ืšโ€ฆื•ืœื ืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื“ ื ืžืœืš ื‘ืืœืงื™ื, ื•ืฉืืœ ืื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœืื™ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืœื ืกืžืš ืขืœ ืขืฆืชื• ื•ืฉื›ืœื•, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืœืช ื“ื•ื“ ื ื’ื“ ืฉืื•ืœ, ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืขืœ ื”ืณ ื™ื”ื‘ื• (ืจืื” ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื ื”:ื›ื’).

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื‘:ื

And the site of Davidโ€™s new capital is Hebron, which is significant in many ways. It is the ancient home of the patriarchs, giving it religious importance, and it is the population center of Judah (the people lived mostly in the mountains; David has previously been confined mostly to the southern wilderness). It is also the northernmost city under Davidโ€™s influence:

ื›ื• ื•ื™ื‘ื ื“ื•ื“ ืืœ ืฆืงืœื’ ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ืžื”ืฉืœืœ ืœื–ืงื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืจืขื”ื• ืœืืžืจ; ื”ื ื” ืœื›ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžืฉืœืœ ืื™ื‘ื™

ื”ืณืƒ ื›ื– ืœืืฉืจ

ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ื•ืœืืฉืจ

ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœืืฉืจ

ื‘ื™ืชืจืƒ ื›ื— ื•ืœืืฉืจ

ื‘ืขืจืขืจ ื•ืœืืฉืจ

ื‘ืฉืคืžื•ืช ื•ืœืืฉืจ

ื‘ืืฉืชืžืขืƒ ื›ื˜ ื•ืœืืฉืจ

ื‘ืจื›ืœ ื•ืœืืฉืจ

ื‘ืขืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื—ืžืืœื™ ื•ืœืืฉืจ

ื‘ืขืจื™ ื”ืงื™ื ื™ืƒ ืœ ื•ืœืืฉืจ

ื‘ื—ืจืžื” ื•ืœืืฉืจ

ื‘ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฉืŸ ื•ืœืืฉืจ

ื‘ืขืชืšืƒ ืœื ื•ืœืืฉืจ

ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ; ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืžื•ืช

ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื”ืœืš ืฉื ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ืœ

So it is an ideal place to start to expand that influence. This works; the people of Judah respond by formally crowning him king.


ื“ ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ืื ืฉื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืžืฉื—ื• ืฉื ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ืœืžืœืš ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”; ื•ื™ื’ื“ื• ืœื“ื•ื“ ืœืืžืจ ืื ืฉื™ ื™ื‘ื™ืฉ ื’ืœืขื“ ืืฉืจ ืงื‘ืจื• ืืช ืฉืื•ืœืƒ

ื” ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื™ื‘ื™ืฉ ื’ืœืขื“; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืืชื ืœื”ืณ ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื™ืชื ื”ื—ืกื“ ื”ื–ื” ืขื ืื“ื ื™ื›ื ืขื ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืชืงื‘ืจื• ืืชื•ืƒ ื• ื•ืขืชื” ื™ืขืฉ ื”ืณ ืขืžื›ื ื—ืกื“ ื•ืืžืช; ื•ื’ื ืื ื›ื™ ืืขืฉื” ืืชื›ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื™ืชื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”ืƒ ื– ื•ืขืชื” ืชื—ื–ืงื ื” ื™ื“ื™ื›ื ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื›ื™ ืžืช ืื“ื ื™ื›ื ืฉืื•ืœ; ื•ื’ื ืืชื™ ืžืฉื—ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืžืœืš ืขืœื™ื”ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื‘

David next makes a bold political move, looking to ally with the group closest to Saul. The people of ื™ื‘ื™ืฉ ื’ืœืขื“ had been personally saved by Saul, and they were the only ones who would risk their lives to recover his body.

He promises that they will be repaid, both by ื”ืณ and by his royal favor (โ€œjust happeningโ€ to mention that here) with a well-known hendiadys:

ื•ื™ืงืจื‘ื• ื™ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื•ืช ื•ื™ืงืจื ืœื‘ื ื• ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ืื ื ื ืžืฆืืชื™ ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืš ืฉื™ื ื ื ื™ื“ืš ืชื—ืช ื™ืจื›ื™; ื•ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืžื“ื™ ื—ืกื“ ื•ืืžืช ืืœ ื ื ืชืงื‘ืจื ื™ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ืืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื–:ื›ื˜

ื—ืกื“ ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืžืชื™ื ื”ื•ื ื—ืกื“ ืฉืœ ืืžืช, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฆืคื” ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื’ืžื•ืœ.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืฉื

And he hints that they need him:

ื›ื™ ืžืช ืื“ื•ื ื™ื›ื ืฉืื•ืœ: ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืžืื– ืœืขื–ืจ ืœืœื—ื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื. ื’ื ืื•ืชื™ ืžืฉื—ื•: ื›ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื ื•ืคืœ ืื ื›ื™ ืžืžื ื• , ื•ืื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืื ื™ ืœื›ื ืœืขื–ืจ.

