As we said last time פסוקי דזמרא is about ה׳’s פרנסה, supporting the world. It is the הלל not of what we would call “miracles”, but of everyday existence. The very fact that the universe exists is a miracle, and we acknowlege that by both declaring that fact to the world, and by praying to הקב״ה for that פרנסה. So
פרק קמו starts with David talking to himself, convincing himself that he needs to pray. As we quoted the נפש הרב, prayer needs a מתיר, needs permission.
He is going to sing to ה׳ with his נפש, his חיים and his “עוד”. נפש is his “self”, what makes him human; that’s what does the singing, and Malbim says that חיי and עודי don’t mean “while I am alive”, but “for my life”, which has two aspects.
חיים is common to everyone, but every human being is unique. What makes me different is ה״עוד" והיתרון שנתן לי, and that is why I need to praise ה׳. You can’t do that for me, because you are not me.
Now David addresses his audience. Everyone needs פרנסה, and no human being can provide it. Even the most generous, well-meaning—the נדיבים—are finite and mortal.
עשתנתיו is usually translated “plans” but I think it would be better defined as “attention”. You may have the richest, most powerful and most generous patron, but inevitably that attention will be lost.
So who can we rely on for support?
That pasuk is an allusion to the pasuk from אשרי:
It’s interesting that ה׳ is described as א־ל יעקב, when the perek says nothing about ה׳ as specifically the G-d of Israel:
I think what David is implying here is that ה׳ is in fact the עשה שמים וארץ, but only a tiny subset of humanity acknowledges that. It is how Rashi understands the Shema:
We are saying that it is our G-d who sustains the entire world, but He is only ours in the sense that we serve him. As it says in אשרי:
And so the way we praise Him in the perek corresponds to the pasuk in אשרי, צדיק ה׳ בכל דרכיו; וחסיד בכל מעשיו.
יתום ואלמנה יעודד is generally translated as “He supports the widow and the orphan”, but I think there is a hint to the beginning of the perek, אזמרה לאלקי בעודי. The עוד of a human being is the fact that they are unique, and part of משפט is to recognize that even the most downtrodden of society are human, with their own unique human dignity. ה׳ gives them their עוד: יתום ואלמנה יעודד.
And after we declare the praise of ה׳ as we’ve described, we return to the theme that was hinted with א־ל יעקב.
ה׳ is אלקי ציון specifically.
Rav Schwab (in Rav Schwab on Prayer, p. 436) points out that ציון here does not mean “Jerusalem” , but rather כנסת ישראל.
The perek in ישעיהו is talking about the אחרית הימים, when the whole world will acknowledge מלכות ה׳, but it is Israel that will lead the way. A ציון is a signpost:
Israel is ציון if it is a signpost, a way for others to come closer to הקב״ה. And that is the way the פסיקתא דרב כהנא interprets that pasuk from ישעיהו:
And that’s what we’ve said that הלל means. Not just to praise ה׳, but to sing those praises to the entire world.
That’s a wonderfully universal vision, of ה׳ as נתן לחם לרעבים. The next perek is surprisingly much more parochial: בונה ירושלם ה׳…מגיד דברו ליעקב…לא עשה כן לכל גוי. It corresponds to the next pasuk of אשרי, קרוב ה׳ לכל קראיו לכל אשר יקראהו באמת. It’s surprising because we tend to think of the process in the reverse order, as Rashi put it: ה׳ שהוא אלקינו עתה, ולא אלקי האמות, הוא עתיד להיות ה׳ אחד.
The previous perek was first person singular, אהללה ה׳. This is plural: זמרה אלקינו. And I think that is the message of this perek: not that we are so special because ה׳ loves us more than the rest of the world, but that we, as a community, as כנסת ישראל, have a particular responsibility to say תהלה. We are going from a מתיר, permission to pray, to a statement that ה׳ wants our prayers. We see that in פסוק יא: רוצה ה׳ את יראיו את המיחלים לחסדו.
The ברכה after most foods is בּוֹרֵא נְפָשׁוֹת רַבּוֹת וְחֶסְרוֹנָן. We praise ה׳ for creating us with all of our needs, because ה׳ wants us to ask for what we need, to be מיחלים לחסדו. It’s a hard concept to understand, but one way of looking at it is that it is part of ה׳'s חסדץ It actually makes us partners with ה׳ in creation; we have to do something. At מתן תורה, ה׳ made it clear that פרנסת העולם was now our responsibility as well.
Rav Hutner points out that it is a much greater חסד to allow the recipient of your gift to earn it:
We’re going to see that aspect of the תהלה later. In this pasuk itself, the expression “for נאוה תהלה is pleasant” is ambiguous, since the word נאוה is ambiguous:
נאוה תהלה means both “beautiful praise” and “the Temple of praise”, as David continues:
Jerusalem, with the בית המקדש, is the place where זמרה אלקינו originates.
The Tanchuma is telling us we are reading the pasuk wrong: it’s not that ה׳ will build Jerusalem, and then gather the exiles; it’s that the definition of a build Jerusalem is the people that are in it.
David wants to build the בית המקדש so that it can become a בית תפלה as we said above.
The actual praise we offer in this perek is not about ה׳'s providence in providing physical sustenance, but about psychological “sustenance”.
The רפואה here is parallel to יתום ואלמנה יעודד in the previous perek, and the מעודד ענוים ה׳ of פסוק ו. ה׳ lets each of us know that we are important, that we matter to the existence of the universe.
Similarly, מונה מספר לכוכבים isn’t really about stars; it’s about us:
Rashi cites ישעיהו, not תהילים, because Yeshaya makes the metaphor explicit:
And so we come back to our theme: we—the ones who have a relationship with הקב״ה—should praise ה׳ for His feeding the world:
The reason that we have a particular relationship with הקב״ה is not because we are inherently special, but because we are יראיו; we are מיחלים לחסדו: we pray to ה׳, and create the relationship, and therefore we need to pray to ה׳. It’s the message from אשרי: קרוב ה׳ לכל קראיו לכל אשר יקראהו באמת.
ירושלם and ציון are obviously synecdoches for the Jewish people.
When you praise ה׳, שבחי ירושלם את ה׳, then ה׳ becomes אלקיך, yours:
And the reward will be peace and prosperity in Jerusalem, so that we can continue to say our נאוה תהלה. It’s a virtuous cycle.
The perek ends with an interesting metaphor:
I assume David wrote this on one of those mornings when Jerusalem gets a couple of millimeters of snow and traffic is snarled for hours, and he’s stuck on a hungry donkey on כביש 1.
The Malbim says the metaphor is about ה׳'s providence, and reward and punishment:
The other way to read this is as a metaphor for the revelation of “אמרתו”, the Torah. Water is a metaphor for Torah:
Making that water into ice, ה׳‘s קרחו, symbolizes of the fact that ה׳’s word is fundamentally inaccessible: there’s a wall of ice that we can barely see through that separates us:
But ה׳ breaks that “ice” into פתים, little gentle snowflakes, because לפני קרתו מי יעמד.
The Jewish people have a special relationship with הקב״ה because we accepted the Torah. The other nations have משפטים בל ידעום, ethical laws (that’s the meaning of משפטים as opposed to חקים) but without revelation, and therefore without that relationship. The cause and effect relationship between fulfilling רצון ה׳ and פרנסה, daily providence, isn’t as clear-cut.
So therefore, when ה׳ provides for us that which we need, we respond: הללויה, Praise G-d.