We spent a lot of time on the nature of magic, and how to understand the prohibition in a world of Clarkeโs third law:
Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic
And we explained based on the Ran that it was a matter of attitude:
ืื ืืืจ ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืฉืื ืจืคืืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืจืื ืืืืืจื, ืืื ืืืื ื ืฉืืืืจื ืืขืืื ืืืืขื, ืืื ืืืื ื ืฉืื ืื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืฉืืืื ืคืขืื ืคืืขื ืืจืคืืื, ืืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืื, ืืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืจืื ืืืืืจื
ืื ืฉืืกืจื ืชืืจื ืืฉืื ืืจืื ืืืืืจืโฆืืื ืืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืคืขืืื ืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืชืืขืืช ืืฆื ืืืขืช ืจืฆืื ืืขื ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืืโฆื ืืกืจ ืืคื ื ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืจื
I suggested that using the laws of science to manipulate the world and predict the future is not a violation of (ืืืจืื ืื:ืื)โ ืชืืื ืชืืื ืขื ืืณ ืืืืงืื. Those laws, (ืืจืืื ืื:ืื)โ ืืงืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืฅ, are an expression of faith in ืืณ's creation and master over the world. Rav Hutner puts it more eloquently:
ืืื ื ืจืฆืื ืืณ ืืชืืื ืื ื ืืฉืชื ืืขืจืืืช. ืืขืจืื ืืืช ืืืขืฉื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืจื ืืขืฉืจื ืืืืจืืช; ืืืขืจืื ืฉื ืื, ืืืขืื ืืจ ืกืื ื ืืชืืจื ืฉื ืืชื ื ืืขืฉืจื ืืืจืืช. ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืจืฆืื ืฉื ืืงืื ืืโฆ
ืืืืช ืืืืข ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืงืื ืฉื ืจืฆืื ืืณ ืฉื ืชืืื ืื ื ืืขืฉืจื ืืืืจืืช, ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืื ื ื ืจืง ืืืืช ืจืฆืื ืืณ ืฉื ืชืืื ืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืชืึพืืืจื, ืืจื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืช ืืชืืจื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืช ืจืฆืื ืืณ ืฉื ืชืืื ืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืชืึพืืจืืช.
ืจืณ ืืืื ื ืืืจ ืื ืื ืขืฉืจื ืืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ื ืืจื ืืขืืื.
ืื ื ืื ืื? ืืืืืจ ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืณ ืืื!
ืืจืืฉืืช ื ืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืชืื (ืชืืืืื ืื) ืืืืจ ืืณ ืฉืืื ื ืขืฉื
Thereโs a famous gematria hinting at the same thing:
ืืื ื ืฉื ืืืงืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืฆืืฆืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืืืืจืื ืืืืขโฆ
And I would like to look at a perek of ืชืืืืื that celebrates that ืจืฆืื ืฉื ืืงืื ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืจื ืืขืฉืจื ืืืืจืืช.
ื ืืจืื ื ืคืฉื ืืช ืืณ;
ืืณ ืืืื ืืืืช ืืื; ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืฉืชื
ื ืขืื ืืืจ ืืฉืืื; ื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืจืืขืื
ื ืืืงืจื ืืืื ืขืืืืชืื;
ืืฉื ืขืืื ืจืืืื; ืืืืื ืขื ืื ืคื ืจืืื
ื ืขืฉื ืืืืืื ืจืืืืช; ืืฉืจืชืื ืืฉ ืืืื
ื ืืกื ืืจืฅ ืขื ืืืื ืื; ืื ืชืืื ืขืืื ืืขืื
ื ืชืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืกืืชื; ืขื ืืจืื ืืขืืื ืืืื
ื ืื ืืขืจืชื ืื ืืกืื; ืื ืงืื ืจืขืื ืืืคืืืื
