ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: Don't Immanentize the Eschaton

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

Popularized by conservatives like William F. Buckley, โ€œimmanentizing the eschatonโ€ is Voegelinโ€™s pejorative phrase for utopians who try to take the place of God in bringing about this final stage. Buckleyโ€™s critique is that these do-gooders usually use the force of government to ram down their vision of the ideal society without respecting the natural order and traditions that cause societies to evolve on their own.

Max Raskin, Donโ€™t Immanentize the Eschaton, Bro

After a long break to look at ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงื™ื˜, weโ€™re back in ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ, about to start on ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื™, which is the war with Amon that serves as the backdrop to the story of Bat Sheva. But first I want to go back to ืคืจืง ื— and the series of wars that preceded the Amon War: the wars with Philistia, Moav, Aram and, last, with Edom:

ื™ื’ ื•ื™ืขืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื ื‘ืฉื‘ื• ืžื”ื›ื•ืชื• ืืช ืืจื ื‘ื’ื™ื ืžืœื— ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจ ืืœืฃืƒ ื™ื“ ื•ื™ืฉื ื‘ืื“ื•ื ื ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื“ื•ื ืฉื ื ืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ืœ ืื“ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื“ื•ื“; ื•ื™ื•ืฉืข ื”ืณ ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ืœืšืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื—

ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื•: ืจืดืœ ืขื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ืฃ ื•ื™ื’ืข ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ืืจื, ืขื›ืดื– ื”ื›ื” ื‘ื’ื™ื ืžืœื— ื•ื’ื•ืณ.

ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ื“, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—:ื™ื’

ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืฉืœื— ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื™ื•ืื‘ ืœืืจื ื ื”ืจื™ื ื•ืœืืจื ืฆื•ื‘ื”, ืคื’ืข ื‘ืื“ื•ืžื™ื™ื; ื‘ืงืฉ ืœื–ื ื‘ืŸโ€ฆ (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืก:ื‘)โ€ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ื™ืš ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืณโ€œ, ืืžืจ ื™ื•ืื‘ ืื ื ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ืื“ื•ื ืขื›ืฉื• ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจืชื ื• ืœื ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืœื ืฉืชื™ื” ืืœื ื ื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื ืขื“ ืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืืจื ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ื™ืš.

ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืจืžื– ืงืžื–

And we looked at the ืคืจืง ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื dedicated to that war:

ื ืœืžื ืฆื— ืขืœ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช; ืžื›ืชื ืœื“ื•ื“ ืœืœืžื“ืƒ
ื‘ ื‘ื”ืฆื•ืชื• ืืช ืืจื ื ื”ืจื™ื ื•ืืช ืืจื ืฆื•ื‘ื”;
ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ื™ืš ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ื ืžืœื— ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ืืœืฃืƒ
ื’ ืืœืงื™ื ื–ื ื—ืชื ื• ืคืจืฆืชื ื•; ืื ืคืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื‘ ืœื ื•ืƒ
ื“ ื”ืจืขืฉืชื” ืืจืฅ ืคืฆืžืชื”; ืจืคื” ืฉื‘ืจื™ื” ื›ื™ ืžื˜ื”ืƒ
ื” ื”ืจืื™ืช ืขืžืš ืงืฉื”; ื”ืฉืงื™ืชื ื• ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืจืขืœื”ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืก

That perek was not a celebration of victory but a dirge, a lament about a lost war, and the commentators struggle to reconcile the two versions, and understand that the war initially went very badly:

ื•ื›ืคื™ ื”ื ืจืื” ืคืจืฆื• ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ืœื” ื‘ืขืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉื›ื ื•ื‘ืขืžืง ืกื•ื›ื•ืช.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืชื”ืœื™ื ืก:ื

ื›ื“ ื›ื ืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืฉืจื™ืŸ ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื’ืจ ืกื”ื“ื•ืชื ื•ืื’ื™ื— ืขื ืืจื ื“ื™ ืขื ืฆื•ื‘ื ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืชืจ ื›ืŸ ืชื‘ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ืžื—ื ื™ืช ืื“ื•ืžืื™ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืœื—ื ื•ื ืคืœื• ืžืŸ ื—ื™ืœื™ื”ื•ืŸ ื“ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืืœืคื™ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื, ืก:ื‘

