Last time, we talked about how תהילים יט ends with a תפילה:
That perek was a sort of summary of our perek, תהילים קיט, and that ends with a תפילה as well:
We’ve come a long way, and I want to review the perek. It started with David’s expression how happy are those who “go in the way of the Lord”:
But it becomes personal, as he turns to his yearning to learn Torah, ה׳'s laws:
And how that was the basis of a personal relationship with ה׳, an I-Thou relationship rather than I-It:
And this relationship creates an obligation to “bless” ה׳ for the Torah (this perek is the source of our form of ברכות: בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה׳.
Note that in this gemara, calling out “שם ה׳” is understood as learning Torah, that requires a response of הבו גדל לאלקינו. We will return to this idea of the Torah being שם ה׳.
There are those who profess to learn Torah, but do it out of intellectual arrogance rather than love of ה׳:
And the “enemies” that David laments throughout this perek are those who misuse or mock the Torah:
As Hillel Halkin says (in his review of Robert Alter’s translation of חומש):
The purpose of תלמוד תורה is come close to ה׳, and that closeness is the ultimate reward:
That is why David loves to learn, because the apparently dry, boring, law is the manifestation of the Divine in the world, and loving Torah is loving ה׳:
We use “Torah” as a metonym for ה׳ (”The Torah tells us to keep שבת“). It’s not heresy to say דָּבַקְתִּי בְעֵדְוֺתֶיךָ rather than דָּבַקְתִּי בה׳, because the entire Torah is seen as the “name” of G-d, the description of His essence:
There are many understandings of this Kabbalistic concept, and I don’t want to go too deeply into things I don’t understand, but I like the approach of Joseph Gikatilla, a 13th century Spanish Kabbalist:
Every phrase, every aspect of Torah represents an aspect of ה׳'s manifestation in the world.
תלמוד תורה is not in order to gain knowledge; it is performative. The act of learning is what is important. It is closer to listening to and playing and composing music than to memorizing an anatomy text:
David speaks of Torah at midnight, and חז״ל saw in that a hint of two aspects of אהבת תורה, the intellectual (“left-brain”) and emotional (“right-brain”):
David acknowledges that he is a role model; again, תלמוד תורה needs to be performed:
And (skipping ahead a bit) he needs to have the humility to learn from others as well:
Halfway through the perek, David turns to ה׳ to complain:
There is a sense of absolute מִשְׁפָּט, of an ethic independent of ה׳'s revealed Torah. But that is an illusion, because we construct that ethic from observing the world and society around us, and that world was created by ה׳ as well. Both the physical universe and the normative universe which we inhabit are expressions of רצון ה׳:
Just as the laws of nature come together to create a coherent universe, the laws of Torah, the הלכה, forms a coherent whole:
We, as human beings, make distinctions in how we see those laws:
David thinks about חֻקֶּיךָ but feels מִשְׁפָּטֶיךָ. The difference between rational משפטים and the חוקים that we don’t understand is dependent on our intuition, which is determined by what we observe in the society in which we live.
But both are part of the unitary רצון ה׳.
Then David adds a line that חז״ל interpret in a radical way: when the Torah was given to בני ישראל, it was given to them. Human beings could actually decide what רצון ה׳ is.
And David realizes the paradox inherent in this:
And the resolution of the paradox is that ה׳ gave us the Torah, not just to read, but to understand its meaning and to determine its meaning:
So when we learn Torah לשמה, without trying to advance our own goals but simply trying to understand רצון ה׳, then ה׳ has assured us that we will be successful, by definition. We have to listen to hear G-d’s voice, both in the created universe and in the revealed Torah (written and oral):
And both need to be considered as a unified whole. אמת means אחדות:
And David moves to the end of the perek, he turns this paean of praise into a prayer:
The seven ברכות of קריאת שמע are derived from this perek. The themes of the ברכות before are creation and revelation, the עשרה מאמרות and עשרה דברות. Then we actually learn Torah by reciting שמע. The theme of the ברכות after is salvation, the fulfillment of our purpose as human beings and as Jews in our service to ה׳:
Our goal is to identify with the Torah, which is identified with הקב״ה. This leads to the heretical-sounding saying (that’s a popular song on שמחת תורה):
When we engage in תלמוד תורה, we do more than learn. We incorporate the Mind of G-d into ourselves:
Torah represents the idea that all “truths” reflect the ultimate Truth of ה׳'s world; ראש דברך אמת. To us, many concepts seem true but contradictory (we love the word “dialectic”), but we have faith that there is an ultimate harmony in the universe. The Kabbalists call this the ספירה of תפארת, ”harmony“ and that is a one-word summary of this entire perek. The gemara cites the well-known pasuk that is the source for the terms we use for the ספירות:
As Rav Eldar says (מלכות is the ספירה that represents כנסת ישראל):
But that’s going far too Kabbalistic for my taste.
But it tells us that each of us has a place in learning Torah; the Mind of G-d is infinite and cannot be comprehended even in part by a single human being, but כנסת ישראל, the sum total of the Jewish people, were granted that power, each according to our own ability:
The perek ends:
Note the contrast with the first pasuk אַשְׁרֵי תְמִימֵי דָרֶךְ הַהֹלְכִים בְּתוֹרַת ה׳׃. David starts by praising those who stick the the right path, and ends with acknowledging that he is a שה אבד, he is lost. But who are those תְמִימֵי דָרֶךְ? If we compare this perek to תהילים יט, which is the “summary” of this perek, we see:
The natural world is the תְמִימֵי דָרֶךְ. The universe embodies רצון ה׳ effortlessly. As human beings, we strive for that unachievable goal.
תהילים פרק קיט is both a paean to G-d’s word and a celebration of what it means to be human.