ื ืืขืื ืืจืื ืืจืื ืืงืขืืช ืื ืืงืื ืื ืืกืืช ืืืื
ื ืืืื ืฉืืช ืื ืืขืืจืื; ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืกืืช ืืืจืฅื
ื ืืืฉืื ืืขืื ืื ืื ืืืื; ืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืืื
ืื ืืฉืงื ืื ืืืชื ืฉืื; ืืฉืืจื ืคืจืืื ืฆืืืื
ืื ืขืืืื ืขืืฃ ืืฉืืื ืืฉืืื; ืืืื ืขืคืืื ืืชื ื ืงืืื
ืื ืืฉืงื ืืจืื ืืขืืืืชืื; ืืคืจื ืืขืฉืื ืชืฉืืข ืืืจืฅื
ืื ืืฆืืื ืืฆืืจ ืืืืื ืืขืฉื ืืขืืืช ืืืื;
ืืืืฆืื ืืื ืื ืืืจืฅื
ืื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืฉ ืืืฆืืื ืคื ืื ืืฉืื;
ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืฉ ืืกืขืื
ืื ืืฉืืขื ืขืฆื ืืณ ืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ื ืืขื
ืื ืืฉืจ ืฉื ืฆืคืจืื ืืงื ื ื; ืืกืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืชืื
ืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืขืืื; ืกืืขืื ืืืกื ืืฉืคื ืืื
ืื ืขืฉื ืืจื ืืืืขืืื; ืฉืืฉ ืืืข ืืืืืื
ื ืชืฉืช ืืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืชืจืืฉ ืื ืืืชื ืืขืจื
ืื ืืืคืืจืื ืฉืืืื ืืืจืฃ; ืืืืงืฉ ืืึพื ืืืืื
ืื ืชืืจื ืืฉืืฉ ืืืกืคืื; ืืื ืืขืื ืชื ืืจืืฆืืื
ืื ืืฆื ืืื ืืคืขืื; ืืืขืืืชื ืขืื ืขืจืื
ืื ืื ืจืื ืืขืฉืื ืืณ ืืื ืืืืื ืขืฉืืช;
ืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืงื ืื ืื
ืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืืื;
ืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืื ืืกืคืจ; ืืืืช ืงืื ืืช ืขื ืืืืืชื
ืื ืฉื ืื ืืืช ืืืืืื; ืืืืชื ืื ืืฆืจืช ืืฉืืง ืืื
ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืจืื ืืชืช ืืืื ืืขืชืื
ืื ืชืชื ืืื ืืืงืืื; ืชืคืชื ืืื ืืฉืืขืื ืืืื
ืื ืชืกืชืืจ ืคื ืื ืืืืืื;
ืชืกืฃ ืจืืื ืืืืขืื; ืืื ืขืคืจื ืืฉืืืืื
ื ืชืฉืื ืจืืื ืืืจืืื; ืืชืืืฉ ืคื ื ืืืืื
ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืณ ืืขืืื; ืืฉืื ืืณ ืืืขืฉืืื
ืื ืืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืชืจืขื; ืืืข ืืืจืื ืืืขืฉื ืื
ืื ืืฉืืจื ืืืณ ืืืื; ืืืืจื ืืืืงื ืืขืืืื
ืื ืืขืจื ืขืืื ืฉืืื; ืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืืณื
ืื ืืชืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืจืฅ ืืจืฉืขืื ืขืื ืืื ื
ืืจืื ื ืคืฉื ืืช ืืณ;
ืืืืืืื
ืืจืืฉืืช ืืจื ืืืงืื
ืืื ืืืืจ is a common phrase, with as many translations as there are commentators on ืชืืืืื and the ืกืืืืจ. I would start from Rav Schwabโs explanation in Rav Schwab on Prayer, p. 118: ืืื is from the word ืึตื, โechoโ, and ืืืจ comes from the root meaning โreturningโ or โreflectingโ. Thus the words that JPS translate as โglory and majestyโ refer to the reflection or echo of ืืณ's power in the world around us. We cannot experience it directly (as we saw in ืชืืืืื ืคืจืง ืงืื,โ ืืืืืชื ืืื ืืงืจ); we only see its reflection (Iโm not going to go into the distinction between ืืื and ืืืจ now; I will just take it as a merism).
David then goes into each day of creation, one by one:
ืืืืืจ ืืืงืื ืืื ืืืจ
ืขืื ืืืจ ืืฉืืื is all David will say about the first day; as Rashi says, the mystery of ืืขืฉื ืืจืืฉืืช is wrapped up in that initial ืืื ืืืจ:
ืื ืชืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืฅ ื ืืจืื ืืืื ืจืืฉืื, ืืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืงืืข ืืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืขืืื.