But David rallied and eventually conquered Edom. But that war ended very badly, as we see from ืžืœื›ื™ื ื:

ื™ื“ ื•ื™ืงื ื”ืณ ืฉื˜ืŸ ืœืฉืœืžื” ืืช ื”ื“ื“ ื”ืื“ืžื™; ืžื–ืจืข ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื“ื•ืืƒ ื˜ื• ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืื‘ ืฉืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืœืงื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื; ื•ื™ืš ื›ืœ ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืื“ื•ืืƒ ื˜ื– ื›ื™ ืฉืฉืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื“ ื”ื›ืจื™ืช ื›ืœ ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืื“ื•ืืƒ ื™ื– ื•ื™ื‘ืจื— ืื“ื“ ื”ื•ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืื“ืžื™ื™ื ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ืืชื• ืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฆืจื™ื; ื•ื”ื“ื“ ื ืขืจ ืงื˜ืŸืƒ ื™ื— ื•ื™ืงืžื• ืžืžื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ืคืืจืŸ; ื•ื™ืงื—ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืžื ืžืคืืจืŸ ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ืžืฆืจื™ื ืืœ ืคืจืขื” ืžืœืš ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื—ื ืืžืจ ืœื• ื•ืืจืฅ ื ืชืŸ ืœื•ืƒ

ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื™ื

And this was one of the failures of Davidโ€™s reign:

ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ื‘:ื™ื) โ€ื•ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ื•ื’ื•ืณโ€œ ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื”) โ€ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืžืœืš ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืฉืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืžืœืš ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”โ€œโ€ฆืืดืจ ื™ื•ื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ ืจืณ ืฉืœื•ื ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ื™ื:ื˜ื–) โ€ื›ื™ ืฉืฉืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€œ. ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื‘ืดื”: ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืš (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘:ื˜) โ€ืืœ ืชืชื’ืจื• ื‘ืโ€œ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉืช ืœื”ืชื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื—ื™ื™ืš ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื ื™ืžื ื™ืŸ ืœืš.

ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื:ื, ื“ืฃ ื‘,ื‘

To make a contemporary analogy, the war with the Philistines was like the 1948 Israeli War of Independence. The Philistines had ruled Israel for more than 100 years. The Moabite war was like 1956; an aggressive war that demonstrated Israelโ€™s might but for no clear purpose and with no clear outcome. The Aram war was like 1967, a miraculous battle that showed the world that G-d was on our side. As ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืกื— says, ืืจืฅ ืจืขืฉื” ืืฃ ืฉืžื™ื ื ื˜ืคื• ืžืคื ื™ ืืœืงื™ืโ€ฆื”ืจ ืืœืงื™ื ื”ืจ ื‘ืฉืŸ. The Edomite war was like 1973, a war that showed Israelโ€™s vulnerability and nearly ended in disaster. The Amonite war still to come was like the 1982 Lebanon War, a quagmire that no one wanted to start and no one could figure out how to end.


So why does David invade Edom after conquering Aram? It doesnโ€™t appear to be for the money:

ื™ ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ืชืขื™ ืืช ื™ื•ืจื ื‘ื ื• ืืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ืœืฉืืœ ืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ื ื•ืœื‘ืจื›ื• ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ื ืœื—ื ื‘ื”ื“ื“ืขื–ืจ ื•ื™ื›ื”ื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืฉ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืชืขื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื“ืขื–ืจ; ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœื™ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื ื—ืฉืชืƒ ื™ื ื’ื ืืชื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ืœื”ืณ ืขื ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืืฉืจ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืฉืƒ ื™ื‘ ืžืืจื ื•ืžืžื•ืื‘ ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ ื•ืžืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื•ืžืขืžืœืง ื•ืžืฉืœืœ ื”ื“ื“ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืžืœืš ืฆื•ื‘ื”ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื—

My idea is that David is trying to fulfill an ancient prophecy:

ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ืจืขืš ื›ืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืคืจืฆืช ื™ืžื” ื•ืงื“ืžื” ื•ืฆืคื ื” ื•ื ื’ื‘ื”; ื•ื ื‘ืจื›ื• ื‘ืš ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื‘ื–ืจืขืšืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืง ื›ื—:ื™ื“

ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ืจืขืš ื›ืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืคืจืฆืช: ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ืจืขืš ื›ืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅโ€ฆืื– ืชืคืจื•ืฅ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ื™ืžื” ื•ืงื“ืžื” ื•ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื•ื ื’ื‘ื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื• (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื“:ื™ื–) ื•ึฐืงึทืจึฐืงึทืจ ื›ึผึธืœ ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ืฉืึตืช.

