A פלא is understood as something beyond human comprehension:
What does it mean if the Torah is a פלא? Aren’t we supposed to understand it?
And Rashi says it’s the reward for the מצוות that is incomprehensible:
The idea of the incomprehensibility of the Divine is a fundamental Christian (mostly Protestant) attitude:
It was fully developed by Kierkegaard, and was the basis of his theology:
Kierkegaard’s response is Christian: we cannot hope to understand G-d’s reasons, so all we have is faith. This idea has its place in Judaism:
כִּסְלָם is generally translated “their reliance”, but that use is unique in תהילים פרק עח. It literally means “their foolishness”:
But it is incomplete. The Jewish response is (משנה אבות ב:טז) לא עליך המלאכה לגמור, ולא אתה בן חורין ליבטל ממנה.
And our psukim express that dialectic:
I want to focus on what is a מצוה; what does it mean to be commanded?
Our intuitive sense is that doing a “מצוה” in the sense of a “good deed” without being commanded to do so is a better thing than doing what you were commanded. But the gemara consistently says that’s not the case.
Tosfot says the reason is not that the act itself has more value, but that it’s harder for the one commanded. They have an inherent יצר הרע to disobey:
The Rosh disagrees. The moral value in doing a מצוה is because it is fulfilling G-d’s will. If you were not commanded, then your act has no inherent moral worth:
This is similar to Emmanuel Kant’s “categorical imperative”, his ethical philosophy that ethics needs to be “pure”, not aimed a a particular goal, even a “good” goal like helping others. His is based in the “rational will” of human beings, rather than רצון ה׳, but the nonintuitive result is the same: doing a “good deed” because it creates “goodness” is morally suspect:
Rav Kook emphasizes that ה׳ created us to do certain things in the world. Those things are the מצוות. But they have to be part of the roles we are created to play:
So if doing מצוות is simply doing רצון ה׳, why should a אינו מצווה ועושה get any reward at all? It’s not a good thing if you say my lines in a play. Doing what seems right, הנטעים בנפשו ע״י כח בשר ודם, doesn’t seem to have any religious value. We could argue that there is a חפצא vs. גברא issue, that ה׳ wants a certain thing done and there is value in its completion even if it wasn’t the right person doing it. But that is heretical; שאין הקדוש ברוך הוא צריך כלום לכל המצוות. If a behavior is רצון ה׳, then it is מצווה ועושה!
This is connected to the Euthyphro dilemma:
As we’ve discussed, this isn’t so much of a problem in general with “being good” as usually understood, since we hold that ה׳ did command דרך ארץ. But the question comes up in contemporary Halacha in the context of נשים פטורות ממצוות עשה שהזמן גרמן, and the question of ברכות:
And Tosfot picks up on a point in the discussion of Rav Yosef and his blindness:
(As always, consult your local Orthodox rabbi for הלכה למעשה)
How can someone who is אינו מצווה ועושה say אשר קדשנו במצותיו וצוונו? Are they really מקבלין שכר? I like the approach of Rav Krumbein of Yeshivat Har Etzion. He tries to understand what it means to be commanded:
So it is possible to be commanded without an explicit command:
So David declares, פניך האר בעבדך ולמדני את חקיך. An important part of doing the מצוות is having the sense of צווי. The Halacha allows us to feel that צווי in the normative universe in which we live, and to create the fact of אשר קדשנו במצותיו וצוונו. David prays for the Divine enlightenment, הארת פנים, that will grant him that feeling.