And the word ืขืื reflects that mystery. It is ambiguous; it could mean โHe spreads light like a garmentโ, reflecting the creation of the primordial light, but it may mean โHe wraps Himself with light light a garmentโ. This is the mystical idea that ืืณ's presence in the world is hidden and only manifest in a limited way, which is here called ืืืจ:
ืกืคืจ ืชืืื ืืจืืืช ืืืืจ, ืฉืื ืืืืจ ืื ืขืื ืืื ืืืืข ืืื ืืชืืืข, ืืืฆืื ืืืจ ืืืจ ืืืฉืชืืฉืืืช ืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืืฉืืืืื ืขื ืฉื ืชืืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืืืฉโฆืื ืืชืขืืฃ ืืืกืชืชืจ ืชืืช ืืืืจ ืืื ืขื ืฉืื ื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืจ ืื ืขืื ืจืง ื ืืฆืืฆืืช ืืงืืช ืืืฉืืืืช ืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืขืืื ืืชืืกืโฆ
ืืืืืจ ืืืงืื ืืื ืจืงืืข ืืชืื ืืืื
After ืืณ creates the sky, separating the โwaters aboveโ from the โwaters belowโ with ืืงืจื ืืืื ืขืืืืชืื (a ืงืืจื is a beam used to form a roof) (and this perek takes this literally; the โwaters aboveโ are the clouds that rain on the earth), He ืขืฉื ืืืืืื ืจืืืืช. This is read in the Midrash as more than just โHe creates the wind, which does His willโ, but encapsulates further this idea of ืฆืืฆืื, the Divine โrestrictionโ, that G-d doesnโt act directly on the world but through โmessengersโ, ืืืืืื:
ืขืฉื ืืืืืื ืจืืืืช ืจืื ืืืื ื ืืืืจ ืืฉื ื ื ืืจืื ืืืืืืื
ืืื ืืื: ืืื ืืชื ืืื, ืืคื ืฉืืื ืืงืืดื ืืืื ืืขืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืจืื ืืืืืืื ืขื ืืื ืฉื ื.
But note that the ืืืืืื here are not mystical, higher beings, but part and parcel of the physical world.
ืืืืืจ ืืืงืื ืืงืื ืืืื ืืชืืช ืืฉืืื ืื ืืงืื ืืื
ืืฉืงื ืื ืืืชื ืฉืื; ืืฉืืจื ืคืจืืื ืฆืืื introduces a new idea: teleology. There is a purpose to creation. We havenโt introduced Man yet but in this pasuk the waters exist to provide for the animals. This idea will run throughout the rest of the perek.
The idea that this perek avoids the mystical side of creation is reflected in a โcuteโ dialog in the midrash:
ืขืืืื ืขืืฃ ืืฉืืื ืืฉืืื: ืจืื ืืฉืืขืื ืืจืื ืขืงืืื. ืจืื ืขืงืืื ืืืืจ, ืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืช. ืืืจ ืื ืจืื ืืฉืืขืื, ืขืงืืื, ืืื ืืืืจืืชื ืืื ืืฆื ื ืืขืื ืืืืืืช. ืจืื ืืฉืืขืื ืืืืจ, ืื ืขืืฃ ืฉืฉืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืชโฆ
ืืืืืจ ืืืงืื ืชืืฉื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉื ืขืฉื ืืืจืืข ืืจืข
The Artscroll Tehillim cites the ืืืจืฉ ืฉืืืจ ืืื that ืขืฉื ืืขืืืช ืืืื refers to flax. I cannot find that in my edition, but it certainly fits the ืคืฉื, going with ืืืฆืื ืืื ืื ืืืจืฅ and ืืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืฉ, that this is referring to mankindโs ability to use the fruits of G-dโs creation in his own creation:
They all understood something weโve largely forgotten: that textiles are technology, more ancient than bronze and as contemporary as nanowiresโฆBut, to reverse Arthur C Clarkeโs adage, any sufficiently familiar technology is indistinguishable from nature. It seems intuitive, obviousโso woven into the fabric of our lives that we take it for granted.
โฆ
Fabric and fabricate share a common Latin root, fabrica: โsomething skillfully producedโ. Text and textile are similarly related, from the verb texere, to weave. Cloth-making is a creative act, analogous to other creative acts.