ืกืคื•ืจื ื•, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื—:ื™ื“

ื™ื“ ื•ืขืชื” ื”ื ื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขืžื™; ืœื›ื” ืื™ืขืฆืš ืืฉืจ ื™ืขืฉื” ื”ืขื ื”ื–ื” ืœืขืžืš ื‘ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืืƒ โ€ฆื™ื– ืืจืื ื• ื•ืœื ืขืชื” ืืฉื•ืจื ื• ื•ืœื ืงืจื•ื‘; ื“ืจืš ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืžื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืงื ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื—ืฅ ืคืืชื™ ืžื•ืื‘ ื•ืงืจืงืจ ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืชืƒ ื™ื— ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื•ื ื™ืจืฉื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ื™ืจืฉื” ืฉืขื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ื™ื•; ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืฉื” ื—ื™ืœืƒ

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืง ื›ื“

ืžื—ืฅ ืคืืชื™ ืžื•ืื‘: ื–ื” ื“ื•ื“, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื• (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—:ื‘) ื”ึทืฉืึฐื›ึผึตื‘ ืื•ึนืชึธื ืึทืจึฐืฆึธื” ื•ึทื™ึฐืžึทื“ึผึตื“ ืฉืึฐื ึตื™ ื—ึฒื‘ึธืœึดื™ื ืœึฐื”ึธืžึดื™ืช ื•ื’ื•ืณ

ืจืฉืดื™, ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื“:ื™ื–

There is this sense that in the ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, Israel will spread out ื™ืžื” ื•ืงื“ืžื” ื•ืฆืคื ื” ื•ื ื’ื‘ื” (the directions of Philistia, Moav, Aram and Edom!), and will be led by the ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ. That leader is the scion of Yehudah:

ื ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืœ ื‘ื ื™ื•; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืืกืคื• ื•ืื’ื™ื“ื” ืœื›ื ืืช ืืฉืจ ื™ืงืจื ืืชื›ื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืืƒ โ€ฆ ื— ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ื•ืš ืื—ื™ืš ื™ื“ืš ื‘ืขืจืฃ ืื™ื‘ื™ืš; ื™ืฉืชื—ื•ื• ืœืš ื‘ื ื™ ืื‘ื™ืšืƒ ื˜ ื’ื•ืจ ืืจื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื˜ืจืฃ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืœื™ืช; ื›ืจืข ืจื‘ืฅ ื›ืืจื™ื” ื•ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืžื™ ื™ืงื™ืžื ื•ืƒ ื™ ืœื ื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžื—ืงืง ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื’ืœื™ื• ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื™ื‘ื ืฉื™ืœื” ื•ืœื• ื™ืงื”ืช ืขืžื™ืืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืง ืžื˜

And it is specifically Edom, the โ€œevil twinโ€ of Israel, that is to be subdued:

ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื ืกืขื” ื•ื ืœื›ื”; ื•ืืœื›ื” ืœื ื’ื“ืšืƒ ื™ื’ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื• ืื“ื ื™ ื™ื“ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืงืจ ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœื™; ื•ื“ืคืงื•ื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื•ืžืชื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืืŸืƒ ื™ื“ ื™ืขื‘ืจ ื ื ืื“ื ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื•; ื•ืื ื™ ืืชื ื”ืœื” ืœืื˜ื™ ืœืจื’ืœ ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืืฉืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืœืจื’ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ืื‘ื ืืœ ืื“ื ื™ ืฉืขื™ืจื”ืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืง ืœื’

ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ืื‘ื ืืœ ืื“ื ื™ ืฉืขื™ืจื”:โ€ฆื•ืื™ืžืชื™ ื™ืœืš? ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื:ื›ื) ื•ึฐืขึธืœื•ึผ ืžื•ึนืฉึดืืขึดื™ื ื‘ึฐึผื”ึทืจ ืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ ืœึดืฉึฐืืคึนึผื˜ ืึถืช ื”ึทืจ ืขึตืฉึธื‚ื•; ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ืœึทื”ืณ ื”ึทืžึฐึผืœื•ึผื›ึธื”.

