ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: Real Haskalah

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

ื•ื™ืฆื ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉื›ื™ืœ ื•ื™ืฉืžื”ื• ืฉืื•ืœ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”; ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื•ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ืœืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื™ื—:ื”

ื”ืฉื›ืœื”

[Rav Schwab discusses the ื‘ืจื›ื” of ืืชื” ื—ื•ื ืŸ]โ€Ž ื”ืฉื›ืœ means practical, applied wisdom. If one has wisdom in theory only but does not apply it to his practical life, behavior and character, this wisdom is not called ื”ืฉื›ืœ. โ€ฆWe find (ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื:ื–)โ€Ž ืœืžืขืŸ ืชืฉื›ื™ืœ, which means, in accordance with the context there, that by the practical application of the mitzvos HaTorah, you will be successful in your endeavors.

โ€ฆThere is a very telling use of the word ืžืฉื›ืœ in the pasuk, (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื ื’:ื’)โ€Ž ืืœื•ืงื™ื ืžืฉืžื™ื ื”ืฉืงื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉ ืื™ืฉ ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืช ืืœื•ืงื™ื. โ€ฆWhat this means is that ื”ืงื‘ืดื” is seeking within mankind the combination of ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืช ืืœื•ืงื™ื, people to whom the search for G-d means the intelligent and practical application of the will of ื”ืงื‘ืดื” to any situation that may arise in their lives. There may be people who are ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืช ืืœื•ืงื™ื in that they daven frequently, learn Torah in depth, and may even be the source of chidushei Torah; yet they could still lack the element of ืžืฉื›ื™ืœโ€ฆ

Rav Schwab on Prayer

David is unique in that he combines the practical ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ with the religious devotion that he demonstrates as the author of ืชื”ื™ืœื™ืโ€Ž. Iโ€™d like to look at the perek that Rav Schwab cites more closely, to see what it means to be a ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ.


ื ืœืžื ืฆื— ืœื“ื•ื“:
ืืžืจ ื ื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ืืœืงื™ื;
ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื• ื”ืชืขื™ื‘ื• ืขืœื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืขืฉื”ึพื˜ื•ื‘ืƒ
ื‘ ื”ืณ ืžืฉืžื™ื ื”ืฉืงื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื;
ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ื“ืจืฉ ืืช ืืœืงื™ืืƒ
ื’ ื”ื›ืœ ืกืจ ื™ื—ื“ื• ื ืืœื—ื•;
ืื™ืŸ ืขืฉื”ึพื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื ืื—ื“ืƒ
ื“ ื”ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื›ืœ ืคืขืœื™ ืื•ืŸ;
ืื›ืœื™ ืขืžื™ ืื›ืœื• ืœื—ื; ื”ืณ ืœื ืงืจืื•ืƒ
ื” ืฉื ืคื—ื“ื• ืคื—ื“;
ื›ื™ ืืœืงื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืฆื“ื™ืงืƒ
ื• ืขืฆืช ืขื ื™ ืชื‘ื™ืฉื• ื›ื™ ื”ืณ ืžื—ืกื”ื•ืƒ
ื– ืžื™ ื™ืชืŸ ืžืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื•ืขืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ;
ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืณ ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืžื•;
ื™ื’ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ืฉืžื— ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ

ื ืœืžื ืฆื— ืขืœ ืžื—ืœืช ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ืœื“ื•ื“ืƒ
ื‘ ืืžืจ ื ื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ืืœืงื™ื;
ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื• ื•ื”ืชืขื™ื‘ื• ืขื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืขืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ืƒ
ื’ ืืœืงื™ื ืžืฉืžื™ื ื”ืฉืงื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื:
ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ื“ืจืฉ ืืช ืืœืงื™ืืƒ
ื“ ื›ืœื• ืกื’ ื™ื—ื“ื• ื ืืœื—ื•;
ืื™ืŸ ืขืฉื”ึพื˜ื•ื‘; ืื™ืŸ ื’ื ืื—ื“ืƒ
ื” ื”ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืคืขืœื™ ืื•ืŸ;
ืื›ืœื™ ืขืžื™ ืื›ืœื• ืœื—ื; ืืœืงื™ื ืœื ืงืจืื•ืƒ
ื• ืฉื ืคื—ื“ื• ืคื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื“;
ื›ื™ ืืœืงื™ื ืคื–ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื—ื ืš;
ื”ื‘ืฉืชื” ื›ื™ ืืœืงื™ื ืžืืกืืƒ
ื– ืžื™ ื™ืชืŸ ืžืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืขื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ;
ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ ืืœืงื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืžื•;
ื™ื’ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ืฉืžื— ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ื™ื“ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ื ื’