And I realized after reading that article that the ืืืืืืช of ืฉืืช are in fact centered on technology. Nowadays we think of technology as electronics, but originally it was fabrics and bread, exactly this things we โrestโ from on ืฉืืช:
[E]verywhere the essential idea of the word ืืืืื seems to beโas indeed its etymological derivation from ืืืื has told usโnotโฆbodily fatigue but the intelligent carrying out of an intentionโฆ[T]he Oral law teaches us to apply the idea precisely and literally only to ืขืฉืืช ืืืืื, to constructive work, to using material for ืืืืืโฆto exercising our power of constructing, altering and using the material of the world for our own purposes.
We as technological creators are imitating G-d. In our ืฉืืช we imitate Him as well.
ืืืืืจ ืืืงืื ืืื ืืืจืช ืืจืงืืข ืืฉืืื
David here emphasizes the purpose of the heavenly bodies: not for light, but to mark the flow of time for humanity.
ืืืืืจ ืืืงืื ืืื ืืืจืช ืืจืงืืข ืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื; ืืืื ืืืชืช ืืืืืขืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉื ืืื
ืืคื ืชืฉื ืขืื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืจืืืช ืืช ืืฉืืฉ ืืืช ืืืจื ืืืช ืืืืืืื ืื ืฆืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืช ืืืฉืชืืืืช ืืื ืืขืืืชื ืืฉืจ ืืืง ืืณ ืืืงืื ืืชื ืืื ืืขืืื ืชืืช ืื ืืฉืืืื
Ramban and Ibn Ezra assume that ืืืงโฆืืชื ืืื ืืขืืื refers to astrology, but Sforno points out the utility of the heavenly bodies in our lives (as ืืชืช ืืืืขืืื, presumably) and how this proves ืืณ's role in creation:
ืกืืจ ืืืชื ืขื ืกืืจ ื ืืืช ืืฆืืจื ืื ืืื ืืืืงื ืืืจืฅ ืืคื ืืฉืชื ืืชื ืืืฉืชื ืืช ืืขื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืื ืืกืืจ ืืืืืฉ ืืืจื ืขื ืืคื ืืขืืช ืืชืืขืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืจื ืืืืจื ืฉืืฉ ืืืื ื ืืฆื ืืกืืจ ืืชืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืฉืจ ืืืฆืืื ืืกืืจื ืืืขื ืืืฉื ืชืืืืช ืืฆืืืืชื ืืกืืจื ืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืืงืจื ืืื ืกืคืง.
ืืืืืจ ืืืงืื ืืฉืจืฆื ืืืื ืฉืจืฅ ื ืคืฉ ืืื
The first part of the pasuk again emphasizes Manโs role:
ืืืื ืื ืคืืืืช ืืณ ืืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืกืคืื ื ืืืฉืืื ืื ืืืงืื ืื ืจืฆื.
And then there is the Leviathan. This pasuk has always bothered me, not the idea of giant sea creatures but ืืฆืจืช ืืฉืืง ืื. Artscroll translates โyou fashioned to sport withโ. What does it mean, that ืืณ plays with something? Fortunately, there is a simpler ืคืฉื:โ ืื means โin itโ rather than โwith itโ, and โitโ here refers to the ืื:
ืื ืืืืืชื ืืืืืข ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืฆืจืช ืืืืืช ืืฉืืง ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืื.
But still, the gemara understands this like Artscroll:
ืืื ืืืจ ืจื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืจื: ืฉืชืื ืขืฉืจื ืฉืขืืช ืืื ืืืื: ืฉืืฉ ืืจืืฉืื ืืช ืืงืืดื ืืืฉื ืืขืืกืง ืืชืืจื, ืฉื ืืืช ืืืฉื ืืื ืืช ืื ืืขืืื ืืืื; ืืืื ืฉืจืืื ืฉื ืชืืืื ืขืืื ืืืืืโืขืืื ืืืกื ืืืื ืืืืฉื ืขื ืืกื ืจืืืื; ืฉืืืฉืืืช ืืืฉื ืืื ืืช ืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืืงืจื ื ืจืืืื ืขื ืืืฆื ืื ืื; ืจืืืขืืืช ืืืฉื ืืืฉืืง ืขื ืืืืชื, ืฉื ืืืจ (ืชืืืื ืงื:ืื) [ืฉื ืื ืืืช ืืืืืื] ืืืืชื ืื ืืฆืจืช ืืฉืืง ืื.