ืจืฉืดื™, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื’:ื™ื“

Itโ€™s never a good idea to try to make prophecies come true. Our role in the world is determined by the ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืณ as defined by the halacha. Rabbi Shulman has talked about this in reference to David not forcing the prophecy that he would be king. He never tried to kill Saul, but here it seems that he wanted to be the ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืžื™ืขืงื‘ and ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ who would ืงืจืงืจ ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืช.

This matters today as well. ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ cannot be to โ€œforceโ€ the ื’ืื•ืœื”; it needs to be done as a ืžืฆื•ื” for the here-and-now.

ื”ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื“ื”; ืื ืชืขื™ืจื• ื•ืื ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ืืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืขื“ ืฉืชื—ืคืฅืƒ

ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘:ื–

ืจืณ ื—ืœื‘ื• ืื•ืžืจ: ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืข ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœื ื™ืžืจื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืฉืœื ื™ื“ื—ืงื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืฅ, ื•ืฉืœื ื™ื’ืœื• ืžืกื˜ื™ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืฉืœื ื™ืขืœื• ื—ื•ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืœื”โ€ฆืจื‘ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื ืืžืจ ื“ืณ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื“ืณ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื“ื—ืงื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืฅ ื•ื ื›ืฉืœื•, ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ, ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขืžืจื, ื•ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื™, ื•ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืŸ ื›ื•ื–ื‘ื, ื•ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉื•ืชืœื— ื‘ืŸ ืืคืจื™ื.

ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื” (ื•ื™ืœื ื) ืคืจืฉื” ื‘

That was the story of the war with Edom. The following was inspired by a question from my daughter at seminary, who wanted to know how ืขืœ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ, about the Babylonian exile, could be written by David. There are two traditional approaches: first, that ืกืคืจ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื was largely written by David, but not finalized until much later (ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื” ื“:ื’ lists Ezra as one of the authors of ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื), so ืขืœ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ was simply written after the destruction of the temple. The second approach is to say that it was a prophecy about the future, written in the time of David but not made public until later:

ื›ื™ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื–ืงื ื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื“ื•ืจ ืœืžืœื ืืกืžื™ื• ืชื‘ื•ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ืœื™ ื™ืžื™ ืงื“ื, ื›ืžื• ืชืคืœื” ืœืžืฉื” ืื™ืฉ ื”ืืœืงื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืขื™ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•, ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ืœืฉืœืžื”โ€ฆืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืœืžื ืฉื” ื‘ืŸ ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ ืœืืœืงื™ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื• (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืกื•), ื”ืœืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื ืก ืกื ื—ืจื™ื‘โ€ฆืขื“ ื”ืชืคืœื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ืกื“ื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืฉืจืคืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช, ืขื“ ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืณ ืืช ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื›ื•ืจืฉ (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงืœื– ื•ึพืคื”).

[ื”ืขืจื”] ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื–ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืš, ื›ื™ ื›ืŸ ืชืžืฆื ืœื—ื–ืดืœ ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ืคืจืง ืขืจื‘ื™ ืคืกื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืจืณ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืฉื”ืœืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืืžืจื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื™ืจืฉืชื™ื• ืขืœ ื ืก ืกื ื—ืจื™ื‘, ื•ื›ืŸ ืชืžืฆื ืœื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.

ื•ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื–ืืช ืœื’ื•ืœ ืžืขืœื™ื ื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืขื™ื’ื™ื ืœืืžืจ ืื™ืš ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืงืคื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืื“ืžืชืโ€ฆืฉืจื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ ืคืดื˜ ื•ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื ืขืœ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืงืœืœืชื ืืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื•ื ืืฉืจ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื—ื˜ืื•โ€ฆืื•ืœื ืืฆืœื ื• ืืžื•ื ื” ืื•ืžืŸ ื›ื™โ€ฆื›ืœ ื”ืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืฆืคื• ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืงืจื— ื•ืืกืฃ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื“ื•ืจ ื“ื•ืจ ืขื“ ืขืช ืฉื™ืฆื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ืื– ื ืืžืจื• ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉืขืชื”.

