We’ve talked about Torah as the “blueprint” of the created world. There’s another idea here, of לעולם ה׳ דברך נצב בשמים, that Torah exists as a sort of Heavenly ideal, the Platonic form of Torah. What we learn is only a shadow. But in a reversal of Plato’s ideas, it is the “shadow” that is real:
דברך נצב בשמים but it is דר ודר אמונתך, the generations of humanity, that כוננת ארץ ותעמד.
(We’ve cited this idea before, in discussing how the nomos of Torah helps us understand the narrative of ספר שמואל)
Then David turns to the physical world, that must obey G-d’s rules, what Rav Hutner called רצון-מתן-הכרח דמאמרות, the imperative will of G-d that is implied in the עשרה מאמרות of creation:
And then David turns back to himself:
For this stich, I want to start focusing on one of the terms David uses. As we’ve noted, each pasuk in this perek has a synonym for Torah:
Here we have the term פְּקוּדָה used twice. What’s interesting about that word is that it is unique to תהילים. In the rest of תנ״ך, the root פקד means “count” or “appoint”; a person can have a פְּקוּדָה but it implies a role rather than a specific command:
It’s not a very different meaning, but it is different. In Aramaic, however, פקד explicitly means “command”:
So is it a loan word from the Aramaic? The academics certainly think so:
I’m skeptical of this kind of analysis. Loan words don’t imply conquest; the Malaysians never took over the US:
Also, the word פקודיך appears in perakim explicitly attributed to David:
So I would assume that תהילים קיט was written by David, and that he coined the word פְּקוּדָה as a synonym for מצוה. Maybe he was influenced by the Aramaic, but Hebrew and Aramaic cultures have been interacting since time immemorial.
But what exactly does פקודיך mean? We could read it as just another synonym for מצותיך, but the Malbim (as is his wont) understands it more sharply, making a fine distinction: מצות are the commandments and פקודים are the details:
It’s not clear where he gets this from, but Professor Holtz points out another innovation of this perek: the idea of מדרש. David says, פקודיך דרשתי. In the Torah (and most of the rest of תנ״ך), דרש means to seek out and is applied to ה׳ (or other powers):
Or it means to investigate:
But it’s only here that דרישה is applied to the Torah. It seems to be a blend of “seeking” and “investigating”.
His other examples are, interestingly, a quote from David himself:
And Ezra:
Now, Holtz uses that fact to argue that our perek must be late, from the time of Ezra, but I would argue the opposite. This is part of David’s expression of what תלמוד תורה means, that darshening is an inherent part of how we relate to the mind of G-d. As Malbim says, הפקודים הם…לזכר ענינים פרטים.