After David hears of Saulโs death, and has the Amalekite lad killed, he has time to react to the news.
ืื ืืืงื ื ืืื ืืช ืืงืื ื ืืืืช ืขื ืฉืืื ืืขื ืืืื ืชื ืื ืื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ื ืืืืื ืงืฉืช ืื ื ืืชืืื ืขื ืกืคืจ ืืืฉืจื
He apparently starts ืืงืื ื ืืืืช with ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ื ืืืืื, but itโs hard to see how that is part of the poem that follows. Itโs more likely that this is a two-pasuk introduction to the chapters that follow, the elegy and the plan to teach the people of Judah to fight. He looks back at the past and plans for the future.
Bow to the Inevitable
We could look at ืืืื ืงืฉืช as a generic term for teaching them to use weapons, but many of the commentators try to understand why specifically a bow:
ืืขืืืจ ืฉืจืื ืื ืืืชืช ืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืกืืช ืืจืืชื ืืืืืจืื ืืงืฉืช ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืงื ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืื ื ืืืืื ืงืฉืช ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืืื.
In fact, there were those known to be ืืงื ืืื:โ ืฉืื ืื ืืืื was famous for its marksmanship, but presumably as the tribe of Saul they were disproportionately killed in the war. David felt it was Judahโs responsibility to fill the gap.
Abarbanel suggests a tactical reason for emphasizing the bow, as a consequence of losing the war with the ืคืืืฉืชืื:
ืืื ืฉืืืจื ืืื ืฉื ืคืจื
ืื ืงืจืืื ืืืจืดืงืื ืฉืื ืื ืืกื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืงืฉืช,
ืืื ืืืจ ืืืจื ืฉืืืืืจืื ืืืืชืืื ืืขืืืืื ืขื ืืจืืื
ืฉืื ืืืจ ืืชื, ืจืืื ืืื ืืดื ืื ืื ื ืืืืื ืขื ืืืืชื
ืืืืจื ืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืจืืช ืืงืฉืช ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืจืืืง
ืืื ืืกื ืืืจื, ืืืจื ืฉืืืืืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืื
ืืชื, ืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืงืื ื ืืื.
The Parthian shot was a military tactic made famous by the Parthians, an ancient Iranian people. The Parthian archers mounted on light horse, while retreating at a full gallop, would turn their bodies back to shoot at the pursuing enemy. The maneuver required superb equestrian skills, since the riderโs hands were occupied by his bow. As the stirrup had not been invented at the time of the Parthians, the rider relied solely on pressure from his legs to guide his horse. The tactic also could be used during feigned retreat, with devastating effect.
This tactic was used by most Eurasian nomads, including the Scythians, Huns, Turks, Magyars, and Mongols, and it eventually spread to armies away from the Eurasian steppe, such as the Sassanid clibanarii and cataphracts.
The ืืฉืืฆืืช ืืื suggests a metaphoric interpretation of ืงืฉืช based on the ืืขืืง ืืืจ on ืืืจืื ืื:ืื (citing a text not present in my edition):
ืื ืืืืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืืกืฃ ืื ื ืื ืื ืืช; ืืืื ืืืงืื ืขืืื ืืืฉืื ืืชืื ืื ืืจืฅ ืืืชืืืื ืื ืืื ื ื ืชืชื ืื ืฉืื ืืื ืขื ืืืื; ืืฉืจ ืืงืืชื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืืจืื ืืืงืฉืชืื
ืืืจืื ืืืงืฉืชื: ืืื ืืืืชื ืืชืคืืชื.
ืืืื ืืืจ ื ืืืจ
(ืชืืืื ืื:ื)
ืื ืื ืืงืฉืชื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืชืืฉืืขื ื?
ืื. ืืจืื ืื ืชืคืื ืงืฉืชื ืื ืืงืฉื.
ืงืฉืช is a metaphor for prayer. David is determined to teach them what he already knows: (ืฉืืืื ื ืื:ืื)โ ืืชื ืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื; ืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉื ืืณ ืฆึพืืืืช.