ืžืฆื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื•ื“, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื‘:ื–

However, Davidโ€™s overture fails, as we will see:


ื— ื•ืื‘ื ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื ืจ ืฉืจ ืฆื‘ื ืืฉืจ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืœืงื— ืืช ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื™ืขื‘ืจื”ื• ืžื—ื ื™ืืƒ ื˜ ื•ื™ืžืœื›ื”ื• ืืœ ื”ื’ืœืขื“ ื•ืืœ ื”ืืฉื•ืจื™ ื•ืืœ ื™ื–ืจืขืืœ; ื•ืขืœ ืืคืจื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืœื”ืƒ

ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืžืœื›ื• ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืฉืชื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ืžืœืš; ืืš ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื“ื•ื“ืƒ ื™ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœืš ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืฉืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื‘

The Malbim sees a hint to the politicking in the wording here:

ืชื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœืขื“, ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืื ืฉื™ ื™ื‘ื™ืฉ ื’ืœืขื“ ื”ื™ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื‘:ื—

And it is important to note that the new capital of Israel is in ืžื—ื ื™ื; Ishboshet had to be smuggled out (ื•ื™ืขื‘ืจื”ื•) to safety on the east bank of the Jordan. While Ishboshet is nominally king over โ€œื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืœื”โ€, the Philistines control the bulk of the country.

Before we look at who Ishboshet is, I would note that there was religious justification for continuing the royal line of Saul:

ืžืงืจื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืฉืขืชื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื›ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ืฉืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืžืœื›ื™ื ืžื—ืœืฆื™ืš ื™ืฆืื• (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื”:ื™ื‘) ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื‘:ื—

Now, who was Ishboshet? He doesnโ€™t appear in the original list of Saulโ€™s family:

ืžื˜ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื•ื™ืฉื•ื™ ื•ืžืœื›ื™ืฉื•ืข; ื•ืฉื ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื ืชื™ื• ืฉื ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื” ืžืจื‘ ื•ืฉื ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืžื™ื›ืœืƒ ื  ื•ืฉื ืืฉืช ืฉืื•ืœ ืื—ื™ื ืขื ื‘ืช ืื—ื™ืžืขืฅ; ื•ืฉื ืฉืจ ืฆื‘ืื• ืื‘ื™ื ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืื•ืœืƒ ื ื ื•ืงื™ืฉ ืื‘ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื ืจ ืื‘ื™ ืื‘ื ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ืืœืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื™ื“

ื ื•ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ื™ื ืกื• ืื ืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืคื ื™ ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื•ื™ืคืœื• ื—ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืœื‘ืขืƒ ื‘ ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืงื• ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื•; ื•ื™ื›ื• ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื•ืืช ืื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ ื•ืืช ืžืœื›ื™ืฉื•ืข ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืื•ืœืƒ โ€ฆื• ื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืฉืœืฉืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ื ืฉื ื›ืœื™ื• ื’ื ื›ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื“ื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ืœื

ื•ื™ืฉื•ื™: ื”ื•ื ืื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืณ ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ื” ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื•.

ืจื“ืดืง, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื“:ืžื˜

And the only other children of Saul we know about were from his concubine (and they lived long after Ishoboshetโ€™s death):

ื•ื™ืงื— ื”ืžืœืš ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืจืฆืคื” ื‘ืช ืื™ื” ืืฉืจ ื™ืœื“ื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืืจืžื ื™ ื•ืืช ืžืคื‘ืฉืช; ื•ืืช ื—ืžืฉืช ื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ื›ืœ ื‘ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ืœื“ื” ืœืขื“ืจื™ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื–ืœื™ ื”ืžื—ืœืชื™ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื:ื—

We will see Saulโ€™s concubine (explicitly called that) ืจืฆืคื” ื‘ืช ืื™ื” later. But ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉืช is no where to be seen.

We have to look at the genealogy in ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื:

ืœื” ื•ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื™ืขื•ืืœ (ื™ืขื™ืืœ); ื•ืฉื ืืฉืชื• ืžืขื›ื”ืƒ ืœื• ื•ื‘ื ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืŸ; ื•ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืงื™ืฉ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื•ื ืจ ื•ื ื“ื‘ืƒ ืœื– ื•ื’ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืื—ื™ื• ื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืงืœื•ืชืƒ ืœื— ื•ืžืงืœื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืฉืžืื; ื•ืืฃ ื”ื ื ื’ื“ ืื—ื™ื”ื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืขื ืื—ื™ื”ืืƒ ืœื˜ ื•ื ืจ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืงื™ืฉ ื•ืงื™ืฉ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืฉืื•ืœ; ื•ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื•ืืช ืžืœื›ื™ืฉื•ืข ื•ืืช ืื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ ื•ืืช ืืฉื‘ืขืœืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื˜

Now here, Saulโ€™s grandfather is called ื ืจ, while in ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื he is named ืื‘ื™ืืœ.โ€Ž ื ืจ is Saulโ€™s uncle.