These two perakim are almost identical. While there are other copies of specific ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื in other books of Tanach, this is the only pair in ืชื”ื™ืœื™ืโ€Žโ€Ž itself. They deal with the contrast between the ื ื‘ืœ and the ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ looking at the course of history, especially the times of ื’ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€Ž. ื—ื–ืดืœ see each as having a subtly different focus, and both were worth including in ืชื”ื™ืœื™ืโ€Ž. ืคืจืง ื™ืดื“ uses ื”ืณ for G-d, alluding to His ืžื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ืโ€Ž; ืคืจืง ื ืดื’ uses ืืœืงื™ื, alluding to His ืžื“ืช ื“ื™ืŸ.โ€Ž ื—ื–ืดืœ see the first as a ื ื‘ื•ืื” about the destruction of the first ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ and the second, about the destruction of the second. ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื says the first was written by David about his own life, and the second was adapted and edited by ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• about ืกื ื—ืจื™ื‘:

โ€ฆื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืกื“ ืžื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžืžืœืš ืื“ื™ืจ ื•ื—ื™ืœื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืื• ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœื”ื ื ืก ื‘ืžืคืœืช ืกื ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืžืฆืื• ืฉืžื–ืžื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื, ื•ืชืงื ื•ื”ื• ืœืืžืจื• ืขืœ ืžื—ืœืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ื–ืžืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื•ืืžืจื• ืฉื“ื•ื“ ืจืื” ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื•ืฉืจืžื– ืขืœื™ื•.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื ืชื”ื™ืœื™ืโ€Ž ื ื’:ื ื“ืดื” ืœืžื ืฆื— ืขืœ ืžื—ืœืช

Now, this is a radical idea, that the ืชื”ื™ืœื™ืโ€Ž we have today are not the final versions of David himself, but that they were redacted later. ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื spells this out more explicitly on ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื“:ืโ€Ž:โ€Ž ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื ืก ืกื ื—ืจื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื–ืงื™ื” ืจืื• ืฉืžื–ืžื•ืจ ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื’ื ืขืœ ื ืก ื–ื”, ื•ืชืงื ื•ื”ื• ืขื ื”ื•ืกืคื” ืงืฆืช ื•ื™ื—ืกื•ื”ื• ืœื“ื•ื“ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืชืงื ื•. We will use that approach to explain other perakim (like ืงืœืดื–โ€Ž, ืขืœ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ).

What Fools These Mortals Be

The โ€œbad guyโ€ here is not the ืจืฉืข but the ื ื‘ืœ, a word that first appears in (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘:ื•)โ€Ž ืขื ื ื‘ืœ, ื•ืœื ื—ื›ื.โ€Ž ืจืžื‘ืดืŸ explains:

ืฉืฉื›ื—ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืขืฉื” ืœื”ื ื•ืœื ื—ื›ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืœื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœื”ื˜ื™ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืจืข ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจืฉืดื™โ€ฆื•ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื—ื ื ื™ืงืจื ื ื“ื™ื‘ ื•ืžืฉืœื ืจืขื” ืœืžื™ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขืžื• ื™ืงืจื ื ื‘ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืืžืจ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ ื”) ืœื ื™ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื‘ืœ ื ื“ื™ื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื›ื• ื•ืœื›ืš ืืžืจื• ืขืœ ื ื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืจืžืœื™ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื›ื” ื›ื”) ื›ืฉืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ืœ ืฉืžื• ื•ื ื‘ืœื” ืขืžื• ื›ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืขืฉื” ืขืžื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืฉืžืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืœื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืฉืœื ืœื• ื’ืžื•ืœ ื•ื™ืขื˜ ื‘ืžืœืื›ื™ื• ื•ื™ื‘ื–ื”ื• ื•ื–ื”ื• ื˜ืขื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื•ื‘ (ืื™ื•ื‘ ืžื‘ ื—) ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืขืฉื•ืช ืขืžื›ื ื ื‘ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ื”ื ื•ืจื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืื ื™ืจืข ืœื”ื ืชืจืื” ื ื‘ืœื”โ€ฆืื ื›ืŸ ื™ืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืืช ืชื’ืžืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื” ืขืžื›ื ืขื ื ื‘ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืœื ืจืขื” ืชื—ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ื—ื›ื ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื™ ืœื ืคืฉื ื’ืžืœื• ื”ืจืขื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœื ืœืงืœโ€ฆ