Just Books
When the text says ืื ื ืืชืืื ืขื ืกืคืจ ืืืฉืจ, what is it talking about? What is this โBook of the Straightโ? (You might think itโs a book about poker; volume 2 is โThe Book of the Flushโ.) Itโs mentioned one other time in ืชื ืดื:
ืืืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืืจื ืขืื ืขื ืืงื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืชืืื ืขื ืกืคืจ ืืืฉืจ; ืืืขืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืืฆื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืฅ ืืืื ืืืื ืชืืืื
It may be one of the other sources like ืกืคืจ ืืืืืืช ืืณ or ืืืจื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื that are scattered throughout ืชื ืดื:
ืืื ื ืกืคืจ ืืืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืฉืืืฉื ืกืคืจ ืืื ืืคืืจืกื ืืฆืื.
ืืืืืจ ืืณ ืื ืืฉื ืืชื ืื ืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืื; ืื ืขื ืคื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืจืชื ืืชื ืืจืืช ืืืช ืืฉืจืืื
ืืืืืจ ืืณ ืื ืืฉื ืืชื ืืืช ืืืจืื ืืกืคืจ ืืฉืื ืืืื ื ืืืืฉืข; ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืจ ืขืืืง ืืชืืช ืืฉืืืื
ืืชื ืื: ืฆืื ืฉืืืชืื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืื, ืฉืขื ืคื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืจืช ืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืขืืื, ืืืืจ ืืืจืชื ืืคืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืข, ืฉืกืคืจ ืื ืงืจื ืืฉื ืกืคืจ ืืืฉืจ.
But itโs hard to imagine whatโs so important about training Judah in marksmanship that warrants mentioning โthereโs more detail in this other bookโ. ืืืดื claimed that it was not a contemporary source, but a much earlier one:
(ืืืืฉืืข ื) ืืืืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืืจื ืขืื ืขื ืืงืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืชืืื ืขื ืกืคืจ ืืืฉืจ. ืืื ืกืคืจ ืืืฉืจ? ืืดืจ ืืืื ืืจ ืืื ืืดืจ ืืืื ื ืื ืกืคืจ ืืืจืื ืืฆืืง ืืืขืงื ืฉื ืงืจืื ืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืืณ (ืืืืืจ ืื) ืชืืืช ื ืคืฉื ืืืช
ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืื ืจืืืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื) ืืืจืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื. [ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื?] ืืฉืขื ืฉืขืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืฉืขโฆืืชืื (ืฉืืืื ื ื) ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ื ืืืืื ืงืฉืช ืื ื ืืชืืื ืขื ืกืคืจ ืืืฉืจ. ืืื ืกืคืจ ืืืฉืจ? ืืดืจ ืืืื ืืจ ืืื ืืดืจ ืืืื ื ืื ืกืคืจ ืืืจืื ืืฆืืง ืืืขืงื ืฉื ืงืจืื ืืฉืจืืโฆืืืืื ืจืืืื? (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื) ืืืืื ืืชื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืขืืจืฃ ืืืืืืโฆืจืดื ืืืืจ ืื ืกืคืจ ืืฉื ื ืชืืจื; ืืืืื ืงืจื ืืื ืกืคืจ ืืืฉืจ? ืืืชืื (ืืืจืื ื) ืืขืฉืืช ืืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืขืื ื ืืณ. ืืืืื ืจืืืื? (ืืืจืื ืื) ืืืื ืจื ืืโฆืจืณ ืฉืืืื ืืจ ื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืื ืกืคืจ ืฉืืคืืื; ืืืืื ืงืจื ืืื ืกืคืจ ืืืฉืจ? ืืืชืื (ืฉืืคืืื ืื) ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืฉ ืืืฉืจ ืืขืื ืื ืืขืฉื. ืืืืื ืจืืืื?โฆืืืชืื (ืฉืืคืืื ื) ืื ืืขืื ืื ื (ืืชืืื) ืื ืืื ืขื ื [ืืชืืื] ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืณ ืืืืื ืืขืื.
While all three possibilities are midrashic, I think the idea that ืกืคืจ ืืืฉืจ is ืกืคืจ ืืจืืฉืืช is close to peshat. Itโs entirely possible that the ancient name for that book was ืกืคืจ ืืืฉืจ (thereโs no reason that a book has to be named for its first word). As Rashi points out in the beginning of ืืจืืฉืืช, there are almost no mitzvot in it. It is included in the Torah to teach us ืืืืืช, like ืืกื and ืืืช:
ืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืจื ืืจืฅ ืื ืฉืฉืืื ืืงืืื ืืขืืื, ืืืืืื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืฉืืื ืกืคืจ ืืืจืืื. ืืืฉืื ืืื ื ืงืจื ืืื ืื ืกืคืจ ืืืฉืจ ืขื ืืขืฉื ืืืืช ืืื ืืคืจื.