โ€ฆื•ื›ืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืืžืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืœื”, ืฉืชื—ืœื” ื ืืžืจื• ื‘ืกืชืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืงื“ื ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ื™ืกื“ื•ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ื ืžืกืจื• ืœื›ืœ ืขื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืขืจื” ื–ื•.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื ืชื”ืœื™ื, ื”ืงื“ืžื”

I actually have more of a problem with the prophecy model, since we have no source for a โ€œhiddenโ€ ื ื‘ื•ืื”. The authority of a ื ื‘ื™ื applies only to their generation, and in rare cases extending beyond that:

ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืขืžื“ื• ืœื”ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืคืœื™ื ื›ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืืœื ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆืจื›ื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ื”, ื•ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืฆืจื›ื” ืœื ื ื›ืชื‘ื”.

ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื™ื“,ื

But letโ€™s look at ืขืœ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ,โ€Ž ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงืœื–.

ืขืœ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ืฉื ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ื’ื ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•; ื‘ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงืœื–:ื

If we read this as one sentence, the grammar makes no sense; โ€œBy the rivers of Babylon, there we satโ€. The word โ€œthereโ€ is redundant. I would read ืขืœ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ as the ื›ื•ืชืจืช. The title is On the Rivers of Babylon, with the intentional ambiguity of on: โ€œaboutโ€ or โ€œby the side ofโ€. The text starts with a vaguer โ€œThere we sat and weptโ€.

ืขืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืชืœื™ื ื• ื›ื ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงืœื–:ื‘

This is generally understood as โ€œwe hung our harps on the willows (that grew by the rivers, ืขืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ืœ) since we didnโ€™t want to play themโ€. The Malbim has an interesting interpretation:

ืขืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”: ื”ื’ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืขื ื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื ืขื™ืžื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ื‘ื›ืดื– ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืชืœื™ื ื• ื›ื ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•, ื•ืœื ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืœืื‘ืœ ืฉืืจืฅ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืœืื” ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขื“ืŸ ื•ืขื™ืจ ื”ืณ ื—ืจื‘ื”.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงืœื–:ื‘

ื’ ื›ื™ ืฉื ืฉืืœื•ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืชื•ืœืœื™ื ื• ืฉืžื—ื”;
ืฉื™ืจื• ืœื ื• ืžืฉื™ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸืƒ
ื“ ืื™ืš ื ืฉื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืณ; ืขืœ ืื“ืžืช ื ื›ืจืƒ
ื” ืื ืืฉื›ื—ืš ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืชืฉื›ื— ื™ืžื™ื ื™ืƒ
ื• ืชื“ื‘ืง ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืœื—ื›ื™ ืื ืœื ืื–ื›ืจื›ื™;
ืื ืœื ืืขืœื” ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ืฉืžื—ืชื™ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืงืœื–

Thatโ€™s beautiful, a very Zionist sentiment that we quote, that we sing at weddings. But then the tenor of the perek changes:

ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืณ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื•ื ืืช ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื;
ื”ืืžืจื™ื ืขืจื• ืขืจื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงืœื–:ื–

Where did Edom come from? If we accept the ื ื‘ื•ืื” interpretation, itโ€™s about the destruction of the second ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ:

ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžืชื ื‘ื ืขืœ ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืจืื” ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื•ื, ื›ื™ ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ื”ึถื—ึฐืจึดื™ื‘ึธื”ึผ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžึดืžึผึทืœึฐื›ื•ึผืช ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื•ื.

ืจื“ืดืง, ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงืœื–:ื•

Otherwise, we have to say that Edom participated in the first ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ:

ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื’ืœื•ืช ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืจื‘ื™ืโ€ฆื›ื™ ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ื”ืจืฉืข ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ืจืข ืื“ื•ื ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ืจื•ืžื ื”ื ื™ื•ื ื™ืโ€ฆืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื•ื ืชื—ืช ื™ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืคืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฆื•ื”ื—ืจืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžื—ืจืคื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉื ืœื›ื“ื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ื•ื ืฉืจืฃ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ื›ืฉื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆืจืชื•.

ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื, ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงืœื–:ื–

ื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื“ื•ื“ื”;
ืืฉืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉืœื ืœืš ืืช ื’ืžื•ืœืš ืฉื’ืžืœืช ืœื ื•ืƒ

ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงืœื–:ื—

If this is a ื ื‘ื•ืื” about Rome, then ื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื“ื•ื“ื” means โ€œyou, Rome, are the daughter of Babylon that was destroyed, and you too will be paid for your crimesโ€. If this is all about ื‘ื‘ืœ, then ื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ means โ€œthe people of Babylonโ€, and it is a prayer for the future (if we are exiled ืขืœ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ, then clearly itโ€™s not destroyed):

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืžืชืคืœืœ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ืฉื“ื•ื“ื”

ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื, ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงืœื–:ื—

Malbim proposes that this perek was actually written after the fall of Babylon, and was a look back at how the Jews felt about the ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ:

ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืฉื“ื“ื” ืื– ืขืดื™ ื›ื•ืจืฉ, ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื“ื•ื“ื” ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืณ ืœืฉืœื ืœืš, ืืฉืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉืœื ืœื ืœื‘ื“ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื›ื™ ื’ื ืืช ื’ืžื•ืœืš ืฉื’ืžืœืช ืœื ื•.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงืœื–:ื—

And then the shocking last pasuk, that isnโ€™t so much a conclusion as an aposiopesis that is completely out of character for ืกืคืจ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื:

ืืฉืจื™ ืฉื™ืื—ื– ื•ื ืคืฅ ืืช ืขืœืœื™ืš ืืœ ื”ืกืœืขืƒ

ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงืœื–:ื˜

Iโ€™m going to propose a third way of understanding ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื like this, more as an intellectual exercise; Iโ€™m not convinced itโ€™s the correct way to read this. How can we read this perek as written in the time of David, not to be hidden away as a prophecy for some future generation, but as a psalm that had meaning for his contemporaries? ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื is part of ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื, after all, not ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื. It was written ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ and has meaning for all future generations, and the generation of ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ read it as being about the Babylonians destroying the Temple, and we read it as being about both destructions. But I would propose that this was not the original way it was read.

Who are the bad guys in this perek? Itโ€™s not Babylon, itโ€™s Edom. Edom is the one calling for the destruction of Jerusalem, the one who is called ื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื“ื•ื“ื”, โ€daughter of destroyed Babylonโ€œ. What would ื‘ื‘ืœ mean to David and his contemporaries?

Before the Babylonian empire conquers the world, ื‘ื‘ืœ comes up once in ืชื ืดืš:

ื— ื•ื›ื•ืฉ ื™ืœื“ ืืช ื ืžืจื“; ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅืƒ ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ืจ ืฆื™ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณ; ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืืžืจ ื›ื ืžืจื“ ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื™ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณืƒ ื™ ื•ืชื”ื™ ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžืžืœื›ืชื• ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืืจืš ื•ืื›ื“ ื•ื›ืœื ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ืฉื ืขืจืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืง ื™

ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืคื” ืื—ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ืืƒ ื‘ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื ืกืขื ืžืงื“ื; ื•ื™ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืงืขื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ืฉื ืขืจ ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืืƒ โ€ฆ ื“ ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ื”ื‘ื” ื ื‘ื ื” ืœื ื• ืขื™ืจ ื•ืžื’ื“ืœ ื•ืจืืฉื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืœื ื• ืฉื; ืคืŸ ื ืคื•ืฅ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅืƒ โ€ฆ ื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ื”ืŸ ืขื ืื—ื“ ื•ืฉืคื” ืื—ืช ืœื›ืœื ื•ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช; ื•ืขืชื” ืœื ื™ื‘ืฆืจ ืžื”ื ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ื–ืžื• ืœืขืฉื•ืชืƒ ื– ื”ื‘ื” ื ืจื“ื” ื•ื ื‘ืœื” ืฉื ืฉืคืชื ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ืฉืžืขื• ืื™ืฉ ืฉืคืช ืจืขื”ื•ืƒ ื— ื•ื™ืคืฅ ื”ืณ ืืชื ืžืฉื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ; ื•ื™ื—ื“ืœื• ืœื‘ื ืช ื”ืขื™ืจืƒ ื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืงืจื ืฉืžื” ื‘ื‘ืœ ื›ื™ ืฉื ื‘ืœืœ ื”ืณ ืฉืคืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ; ื•ืžืฉื ื”ืคื™ืฆื ื”ืณ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืง ื™ื