ื“ืืžืจ ืจืฉื‘ืดืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœืžืœื•ื›ื” ืืœื ืขืดื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ืงื ื• ืžื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจื•ืช ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืืžืจื• ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ืชื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื ืœืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืื•ืžืจ (ื“ืดื” ื ื—) ื•ื ืจ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืงื™ืฉ ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืื•ืžืจ (ืฉืดื ื˜) ืงื™ืฉ ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ืืœ. ื”ื ื›ื™ืฆื“? ืื‘ื™ืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื• ืืœื ืขืดื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจื•ืช ืœืจื‘ื™ื ื–ื›ื” ื•ื ืงืจื ืฉืžื• ื ืจ.

ื•ื™ืงืจื ืจื‘ื” ืฆื• ื˜:ื‘

So what happened to Ishboshet? We do have an Ishbaal in ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, and Radak (and most other commentators) connect them:

ื•ืœื ื–ื›ืจ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืฉืช ื›ื™ ืืœื• ื”ืฉืœืฉื” ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืขืžื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืœืคื™ ืฉื–ื›ืจื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื ื–ื›ืจ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืฉืช. ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื–ื›ืจื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืœื“ืช ื–ื›ืจื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืืฉื‘ืขืœ ืฉื–ื›ืจ ื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืฉืช.

ืจื“ืดืง ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื“:ืžื˜

Itโ€™s interesting that names with ื‘ืขืœ throughout ืชื ืดืš turn into ื‘ืฉืช in ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘:

ื•ื™ืœืš ืื‘ื™ืžืœืš ื‘ืŸ ื™ืจื‘ืขืœ ืฉื›ืžื” ืืœ ืื—ื™ ืืžื•; ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื ื•ืืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ ืืžื• ืœืืžืจืƒ

ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื˜:ื

ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ื”ืณ ืืช ื™ืจื‘ืขืœ ื•ืืช ื‘ื“ืŸ ื•ืืช ื™ืคืชื— ื•ืืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ; ื•ื™ืฆืœ ืืชื›ื ืžื™ื“ ืื™ื‘ื™ื›ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืชืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื˜ื—ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื‘:ื™ื

ืžื™ ื”ื›ื” ืืช ืื‘ื™ืžืœืš ื‘ืŸ ื™ืจื‘ืฉืช ื”ืœื•ื ืืฉื” ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืคืœื— ืจื›ื‘ ืžืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืชื‘ืฅ ืœืžื” ื ื’ืฉืชื ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžื”; ื•ืืžืจืช ื’ื ืขื‘ื“ืš ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื—ืชื™ ืžืชืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื™ื:ื›

ื•ืœื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืŸ ื ื›ื” ืจื’ืœื™ื; ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื ืฉืžืขืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืืœ ื•ืชืฉืื”ื• ืืžื ืชื• ื•ืชื ืก ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื—ืคื–ื” ืœื ื•ืก ื•ื™ืคืœ ื•ื™ืคืกื— ื•ืฉืžื• ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืชืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื“:ื“

ื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžืจื™ื‘ ื‘ืขืœ; ื•ืžืจื™ื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืžื™ื›ื”ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื—:ืœื“

Rashi presumes that the change is intentional; ื‘ืฉืช means โ€œshameโ€; specifically the shame of idolatry:

ื›ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืขืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื• ืืœื”ื™ืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”; ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืฉืžืชื ืžื–ื‘ื—ื•ืช ืœื‘ืฉืช ืžื–ื‘ื—ื•ืช ืœืงื˜ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœืƒ

ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื™ื:ื™ื’

ื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืฉืช ื•ืœื›ืš ื›ื™ื ื”ื• ื‘ื•ืฉืช ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื“ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื• ื‘ื•ืฉืช ืœืณ ื’ื ืื™.

โ€ฆ

ืืดืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžื ืจื‘ื•ื ื ืžืฉืขื” ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื ืงืจื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื ื‘ื•ืฉืช ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืœืงื˜ืจ ืœื‘ื•ืฉืช ืœืงื˜ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœ (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื™ื) ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ืฉืช .

ืจืฉืดื™, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื˜:ืœื˜

So evidently in times when Baal-worship was not a problem, the names with ื‘ืขืœ were common (it was the name of Saulโ€™s great-uncle). It just means โ€œmasterโ€. ืืฉื‘ืขืœ maybe means โ€œhe-manโ€; wishful thinking for a son who never went to battle and was easily manipulated when he came to power.