ืืืืจืดื ืืกืืืจ ืฉืกืคืจ ืืจืืฉืืช, ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืืจ ืขื ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืขื ืืฉืจืื. ืขื ืืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืืืื, ืฆืจืื ืืืฆืืจ ืื ืคืฉื. ืืืื ืฉืืชืืจื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืจืื.
โฆ
ืืฉืื ืืจืณ ืืืื ืืืืื ืื:
ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืชืจืืดื ืืฆืืืช, ืืืื ื ืื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืืงืจืืืช ืื ืชืจืืดื ืืืฆืืืชโฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืขืืช ืืืื, ืืืื ืืื ืื ืคืฉ ืืฉืืืืช ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืืชโฆืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืื ืคืฉ ืืืกืืืืช.
Back to our story, note that the three options are all reading the reference in ืกืคืจ ืืืฉืจ to prophecies of Judahโs mission: ืืืืื ืืชื ืืืืื ืืืื;โ ืืืื ืจื ืื and ืืืืื ืืขืื. Judah is destined to be the leader of the tribes, but for the past 300 plus years, since the days of ืขืชื ืืื, theyโve done nothing. They have been passive subjects of the Philistines for more than a hundred years. David is saying with ืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ื ืืืืื ืงืฉืช, โThis ends here!โ
I would suggest an additional understanding based on ืกืคืจ ืืจืืฉืืช,โ ืกืคืจ ืืืฉืจ. David has been dealing with the Philistines so far in only one way: bribery.
ืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืจืฅ ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉ ืืืฉื; ืืืงื ืฆืื ืืืงืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืืืฉื
But we learn from Jacob that we need a three-pronged approach to foreign powers:
ืืืชื ืืื ืขืืืื ืขืืจ ืขืืจ ืืืื; ืืืืืจ ืื ืขืืืื ืขืืจื ืืคื ื ืืจืื ืชืฉืืื ืืื ืขืืจ ืืืื ืขืืจื
ืืชืงืื ืขืฆืื ืืฉืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืจืื, ืืชืคืื ืืืืืืื.
And we see this approach other places in ืชื ืดื, notably in ืืืืืช ืืกืชืจ. We know about the prayer and three days of fasting, and we certainly know about the war. But the ืืขื ืืืืจืื sees a hint to the third approach as well:
ืื ืื ืืืจืฉ ืชืืจืืฉื ืืขืช ืืืืช ืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืขืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืจ ืืืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืชืืืื; ืืื ืืืืข ืื ืืขืช ืืืืช ืืืขืช ืืืืืืชื
ืืณ: ืืื, ืืืืื ืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืขืืื ืืืืืืื. ืจืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืชื ื ืืืจืื ืืฉืจืืื.
ืจืื literally means space, respite. Bribery doesnโt end problems; it delays the consequences of the problem, but only as long as the money keeps coming in.
When the money keeps rolling in, you donโt ask how
Think of all the people guaranteed a good time now
Sometimes thatโs enough. But usually the other two approaches are needed. And David is going to use them, both the literal meaning of ืงืฉืช, an instrument of war, and the metaphoric meaning, of prayer and petition.
Now letโs look at the elegy itself:
ืื ืืฆืื ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืืืชืื ืืื; ืืื ื ืคืื ืืืืจืืื
ื ืื ืชืืืื ืืืช ืื ืชืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืช ืืฉืงืืื; ืคื ืชืฉืืื ื ืื ืืช ืคืืฉืชืื ืคื ืชืขืืื ื ืื ืืช ืืขืจืืืื
ืื ืืจื ืืืืืข ืื ืื ืืื ืืืจ ืขืืืื ืืฉืื ืชืจืืืช; ืื ืฉื ื ืืขื ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืฉืืื
ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืงืฉืช ืืืื ืชื ืื ื ืฉืื ืืืืจ; ืืืจื ืฉืืื ืื ืชืฉืื ืจืืงืื
ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืชื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืขืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืชื ืื ื ืคืจืื; ืื ืฉืจืื ืงืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืจืื
ืื ืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ื; ืืืืืฉืื ืฉื ื ืขื ืขืื ืื ืืืขืื ืขืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืฉืืื
ืื ืืื ื ืคืื ืืืจืื ืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืขื ืืืืชืื ืืืื
ืื ืฆืจ ืื ืขืืื ืืื ืืืื ืชื ื ืขืืช ืื ืืื; ื ืคืืืชื ืืืืชื ืื ืืืืืช ื ืฉืืื
ืื ืืื ื ืคืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื
David starts addressing Israel directly. ืืฆืื ืืฉืจืื is the vocative: O beautiful Israel, how are the dead left on your highest places?