There are many interpretations of what the sin of the Tower of Babel was, but I would read it like the Netziv:

ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ: ืžืžื ื• ื”ื—ืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื•ืœืฉื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื. ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืณ ื•ื–ื”ื• ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืฉืืœืžืœื ืžื•ืจืื”โ€ฆืื™ืฉ ืืช ืจืขื”ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืขื• ื•ื”ื™ื” ื ืžืจื•ื“ ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื–ื” ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘:

ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื™ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณ: ืฉื‘ื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืณโ€ฆ

ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™: ื—-ื˜

Life in the State of Nature is โ€œnasty, brutish and short.โ€

paraphrased from Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan

Hobbesโ€™s answer to the State of Nature is the immediate establishment of a Leviathan: a single sovereign with absolute political authority. The Leviathan is executive, legislature and judiciary, all rolled into one: he is where the buck stops. Hobbes supports dictatorship because he believes there is no viable alternative. Anything short of absolutism is prone to disintegrate back into anarchy: if the buck doesnโ€™t stop somewhere, the branches of the state that claim a share of sovereignty are doomed to fight for overall control. And anything is better than an โ€œearthโ€ฆ filled with violenceโ€: even tyranny.

Eylon A. Levy, The Flood, the Tower of Babel and the State of Nature

ื•ืจืืฉื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ื: ื–ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื™ืขืœื” ืขื”ืดื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ืจ ืื—ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืœื ื›ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื˜ืคืœื•ืช ืœืื•ืชื• ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ืœืžืจื—ื•ืง ืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืื—ืจืช.

ืคืŸ ื ืคื•ืฅ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ: ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื—ืฉืฉื• ืื ื™ืฆืื• ื›ืžื” ืœืืจืฅ ืื—ืจืช. ื•ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืดื ืฉื•ื™ื ื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉืœื ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ืดื ืžื“ืขื” ื–ื• ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ืขืดื› ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื’ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื ืื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื. ื•ืžื™ ืฉืกืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ืœืฉืจื™ืคื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื• ืœืืดื. ื ืžืฆื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœืจื•ืข, ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื“ืขืชืโ€ฆ

ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื:ื“

ื•ืขืชื” ืœื ื™ื‘ืฆืจ ืžื”ื ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ื–ืžื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช: ืื ื™ื’ืžืจื• ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ื‘ืขืดื› ืžืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื ื–ื•. ื•ื–ื”ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืฆื— ื•ืฉื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ืœื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ืขืช ื”ืžื” ืžืชืื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืขื”.

ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื:ื•

Everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.

Benito Mussolini

World War I propaganda poster World War I propaganda poster

ื‘ื‘ืœ was a symbol of fascism, a response to the chaos of ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ but going to far. I would read this perek as being about Edom as the enemy, a propaganda piece that portrays them as the descendents of ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื“ื•ื“ื”, the destroyed Tower of Babel that sought to rule over all the world. It was a response to the loss in the war of Edom of ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืก,โ€Ž ืืœืงื™ื ื–ื ื—ืชื ื• ืคืจืฆืชื ื•. It subtly manipulates our emotions, from the sadness of ืฉื ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ื’ื ื‘ื›ื™ื ื• to the nationalism of ืื ืืฉื›ื—ืš ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื, to the hopeful prayer of ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืณ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื•ื ืืช ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื to the violent jingoism of ืืฉืจื™ ืฉื™ืื—ื– ื•ื ืคืฅ ืืช ืขืœืœื™ืš ืืœ ื”ืกืœืข. And thatโ€™s where it ended up:

ื˜ื• ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืื‘ ืฉืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืœืงื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื; ื•ื™ืš ื›ืœ ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืื“ื•ืืƒ ื˜ื– ื›ื™ ืฉืฉืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื“ ื”ื›ืจื™ืช ื›ืœ ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืื“ื•ืืƒ

ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื™ื