ืจืžื‘ืดืŸ ืฉื, ื“ืดื” ืขื ื ื‘ืœ ื•ืœื ื—ื›ื

A ื ื‘ืœ is an ingrate, one who may know that G-d exists but does not acknowledge Him. The ืจืžื‘ืดืŸ has a further aspect of the ื ื‘ืœ:

โ€ฆื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื (ืคืจืฉื” ื ื‘) ืจืื™ืชื™ ืกืชื ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ืชื”ื™ื• ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื ื• ืฉื (ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืคืจืง ื™ื‘ ื’) ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืฉืชื ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืื ื™ ื›ืฉื ืฉืื ื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื›ืš ืืชื ืชื”ื™ื• ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉื ืฉืื ื™ ืคืจื•ืฉ ื›ืš ืืชื ืชื”ื™ื• ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ื” ื ืงืจืื™ื ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืืฉืชื• ื•ืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ืืดื› ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืชืื•ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื‘ื–ืžืช ืืฉืชื• ืื• ื ืฉื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื‘ืื™ ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื•ืœืœื™ ื‘ืฉืจ ืœืžื• ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” โ€ื ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”โ€œ ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื‘ื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืคืจื˜ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉืืกืจ ืื•ืชื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ืฆื•ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืชืจื•ืชโ€ฆ

ืจืžื‘ืดืŸ ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜:ื‘ ื“ืดื” ืืœ ื›ืœ ืขื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ

The ื ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” is not ungrateful; he just doesnโ€™t get the point: he obeys the letter of the law while violating its spirit. The ื ื‘ืœ of our perek allows that ื”ืณ exists; he just says ืื™ืŸ ืืœืงื™ื, there is no Judge (note that even the perek that uses the name ื”ืณ, uses the term ืืœืงื™ื here). Hirsch points out that ืขืฉื”ึพื˜ื•ื‘ is a noun phrase, a โ€œdoer of goodโ€ (not just one who does good deeds). I would read ืื™ืŸ ืขืฉื”ึพื˜ื•ื‘ as the statement of the ื ื‘ืœ: no one really means to do good; even the ืฆื“ื™ืง just acts from self interest. ื”ืณ looks for the opposite of the ื ื‘ืœ, the ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ, who has the right faith (ื“ืจืฉ ืืช ืืœืงื™ื) while also behaving correctly (Rav Schwabโ€™s understanding of ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ).

But there is none to be found; there really isnโ€™t any ืขืฉื”ึพื˜ื•ื‘.

Gratitude

The next pesukim address the ืคืขืœื™ ืื•ืŸ, but the meaning is unclear. Is David referring in the description of the fear and destruction to the enemies of the Jews or to the Jews themselves? I suspect the ambiguity is intentional; ืฉื ืคื—ื“ื• ืคื—ื“ applies to all of the ื ื‘ืœ.โ€Ž ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื connects the phrase ืื›ืœื• ืœื—ื; ื”ืณ ืœื ืงืจืื• to an interesting midrash (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื ืงืจื— ื™ื—:ื›ื):

โ€ฆ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื™ื ืžืื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ืชืงืŸ ืœื”ื ืžืื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ื–ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื—, ืฉืฉื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืืœื” ื ืกืชืขืฃ ืžืžืดืฉ ื•ืื›ืœืช ื•ืฉื‘ืขืช ื•ื‘ืจื›ืช, ืฉืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืจืš ืืช ื”ืณ ืขืœ ืื›ืœืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื–ื” ืœืžื“ื• ืฉื”ืดื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจื›ื• ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื™ื• ื•ื—ืกื“ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ื–ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืดื– ื ืขื ืฉื• ืขืดื–, ื•ืคืฉืคืฉื• ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื•ืชืงื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจโ€ฆ

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื ืชื”ื™ืœื™ืโ€Ž ื™ื“:ื“ ื“ืดื” ืื›ืœื• ืœื—ื

Not expressing gratitude is enough to earn ื”ืณ's wrath. Each perek ends with a prayer that ื”ืณ redeem ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ and then they will be able to express their joy and appreciation for ื”ืณ.