ืืฆืื ืืฉืจืื: ืืืดื ืืดื ืืงืจืืืโฆืืืืืจ ืืชื ืฉืืชื ืืจืฅ ืืคืฅ ืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืขื ืืืืชืื ื ืคืื ืืืืื ืืืื.
But thereโs a subtlety here: a ืืื also is a ืืืื. Saul sacrificed himself for the sake of Israel:
ื ืจืื ืฉืจืฆื ืืืืจ, ืฉืฉืืื ืืื ืงืจืื ืฆืืืืจ ืืืคืจ ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืืช ืืฆืืืืจ.
ืืื ื ืคืื ืืืืจืื is a sort of refrain that separates the two parts of the ืงืื ื. The first is about Saul and the national loss; the second is about Jonathan and Davidโs personal loss.
Feelings of Rejection
The contrast in the next line is between the joy of the Philistines (ืชืฉืืื ื ืื ืืช ืคืืฉืชืื) and the mourning of the Israelites in ืื:โ ืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ื.
Then the land of Israel itself should mourn. Read ืฉืื ืชืจืืืช as part of the address to ืืจื ืืืืืข: may their fields [not (carry over the ืื) not bring forth] their offerings.
ืืขื means โrejectedโ and is a reference to the ืชืืืื:
ืื ืืืืจืฅ ืชืขืื ืืื ืืชืจืฅ ืืช ืฉืืชืชืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืืจืฆื ืืช ืขืื ื; ืืขื ืืืืขื ืืืฉืคืื ืืืกื ืืืช ืืงืชื ืืขืื ื ืคืฉืื ืื ืืืฃ ืื ืืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืจืฅ ืืืืืื ืื ืืืกืชืื ืืื ืืขืืชืื ืืืืชื ืืืคืจ ืืจืืชื ืืชื; ืื ืื ื ืืณ ืืืงืืืื
But here Saul is rejected. ืืณ should have saved His king:
ืคืืจืืฉื ืื ื ืืขื ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืื ืืฉืื ืืืื.
The Ralbag and Abarbanel interpret this as part of the praise of Saul that follows:
ืืื ื ืืชืืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืฉืื ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืื ืืคื ืื ืฉืืืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืฉืชืืฉื ืื ืื ืื ืืขืชืื ืจืืืงืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืฉืื ืืฉืื.
ืจืดื ืฉืฉืืื ืืื ืืื
ืืืืืจืื ืืืืืจืชื ืืชืงืคื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืฉืื, ืจืดื ืื
ืืืืื ืช ืืืืชื ืฉืืื ืืฉืื ืืฉืื ืืฉืื ืืืงื ืืขืงื,
ืฉืืืืข ืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืขืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืฉ,
ืืื ืืืืื ืช ืขืฆืื ืืืจืืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืื
ืืื ืืืืื ืืขื ืื ืืืืืจืื.
Fly Like an Eagle
The praise of Saul and Jonathan are straightforward, but I want to talk about ืื ืฉืจืื ืงืื: they were swifter than eagles:
One of the most famous birds in the Torah is the nesher, the king of birds. Although many assume that this is the eagleโฆit seems more likely that it refers to a vultureโspecifically, the griffon vulture. This spectacular bird has a wingspan that can measure eight feet and is the most magnificent bird of prey in Israel.
โฆ
Many people feel uncomfortable with identifying the nesher as the vulture rather than the eagle. The reason for this is that the nesher is described in noble terms by scripture, and regarded as the king of birds in Jewish thought. Whereas people today perceive the eagle in this light, the vulture is commonly regarded as a loathsome creature.
