ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: Hail the Conquering Hero

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

ื ื” ื•ื›ืจืื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืฆื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ืืžืจ ืืœ ืื‘ื ืจ ืฉืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ ื–ื” ื”ื ืขืจ ืื‘ื ืจ; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืื‘ื ืจ ื—ื™ ื ืคืฉืš ื”ืžืœืš ืื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ืƒ ื ื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืžืœืš: ืฉืืœ ืืชื” ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ ื–ื” ื”ืขืœืืƒ

ื ื– ื•ื›ืฉื•ื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ืžื”ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ื•ื™ืงื— ืืชื• ืื‘ื ืจ ื•ื™ื‘ืื”ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ; ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืƒ ื ื— ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื• ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ ืืชื” ื”ื ืขืจ; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ืš ื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื—ืžื™ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื™ื–

Name Recognition

It is very hard to understand how Saul could fail to recognize David since he had been a member of Saulโ€™s entourage and was specifically hired at Saulโ€™s request. The ืžืคืจืฉื™ื have four basic ways of understanding this:

  1. ืžืฆื•ื“ื•ืช takes this as a result of Saulโ€™s ืจื•ื— ืจืขื”, his mental illness, that he could not remember David. But that does not explain why ืื‘ื ืจ did not recognize him.
  2. ืจืœื‘ืดื’ and ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื explain that Saul knew that David was his musician, but that now that he had promised his daughter to whoever vanquished Goliath, he needed to know Davidโ€™s family.
  3. ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื cites a kabbalistic explanation that after the ืจื•ื— ื”ืณ came over David, he became a new person with โ€œื–ื”ืจ ืืœืงื™โ€ and was unrecognizable as the same David that had gone out from the Israelite camp.
  4. Most ืžืคืจืฉื™ื use some variation of the explanation of the gemara:

    ืืดืจ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื“ืืžืจ ืงืจื (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื–) ื•ื›ืจืื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ืืžืจ ืืœ ืื‘ื ืจ ืฉืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ ื–ื” ื”ื ืขืจ ืื‘ื ืจ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืื‘ื ืจ ื—ื™ ื ืคืฉืš ื”ืžืœืš ืื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืœื™ื” ื•ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื˜ื–) ื•ื™ืื”ื‘ื”ื• ืžืื“ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืœื• ื ื•ืฉื ื›ืœื™ื ืืœื ืืื‘ื•ื” ืงื ืžืฉืื™ืœ ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืœื™ื” ื•ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื–) ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื–ืงืŸ ื‘ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื•ืื™ืชื™ืžื ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ื ื–ื” ื™ืฉื™ ืื‘ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื ื•ื™ืฆื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื ื”ืดืง ืฉืื•ืœ ืื™ ืžืคืจืฅ ืืชื™ ืื™ ืžื–ืจื— ืืชื™ ืื™ ืžืคืจืฅ ืืชื™ ืžืœื›ื ื”ื•ื™ ืฉื”ืžืœืš ืคื•ืจืฅ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืžื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืื™ ืžื–ืจื— ืืชื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื ื‘ืขืœืžื ื”ื•ื™ ืžืดื˜ ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ืฉืืœ ืขืœื™ื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื–) ื•ื™ืœื‘ืฉ ืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ืžื“ื™ื• ื›ืžื“ืชื• ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืื•ืœ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื˜) ืžืฉื›ืžื• ื•ืžืขืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืืดืœ ื“ื•ืื’ ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ ืขื“ ืฉืืชื” ืžืฉืื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืื ื”ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ืื ืœืื• ืฉืืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืื ืจืื•ื™ ืœื‘ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ ืื ืœืื• ืžืดื˜ ื“ืงืืชื™ ืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืื‘ื™ื” ืืดืœ ืื‘ื ืจ ืชื ื™ื ื ืขืžื•ื ื™ ื•ืœื ืขืžื•ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืื‘ื™ ื•ืœื ืžื•ืื‘ื™ืช ืืœื ืžืขืชื” ืžืžื–ืจ ื•ืœื ืžืžื–ืจืช ืžืžื–ืจ ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืžื•ื ื–ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ ื•ืœื ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื›ื ื“ืžืคืจืฉ ื˜ืขืžื ื“ืงืจื (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื’) ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ืœื ืงื“ืžื• ืืชื›ื ื‘ืœื—ื ื•ื‘ืžื™ื ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ืœืงื“ื ื•ืœื ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืืฉื” ืœืงื“ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืœืงื“ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืฉืชื™ืง ืžื™ื“ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืฉืืœ ืืชื” ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ ื–ื” ื”ืขืœื ื”ืชื ืงืจื™ ืœื™ื” ื ืขืจ ื”ื›ื ืงืจื™ ืœื™ื” ืขืœื ื”ื›ื™ ืงื ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ื”ืœื›ื” ื ืชืขืœืžื” ืžืžืš ืฆื ื•ืฉืืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืžืจื• ืœื™ื” ืขืžื•ื ื™ ื•ืœื ืขืžื•ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืื‘ื™ ื•ืœื ืžื•ืื‘ื™ืช

    ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืขื•,ื‘

    The question reflected Saulโ€™s increasing paranoia. If David was a hero, well and good. But if David was truly from ื‘ื ื™ ืคืจืฅ, then he was a threat to Saul himself. The gemara sees another hint of Doegโ€™s treachery (which we already spoke of in the context of ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื˜ื–:ื™ื—) and another foreshadowing of the final break between Saul and David.

ืื™ ืžืคืจืฅ ืืชื™ ืื™ ืžื–ืจื— ืืชื™

ื›ื– ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ืขืช ืœื“ืชื”; ื•ื”ื ื” ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ื˜ื ื”ืƒ ื›ื— ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ืœื“ืชื” ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื“; ื•ืชืงื— ื”ืžื™ืœื“ืช ื•ืชืงืฉืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ืฉื ื™ ืœืืžืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื ืจืืฉื ื”ืƒ ื›ื˜ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื™ื“ื• ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ืฆื ืื—ื™ื• ื•ืชืืžืจ ืžื” ืคืจืฆืช ืขืœื™ืš ืคืจืฅ; ื•ื™ืงืจื ืฉืžื• ืคืจืฅืƒ ืœ ื•ืื—ืจ ื™ืฆื ืื—ื™ื• ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™; ื•ื™ืงืจื ืฉืžื• ื–ืจื—ืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืง ืœื—

ื™ื— ื•ืืœื” ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืคืจืฅ ืคืจืฅ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื—ืฆืจื•ืŸืƒ ื™ื˜ ื•ื—ืฆืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืจื ื•ืจื ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืขืžื™ื ื“ื‘ืƒ ื› ื•ืขืžื™ื ื“ื‘ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืฉืœืžื”ืƒ ื›ื ื•ืฉืœืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื‘ืขื– ื•ื‘ืขื– ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืƒ ื›ื‘ ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื™ืฉื™ ื•ื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื“ื•ื“ืƒ

ืจื•ืช ืคืจืง ื“

ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืจื— ื–ืžืจื™ ื•ืื™ืชืŸ ื•ื”ื™ืžืŸ ื•ื›ืœื›ืœ ื•ื“ืจืข ื›ืœื ื—ืžืฉื”ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื‘:ื•

ื˜ ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืืœืงื™ื ื—ื›ืžื” ืœืฉืœืžื” ื•ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“; ื•ืจื—ื‘ ืœื‘ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ื™ืืƒ ื™ ื•ืชืจื‘ ื—ื›ืžืช ืฉืœืžื” ืžื—ื›ืžืช ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืงื“ื ื•ืžื›ืœ ื—ื›ืžืช ืžืฆืจื™ืืƒ ื™ื ื•ื™ื—ื›ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžืื™ืชืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื•ื”ื™ืžืŸ ื•ื›ืœื›ืœ ื•ื“ืจื“ืข ื‘ื ื™ ืžื—ื•ืœ; ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืฉืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืƒ

ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื”

ื‘ื ื™ ืคืจืฅ were destined for kingship, while ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืจื— were known for wisdom (the Midrash interprets the names from ืžืœื›ื™ื homiletically, as historical characters, but the pshat is that these are the sons of ื–ืจื—. The Targum renders ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ as โ€œthe son of Zerachโ€). But what was their wisdom? ืจืฉืดื™ explains ื‘ื ื™ ืžื—ื•ืœ as ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื™ืกื“ ืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืจ. As we see in ืชื”ื™ืœื™ืโ€Ž, (ืคืจืง ืคื˜)โ€Ž ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ืœืื™ืชืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™,โ€Ž (ืคืจืง ืคื—)โ€Ž ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™.

So it would have been entirely logical for David to have been a scion of ื–ืจื—. But the battle with ื’ืœื™ืช showed that he was much more.


ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ื›ืœืชื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื ืคืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื ืงืฉืจื” ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื“ื•ื“; ื•ื™ืื”ื‘ื• (ื•ื™ืื”ื‘ื”ื•) ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื›ื ืคืฉื•ืƒ ื‘ ื•ื™ืงื—ื”ื• ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื; ื•ืœื ื ืชื ื• ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื•ืƒ ื’ ื•ื™ื›ืจืช ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื”ื‘ืชื• ืืชื• ื›ื ืคืฉื•ืƒ ื“ ื•ื™ืชืคืฉื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืขื™ืœ ืืฉืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื™ืชื ื”ื• ืœื“ื•ื“; ื•ืžื“ื™ื• ื•ืขื“ ื—ืจื‘ื• ื•ืขื“ ืงืฉืชื• ื•ืขื“ ื—ื’ืจื•ืƒ ื” ื•ื™ืฆื ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉื›ื™ืœ ื•ื™ืฉืžื”ื• ืฉืื•ืœ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”; ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื•ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ืœืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื™ื—

BFF

ื›ืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจโ€”ื‘ื˜ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ื˜ืœื” ืื”ื‘ื”; ื•ืฉืื™ื ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื. ืื™ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ื–ื• ืื”ื‘ืช ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืžืจ; ื•ืฉืื™ื ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ื–ื• ืื”ื‘ืช ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ.

ืžืฉื ื” ืื‘ื•ืช, ื”:ื˜ื–

ื›ืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืœ, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ื, ื›ืฉื™ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืกื‘ื” ืœืื•ืชื” ืื”ื‘ื”, ื’ื ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื”. ื•ื›ืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืœ ืืœื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื. ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื‘ื” ืœืื•ืชื” ืื”ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื˜ืœ, ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื”: ืื”ื‘ืช ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืžืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ื™ืคื™ื”; ืื”ื‘ืช ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ, ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ื. ื“ืืžืจ ืœื• ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื“ื•ื“โ€Ž (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื›ื’:ื™ื–)โ€Ž ืืชื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืœืžืœืš ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืื ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืœืžืฉื ื”:

ื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื, ืฉื

ื•ืฉื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ื˜ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืœื” ืื”ื‘ื”. ื•ืฉืื™ื ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื” ืœืขื™ืœื. ืื™ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืื”ื‘ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ? ื–ื• ืื”ื‘ืช ื‘ืœืขื ื•ื‘ืœืง. ื•ืื™ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ? ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื”ื‘ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื•ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช.

ืชื ื ื“ื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื•, ื›ื—

Irving Bunim, in Ethics From Sinai, cites Rabbi Joseph Yavetz, on the love of Jonathan and David. After Jonathanโ€™s death, David laments (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื:ื›ื•)โ€Ž ืฆืจ ืœื™ ืขืœื™ืš ืื—ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื ืขืžืช ืœื™ ืžืื“; ื ืคืœืืชื” ืื”ื‘ืชืš ืœื™ ืžืื”ื‘ืช ื ืฉื™ื. How was this love โ€œmore wonderful than the love of womenโ€? In marriage, (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘:ื›ื“)โ€Ž ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืขื–ื‘ ืื™ืฉ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืืช ืืžื•; ื•ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืืฉืชื• ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื‘ืฉืจ ืื—ื“, but โ€œhe does not abandon his own self, his hopes and aspirationsโ€. But Jonathan loved David more than himself; (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื›ื’:ื™ื–)โ€Ž ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื• ืืœ ืชื™ืจื ื›ื™ ืœื ืชืžืฆืืš ื™ื“ ืฉืื•ืœ ืื‘ื™ ื•ืืชื” ืชืžืœืš ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืื ื›ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืœืžืฉื ื”; ื•ื’ื ืฉืื•ืœ ืื‘ื™ ื™ื“ืข ื›ืŸ. This love was closer to the love of parents for children; the description here, ื•ื ืคืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื ืงืฉืจื” ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื“ื•ื“, echoes that of Jacob and Benjamin (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื“:ืœ)โ€Ž โ€ฆื•ื ืคืฉื• ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื ืคืฉื•.


And so we come to the end of the introduction to David. Weโ€™ve seen his character, his faith in ื”ืณ, with hints to his impetuousness. Weโ€™ve seen how ืชื”ื™ืœื™ืโ€Ž reflects his inner moods and the โ€œtrueโ€ David. If this were a fairy tale, the story would end here (after marrying the princess, of course), with โ€œAnd they lived happily ever afterโ€. But ืชื ืดืš is not a fairy tale, and things are about to get worse. Much worse.

ืžืขืชื” ื™ืกืคืจ, ืื™ืš ืคืชืื•ื ืื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ื›ืกื”ื• ืขื ื ื”.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื—:ื•, ื“ืดื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื‘ื•ืื