This past summer (2015), Israeli archeologists found a jar with the name ืืฉื‘ืขืœ, from about the time of David.

Eshbaal

The text points out that David ruled for 7.5 years, while Ishboshet only ruled for 2 years. How do we understand the chronology?

โ€ฆืžืฉืžืœืš ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืฉืช ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ืฉืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืžื—ืฆื”, ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืฉืช, ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืชืชื• ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ื“ื•ื“, ืฉืžืฉืžืช ืฉืื•ืœ ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืžืœืš ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืฉืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฆื ืžื”ืŸ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืชืช ืฉืื•ืœ ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืฉืช, ื“ืชื ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœืโ€ฆื ืžืฆืืช ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ืœื” ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ืืœืžื ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืœื ืžืœืš.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื›,ื, ื“ืดื” ืฉืฉื”ื” ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“

Many commentators (including the ืžืฆื•ื“ืช and ื“ืขืช ืžืงืจื) say that ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉืช gradually extended his reign, and the ืฉืชื™ื ืฉื ื™ื refers only to ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืœื”:

ื›ื™ ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื ืืžืจื• ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื•ืœื ืืžืจ ืžื™ื“ ื•ื™ืžืœื™ื›ื”ื• ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื’ื ืžืœืช ื›ืœื” ืžื™ื•ืชืจืช, ืืš ืžืชื—ืœื” ืงืฆืช ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžืœื™ื›ื• ืืœ ื”ื’ืœืขื“, ื•ืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ื ืืœ ื”ืืฉื•ืจื™ ื•ืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ื ืืœ ื™ื–ืจืขืืœ, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜ ื’ื ืขืœ ืืคืจื™ื, ื•ืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื•ืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืœื”. ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืืžืจ (ืคืกื•ืง ื™) ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืฉืช ื•ื›ื•ืณ ื‘ืžืœื›ื• ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืžืœืš ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืœื”, ื•ืฉืชื™ื ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืœืš ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืœื”, ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ืžืฉื” ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืœืš ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœืขื“ ืขื“ ืฉื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™, ื•ืžืฉืžืœืš ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืชื™ื.

ืืœืฉื™ืš ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื‘:ื˜

The Ralbag understands the two years not as the length of his reign, but as the time until the next story happened (similar to his interpretation of Saulโ€™s (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื’:ื)โ€Ž ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืžืœื›ื•; ื•ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืœืš ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ):

ื•ื™ื“ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืฉืืžืจื• ื•ืฉืชื™ื ืฉื ื” ืžืœืš ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืžื” ืฉืกืคืจ ืื—ืจ ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ ืื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžืœืš ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื

ืจืœื‘ืดื’ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื‘:ื™

But I find that unconvincing, and the idea that a weakling like Ishboshet was increasing his power is also unlikely. I prefer Tosphotโ€™s understanding, based on the Gemara:

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืžืจ ืจื‘: ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื ืขื ืฉ ืื‘ื ืจ?โ€ฆืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ (ื‘ืจื‘ื™) [ื‘ืจ] ื™ืฆื—ืง: ืฉืฉื”ื ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืžื—ืฆื”.

ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื›,ื

ืคื™ืณ ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื˜ืœื” ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืชืช ืฉืื•ืœ ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืฉืช, ื‘ืณ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืžื—ืฆื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืฉืช ื•ืžื—ืฆื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืชืช ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืฉืช ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ื“ื•ื“. ื•ืœื ื ื”ื™ืจื; ื—ื“ื, ื“ืœืžื” ื ืขื ืฉ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื” ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ื“ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืชืช ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืฉืช ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืœื ืงื•ื“ื ืžื™ืชืชื• ื—ื–ืจ ืื‘ื ืจ ื•ื ืชืืžืฅ ืœื”ืžืœื™ืš ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื’) ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ืื‘ื ืจ ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื’ื•ืณ. ื•ืขื•ื“, ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืœื ืžืœืš ื•ืœื ื”ืžืœื™ื›ื• ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ืืดื› ืœืžื” ื ืขื ืฉ ืื‘ื ืจ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืชื—ื–ืง ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืžืœื™ืš ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืฉืช? ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืื™ืคื›ื ื“ืื•ืชื” ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืชืช ืฉืื•ืœ ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืฉืช. ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืชื—ื–ืง ืื‘ื ืจ ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืžืœื™ืš ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืฉืช ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžืœื™ื›ื• ืœืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื” ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื”. ื•ืžืฉืžืช ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื˜ืœื” ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“. ื ืžืฆืื• ื–ืณ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืžื—ืฆื” ืฉืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘.

ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื›,ื, ื“ืดื” ืฉืฉื”ื” ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“

We will soon get to the tragic end of Ishboshetโ€™s kingdom. But first we have to learn about its tragic beginningโ€ฆ