However, aside from the fact that such sentiments do not counteract the powerful evidence that the nesher is the vulture, the truth of the matter is that the vulture was perceived very differently in the ancient world. The Talmud mentions the Arabian deity called Nesra (Nasr), which was a vulture-god; the Assyrians also worshipped the vulture as a god. The griffon vulture was the symbol of royalty in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. One of the most prominent goddesses of the early Nile was Nekhbet, the female counterpart of the king of the gods, who is most commonly depicted as a griffon vulture. It was only in the time of Alexander the Great that the eagle was substituted as a symbol of royalty, due to the greater familiarity that Europe had with it.
โฆ
Still, since in the modern Western world, it is the eagle that conveys the imagery of the griffon vulture in the ancient world, the practice of translating nesher as eagle can be defended. Eagle is the translation of vulture for the modern English reader.
Clothing Statements
Most commentators explain ืืืืฉืื ืฉื ื as a reference to the spoils of war. But that is inconsistent with Saulโs history; he never fought wars of conquest. The only recorded time his army took spoils, it was the ill-fated battle against Amalek. Ralbag has an alternate explanation that I prefer:
ืืืจ ืื ืื ืืจืื ืืฆืืืชื ืขื ืืคืืฉืชืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืฉืืืืฉื ืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืฉื ื ืขื ืขืื ืื ืืืขืื ืขืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืฉื.
Part II: This Time Itโs Personal
In the second part of his elegy, David talks of how he loved Jonathan. Weโve previously discussed what that love means:
ื ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืจ ืื ืฉืืื ืื ืคืฉ ืืืื ืชื ื ืงืฉืจื ืื ืคืฉ ืืื; ืืืืืื (ืืืืืืื) ืืืื ืชื ืื ืคืฉืื
ื ืืืงืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืื; ืืื ื ืชื ื ืืฉืื ืืืช ืืืืื
ื ืืืืจืช ืืืื ืชื ืืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืืชื ืืชื ืื ืคืฉืื
ื ืืืชืคืฉื ืืืื ืชื ืืช ืืืขืื ืืฉืจ ืขืืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืื; ืืืืื ืืขื ืืจืื ืืขื ืงืฉืชื ืืขื ืืืจืื
ื ืืขืชื ืืืื ืื ืขืืื ืืื ืืื ืขืจ ืืื ื ื ืืชื ื; ืื ืคืฉื ืงืฉืืจื ืื ืคืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืืจืืืชื ืื ืืื ืื ืขืจ ืืืช; ืืืืจืืื ืขืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืช ืขืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืฉืืืื
The Septuagint translates ืืืืชื as แผฮณแฝฑฯฮทฯแฝทฯ, agape. The Thayer Lexicon defines agape as โto take pleasure in the thing, prize it above all other things, be unwilling to abandon it or do without it.โ Itโs not an erotic, physical love.
One thing worth noting is that thereโs no happy ending. ืชืืืืื, even the sad ones, always end on a note of hope:
ื ืืื ืฆื ืืืืืจ ืืืืื
ื ืขื ืื ื ืืณ ืชืฉืืื ื ื ืฆื; ืขื ืื ื ืชืกืชืืจ ืืช ืคื ืื ืืื ืื
ื ืขื ืื ื ืืฉืืช ืขืฆืืช ืื ืคืฉื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื;
ืขื ืื ื ืืจืื ืืืื ืขืืื
ื ืืืืื ืขื ื ื ืืณ ืืืงื; ืืืืจื ืขืื ื ืคื ืืืฉื ืืืืชื
ื ืคื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืชืื; ืฆืจื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืื
ื ืืื ื ืืืกืื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืืขืชื;
ืืฉืืจื ืืืณ ืื ืืื ืขืืื
But this does not. This ends with the plaintive question, ืืื ื ืคืื ืืืืจืื. There is a time for mourning, and consolation is only empty words in the immediate aftermath of tragedy:
ืจืื ืฉืืขืื ืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืืจ ืื ืชืจืฆื ืืช ืืืจื ืืฉืขืช ืืขืกื ืืื ืชื ืืื ื ืืฉืขื ืฉืืชื ืืื ืืคื ืื ืืื ืชืฉืื ืื ืืฉืขืช ื ืืจื ืืื ืชืฉืชืื ืืจืืืชื ืืฉืขืช ืงืืงืืชืื
But David will take this tragedy and the determination that it instills in him, and go on to become the ืืื ืืืื that we know.