We’ve translated כלו as “longs” but that appears to be unique to תהילים, another of David’s neologisms. Generally the root כלה means “completed” or “completely destroyed”. There is one similar usage that I’ve found, in ספר שמואל:
But even that looks like a different root תכל, ”purpose“; otherwise we have to say it’s feminine with a missing word:
(Note Rashi’s prooftext is from תהילים.)
I’m still going to propose that this is David’s word, that adumbrates (how’s that for a sesquipedalian word?) a later usage in the Midrash:
David longs for ה׳'s providence and His words exactly the way ה׳ longed to create the world. The Torah is the expression of that love that goes both ways, as we’ve quoted Jacob Neusner:
The פשט in עת לעשות לה׳ could be “it is time to act for ה׳'s sake”:
But that seems too violent for the tenor of this perek. Ibn Ezra softens the לעשות to mean not vengeance but increasing תלמוד תורה:
Others read it as “the time to act belongs to ה׳”:
Rashi adds an interesting twist:
But the Mishna reads it in a very different way:
The “they” of הפרו תורתך are not the רשעים but חז״ל.
And this idea was extended to a more radical innovation: writing the “תורה שבעל פה”:
But
And so:
The Rishonim understand this to writing ספרי תורה שבעל פה in general:
As far as I can tell,רבנו בחיי is the first to apply this to the writing of the Mishna as a whole, and then to the writing of the Gemara:
And this principle of ביטולה של תורה זהו יסודה, connected to עת לעשות לה׳, has continued to be applied to learning Torah:
And even more radically:
Rashi, building on this understanding of עת לעשות לה׳, adds:
Now, that is very hard to understand, because the case of Elijah is an illustration of the power of the נביא, not of חז״ל:
Note that there are two aspects here: הוראת שעה and זמן מסויים בלבד. The latter means that a command that is part of a נבואה is limited in time to that moment only. The הוראת שעה means that the very nature of the decision is for the nonce; it does not create a precedent for future halachic decisions. There is a similar concept in U.S. law, of an unpublished decision:
Now, the חכמים have the power to create “extra-Torah” laws, called גזירות ותקנות:
But that would seem to have nothing to do with the נבואה case.
I think Rashi is alluding to a different gemara that explicitly links the two ideas. The gemara discusses a case where a מדרבנן ruling overrides a מדאורייתא:
The gemara then brings similar examples of not blowing shofar or carrying the lulav on Shabbat. How can the rule of לא תסור מן הדבר אשר יגידו לך allow חז״ל to violate the Torah?
Meaning, both the נביא and the חכמים have the power to enact rulings that are not in the Torah, but both are לפי השעה, meaning that they do not create precedents. They cannot be extended or learned from. The נביא has an extra limitation, that their enactment can only be for the moment, not for all generations. This is because it isn’t the נביא making the enactment; they are only reporting ה׳'s will, and ה׳ promised that He would never uproot תורה מסיני:
The gemara makes a הקש, a parallel, between the two sorts of הוראות שעה, and learns that they have the same power. If Elijah can override a Torah law לפי השעה, then so can חז״ל. But their power is more limited in that the גזרה has to be מיגדר מלתא, to “fence” or protect the Torah. A הוראת שעה is never arbitrary and doesn’t really violate the Torah; it comes from a careful balancing of competing Torah values. עת לעשות לה׳ הפרו תורתך.
The stich continues:
Artscroll translates כל פקודי כל as “every precept regarding everything”, from Rashi:
It’s still hard to understand the על כן: ”therefore I love your commmandments“? What in what we’ve just said is a reason to love Torah?
Rashi reads “על כן” as “because”. “Since I love Your commandments more than gold and silver, and since I consider the totality of Your precepts, therefore I can ask to be able to say עת לעשות לה׳ הפרו תורתך”.
It’s only when we look at Torah impartially, without biases or personal interest, and look at it as a coherent whole, that we can make the sort of value judgments of which the Alshich says, צריך שֵּׂכֶל להבין לדעת אם אותו הדבר הוא מהדברים שהקב״ה מעיד עליו כי טוב הוא.