ריבה ריבי is a nice little bit of polyptoton that we cite on Purim and Chanukah:
This perek is about learning and loving Torah. We’ve understood the mention of “enemies” as those who learn Torah for the wrong reasons, and mock David’s תלמוד תורה לשמה. But then why ask ריבה ריבי? Do we want ה׳ to fight our intellectual battles? This is exactly the sort of thing about which we say לא בשמים היא. Artscroll cites the Mishna:
The battles that David wants ה׳ to save him from are the trials and tribulations of being king of a country full of Jews.
David continues to describe his opponents:
And Radak sees the suggestion here that David doesn’t want revenge:
He emphasizes that the only battle he has with his “enemies” is over אמרתך לא שמרו: it’s not personal.
Then David gets more philosophical:
ראש דברך אמת is a deep idea, that we cite in אנעים זמירות. We’ve talked about Torah being defined as אמת, as opposed to the חכמה of the nations, which is “only” the human, limited approach to the truth:
The problem is that “truth” turns out to be very slippery:
So what is real? That’s the philosophical question called “ontology”, and the question has always bothered philosophers:
And in our own lives in the 21st century, it’s clear that the things we consider “real” aren’t physical, observable things at all:
The things we work for, out savings, are not solid “things”, but patterns of information held in an amorphous cloud. I can’t jump into my retirement savings like Scrooge McDuck, but that’s clearly what I consider “real”. So defining what is “real” depends on how I look at it, and the only answerable question is “how do we know if something is real?”; this is called “epistemology”. The tests that we select define what it means to be “real” or “true”. But that leads to postmodernism: if everything is true, then nothing is true.
ראש דברך אמת; ולעולם כל משפט צדקך is a statement of our faith in the nature of reality.
ראש דברך אמת is a statement of faith, that there exists an absolute truth and that
ה׳ is the fixed point in the universe; otherwise all truth is relative.
And it is the דברך that is the אמת; as we said last time, דברה refers to the revealed Torah, while אמירה refers to the רצון ה׳ inherent in the creation of the physical universe, which is (in a very Platonic sense) a reflection of the דברה:(בראשית רבה א:ב) נסתכל בתורה וברא את העולם.
There is another way to look at ראש דברך אמת:
We start from a sense of what is morally right, and realize that this implies that there must be a higher power. It’s an ”argument from design“ not from the physical universe but from the normative one. But it ends up in the same philosophical place: there exists an absolute Truth, Rambam’s מצוי ראשון.
We quoted the idea of חותמו של הקב״ה אמת. What does that mean? The Maharal says that it relates to the fundamental unity of G-d. The only absolute Truth is that which encompasses the entire universe. There can be only one Truth, and that is
To say something is true is to say that it is part of the universal, unitary רצון ה׳. לעולם כל משפט צדקך.