To understand this, we have to look at the other source of this phrase, in ืืืื:
ืื ืชืืฉื ืืืืชื ืืืื;
ืืืืื ืชืฉืงืืข ืืฉื ืื
ืื ืืชืฉืื ืืืื ืืืคื;
ืืืืื ืชืงื ืืืืื
ืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืชืื ืื ืื;
ืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืจืืืชื
ืื ืืืืจืช ืืจืืช ืขืื;
ืชืงืื ื ืืขืื ืขืืืื
ืื ืืชืฉืืง ืื ืืฆืคืืจ;
ืืชืงืฉืจื ื ืื ืขืจืืชืืื
25 Canst thou draw out leviathan with a fish-hook?
or press down his tongue with a cord?
26 Canst thou put a ring into his nose?
or bore his jaw through with a hook?
27 Will he make many supplications unto thee?
or will he speak soft words unto thee?
28 Will he make a covenant with thee,
that thou shouldest take him for a servant for ever?
29 Wilt thou play with him as with a bird?
Or wilt thou bind him for thy maidens?
So I would take ืืฉืืง ืึพืืืืชื as an idiom describing G-dโs incomprehensible power. The gemara then is midrashically describing ืืณ's manifestation in the world as being composed of four parts: Torah, judgment, sustenance and divine power.
ืืืืืจ ืืืงืื ืชืืฆื ืืืจืฅ ื ืคืฉ ืืื
The animals on Day 6 are not specifically mentioned; I assume ืื ืจืื ืืขืฉืื ืืณ includes both fish/birds (Day 5) and animals (Day 6). And certainly ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืจืื is a common theme in ืชืืืืื:
ื ืืชื ืืืืื ืืืื; ืืื ื ืขืจื ืืฉืจ ืืงืจืืื
ืืืืืจ ืืืงืื ื ืขืฉื ืืื ืืฆืืื ื ืืืืืชื ื
And thereโs no mention of the creation of Man here. But I think thatโs part of the message: in this perek, Man is less a creature than a creator, but one who has to realize the nature of the true Creator.
ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืงืื ืคืจื ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืจืฅ ืืืืฉื
Instead of speaking of the creation of humanity, David celebrates his responsibility. he sings of the day that all mankind can live up to the purpose for which we were created and granted the creative power that we have.
ืื ืื ืืจืืื ื ืืืื ืืฉืืืืชืื ืืจืดื ืืืื ืงื ืืฆืขืจื ืืื ืืืื. ืืื ืงื ืืขื ืจืณ ืืืืจ ืจืืื ืขืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืชื. ืืืจื ืืืณ ืืจืืจืื ืืืืชืื ืืื ืืขืชื ืืฉืื ืืืชืื (ืชืืืื ืงื:ืื) ืืชืื ืึทืึธึผืึดืื? ืื ืืชืื ืืืืืื ืึฒืึธืึดืื ืืชืื! ืืขืื ืฉืคืื ืืกืืคืื ืืงืจื ืืจืฉืขืื ืขืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืืชืื ืืืืื ืืจืฉืขืื ืขืื ืืื ื! ืืื ืืขื ืจืืื ืขืืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืชืฉืืื ืืจืฉืขืื ืขืื ืืื ื. ืืขื ืจืืื ืขืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืชืฉืืื.
Josh Waxman notes that this must be dโrash, since the pasuk says ืึทืึธึผืึดืื with full patach on the ื and a dagesh in the ื, which is an agent noun (compare ืึทื ึธึผื) unlike ืึฒืึธืึดืื which would be โsinsโ:
ืึดื ืจืึผืึท ืึทืึผืึนืฉึตืื ืชึทึผืขึฒืึถื ืขึธืึถืืึธ ืึฐืงืึนืึฐืึธ ืึทื ืชึทึผื ึทึผื; ืึดึผื ืึทืจึฐืคึตึผื ืึทื ึดึผืืึท ืึฒืึธืึดืื ืึฐึผืืึนืึดืืื
But the Metzudot saves this lovely dโrash by understanding ืืชืื differently:
ืืชืื ืืืฉืื ืชื ืืืฉืืื.ืืื ื ืืื ืืื.
ืืชืื ืชืคืืชื ืืื ืฉืืชืื ืืืืื ืจืดื ืฉืื ื ืืื ืืชืืืจื ืขื ืืฆืจื ืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืืื ืืืณ'ื ืื ืืืื ืขืื ืจืฉืขืื ืืขืืื.